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Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid produced by microbial fermentation of dietary fiber, exerts beneficial metabolic and immunomodulatory functions through butyrylation of the histone acetyltransferase p300. This is thought to result in histone hyperacetylation at transcription starting sites and enhancers that regulate specific genes. However, we show that butyrate-induced hyperacetylation is not specific but occurs at histones throughout the entire genome. Mechanistically, our data show that butyrylation of p300 prevents its recruitment to acetylated histones through its bromodomain, and thereby p300 cannot maintain the acetylation of specific histones through positive feedback. Thus, the epigenetic regulation of specific genes by butyrate is limited, but butyrate instead increases histone acetylation globally along the entire chromatin structure.

Spider silk exhibits extraordinary mechanical properties, with its functional diversity largely attributed to the sequence variation of spidroin genes. However, the contribution of alternative splicing to the functional diversity of spidroin, particularly in the case of tubuliform spidroin 1 (TuSp1), which is critical for tubuliform silk construction, remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified a novel splicing isoform of TuSp1 (TuSp1-sv) from the orb-weaving spider Araneus ventricosus and confirmed its expression in silk glands through RT-PCR and mass spectrometry. The TuSp1-sv retains only partial N-terminal and complete C-terminal domains, entirely lacking the repetitive core. Unlike the recombinant TuSp1-NC, which contains complete terminal domains, the recombinant TuSp1-sv protein forms stable dimers and self-assembles into amyloid-like fibrils with high β-sheet content, while also exhibiting unique shear-induced fiber formation. These results suggest that alternative splicing reprograms spidroin function by truncating the entire repetitive domain and a partial N-terminal domain, thereby shifting the role of TuSp1 variant from a primary structural component to a potential silk assembly regulator. Overall, our study provides new insights into the functional diversification of spider silk proteins mediated by alternative splicing, with significant implications for the design of bioinspired materials.

Complex polymetallic ores (CPOs) are crucial mineral resources supporting industrial development. However, the processing of CPOs is often accompanied by the release and migration of heavy metals (HMs), posing long-term risks to ecosystems and human health. Current research still lacks a comprehensive understanding of migration behavior of HMs and corresponding targeted control strategies throughout the mineral processing chain. This review has for the first time established a comprehensive framework for the heavy metal control throughout the entire processing of CPOs. The occurrence forms (independent mineral phase, isomorphous state, adsorbed state, and inclusion phase) of heavy metals (HMs) in CPOs and distribution characteristics have been comprehensively clarified. The migration and transformation mechanisms of HMs during the key processing stages have also been elucidated. In addition, advanced heavy metal treatment technologies are analyzed and summarized across the entire pollution control chain, including source prevention, process interception, and end-of-pipe remediation. Emphasis is placed on the collaborative strategy of pollution control and resource recovery. Finally, the key challenges and future research directions related to technological industrialization, collaborative multi-metal management, and standardization are clearly identified. This work advances heavy metal pollution control toward a full-process collaborative management framework, thereby providing both a theoretical foundation and technical support for the green, efficient, and sustainable utilization of CPOs.

Cardiac panoramic optical mapping is a powerful approach for studying action potential dispersion and mapping arrhythmia triggers and propagation pathways over the entire surface of the heart. However, tissue type (muscle, connective tissue, and infarct scar) is also important for interpreting mapping data and is difficult to identify using optical mapping data alone. Panoramically map transmembrane potential and tissue type from the surface of infarcted hearts for correlative analysis of cardiac structure and function. We developed a multimodal panoramic imaging system to map epicardial tissue type (determined by collagen content) using a line-scan hyperspectral camera and a precision stage to translate and rotate the heart while illuminating the epicardial surface with UV light. Transmembrane potential was subsequently optically mapped by imaging a potentiometric probe with four high speed CMOS cameras position around the heart. The epicardial surface was reconstructed for each heart using images acquired every 3.6 deg of rotation, onto which hyperspectral and optical mapping data were texture mapped. All cameras were registered to one coordinate frame using a calibration procedure. This system combines, for the first time, high-resolution hyperspectral imaging with optical mapping for quantitative correlative tissue structure-function analyses. It was used to study excitation wave propagation and action potentials across the surface of perfused rat hearts having a four-week-old infarct. The spectral band of collagen fluorescence (400 to 520 nm) revealed infarcted and border zone tissue. PVCs and reentrant activity were observed in 3 of 4 hearts at S1-S2 pacing intervals between 80 and 65 msec (S1 = 150 msec). PVCs originated near the infarct border and propagated around the infarct. Using the integral of spectral intensity from 400 to 435 nm, a k-means clustering algorithm classified each mapped site as either healthy, border zone, or infarcted tissue. Average action potential duration within those tissue types was longest for infarcted tissue, shorter for border zone tissue, and shortest for healthy tissue, a preliminary result that is consistent with the effect of an infarct on ventricular electrophysiology. This work demonstrates that panoramic hyperspectral mapping of tissue type and transmembrane potential is a powerful approach that enables functional mapping data to be analyzed within the context of local tissue type (healthy, infarct, and border) in living hearts.

The development of sustainable, high-performance thermal insulators is crucial to reducing building energy consumption, which accounts for nearly 40% of global energy use. Cellulose-based porous materials have attracted considerable interest for this purpose owing to their renewability and inherently low thermal conductivity. However, the intrinsic flammability of cellulose and the structural collapse commonly encountered during conventional drying or flame-retardant modification processes make it difficult to simultaneously achieve high flame retardancy, low thermal conductivity, and sustainable fabrication in cellulose-based porous insulators. Herein, we report an ambient-drying strategy to fabricate cellulose/ammonium phytate (AP) composite xerogels for bio-based fire-retardant thermal-insulation application. In this design, bio-based AP serves dual roles as a crosslinking agent and a phosphorus-nitrogen synergistic flame retardant. The optimized xerogels exhibit a thermal conductivity of 45 mW m-1 K-1 and outstanding flame retardancy, with a high limiting oxygen index of 95% and a 95.2% reduction in peak heat release rate compared with pure cellulose xerogels. This work provides a practical pathway toward sustainable, fire-safe thermal insulation materials derived entirely from renewable resources.

Campylobacter spp bloodstream infections (BSIs) are an emerging clinical challenge, yet information on their clinical features remains limited. We aimed to evaluate their differential clinical characteristics and outcomes in immunocompetent (IC) and immunodeficient (ID) patients. A multicenter, multinational, retrospective cohort study of consecutive Campylobacter spp BSIs between 2009 and 2024 was carried out. Demographics, Charlson comorbidity index, types of immunodeficiencies, clinical characteristics, and antimicrobial susceptibility were analyzed. The primary outcomes were relapse or reinfection and death (all-cause mortality outcome). A total of 261 episodes were included, 89 (34.1%) in IC and 172 (65.9%) in ID patients. Among the 172 ID patients, 104 (60.5%) and 68 (39.5%) had humoral or nonhumoral immunodeficiency (primary or secondary), and 42 (24.4%) had primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs). Patients with humoral immunodeficiency (humoral-ID patients) were younger (median age, 40 years [interquartile range, 23-66 years]), had lower Charlson comorbidity indexes (2 [1-5]), and had a higher frequency of previous Campylobacter spp infection. Resistance rates to fluoroquinolones (75%) and macrolides (14.5%) were high. BSI relapse or reinfection occurred in 21 (8.0%) patients, mostly humoral-ID patients (n = 19 [18.3%]), 11 (57.9%) of whom had PID. Death occurred with 30 days (all-cause mortality outcome) in 26 patients (9.9%) across the entire cohort; the 30-day mortality rate was lower in humoral-ID (n = 5 [4.8%]) than in IC (n = 12 [13.5%]; P = .05) patients. Humoral-ID patients and those with Campylobacter spp BSI were younger and had fewer comorbid conditions, and Campylobacter coli was the most frequent species. Relapse or reinfection was common in humoral-ID patients, particularly those with PID. The antimicrobial resistance in C coli and Campylobacter jejuni represents a clinical concern.

X-linked chondrodysplasia punctata 2 (CDPX2) is a genetic disorder characterized by skeletal, cutaneous, and ophthalmic abnormalities. In this study, we present with a fetal case of CDPX2 which was identified in the first trimester by ultrasound and was confirmed by molecular diagnosis. The 12-week ultrasound revealed that nearly the entire thorax exhibited irregular rib-like stippling in the four-chamber view with postaxial polydactyly in the right hand. A follow-up ultrasound at 16+1 weeks demonstrated persistent findings along with evidence of a narrow thorax and shortened limbs. Trio exome sequencing identified a de novo pathogenic EBP variant c.146T>A, p.(Leu49Ter). Our case serves as further evidence that first-trimester ultrasounds can detect structural anomalies, thus offering opportunities for early diagnosis of genetic syndromes and allowing timely management decisions regarding pregnancy.

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is valued for its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and ability to assemble nanoparticles (NPs) into micrometer-thick functional coatings, membranes, or interconnects at room temperature. In this work, we present a surfactant-free strategy to optimize the colloidal stability and electrophoretic mobility of CuO NPs in nonaqueous solutions by tuning their surface defectiveness and resulting space-charge region in the dry state. To this end, various commercial and in-house synthesized CuO nanopowders (with unknown synthesis, storage, and atmospheric aging histories) are subjected to mild, organic-free surface treatments, such as washing and subsequent annealing in O2 or O3. These optimized treatments yield "pristine" CuO surfaces with reduced defect densities─primarily monovacancies and vacancy clusters, as confirmed by combining X-ray photoelectron and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopies─which in turn produce narrower and sharper surface space-charge regions, corresponding to higher effective surface potentials. The resulting ζ-potential of treated CuO NPs dispersed in ethanol exceeds > |±100| mV, enabling excellent colloidal stability and high electrophoretic mobility, even for very high NP loadings. A relatively high and stable steady-state EPD current is observed during EPD, which is postulated to originate from capacitive discharging of the electrophoretically deposited CuO NPs at the electrode surface. As such, coherent, uniform, porous CuO coatings with micrometer-scale thickness are obtained, entirely free of organic contaminants often detrimental for surface reactivity and material performance. These findings enable the development of efficient, up-scalable, and environmental-friendly EPD manufacturing routes of organic-free NP-based oxide coatings and membranes, independent of the nanopowder type and aging history.

So-called Super-Recognizers (SRs)-individuals with exceptional face recognition ability-are increasingly being deployed by international police agencies. Currently, however, empirical evidence supporting their utility for law enforcement stems from a single study based on a small forensic stimulus set and a predominantly civilian sample. Here, on the basis of data collected from within the entire cohort of ∼18,000 Berlin Police officers employed in 2021, we report the performance of officers identified as SRs, using previously published lab-based criteria under operationally relevant, highly challenging 1:n facial identity matching conditions via the Berlin Test for Super-Recognizer Identification (beSure®)-the only existing tool that uses authentic forensic material. As a group, lab-identified SRs exhibited increased proficiency across a range of forensically relevant tasks. However, lab-based SR selection methods showed limited sensitivity at the individual level. These findings support the utility of lab-based SR identification while emphasizing the value of bespoke, professionally relevant assessment for deployment within law enforcement.

CD19-directed therapy remains the mainstay treatment for relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, treatment patterns and outcomes following CD19-negative (CD19-) relapse remain poorly defined. We retrospectively analyzed 65 adult patients with ALL who developed CD19-relapse after CD19-directed therapy. TP53 mutations and BCR::ABL1-like ALL were each identified in 27.7% (n = 18) of patients. Forty-six patients (70.8%) received one CD19-targeted therapy, whereas 19 patients (29.2%) received ≥ 2 prior to CD19-relapse. Overall, 60 patients (92.3%) received blinatumomab, and 23 (35.4%) received CAR T-cell therapy. The median time from the initiation of the most recent CD19-targeted therapy to CD19-relapse was 155 days (range, 13-1946). The median follow-up of the entire cohort was 32.7 months (IQR, 15.1-90.3). The median event-free and overall survival (EFS and OS) was 3.1 months (95% CI, 2.5-4.5) and 9.9 months (95% CI, 6.8-24.7), respectively. In multivariate analysis, receipt of ≥ 2 CD19-directed therapies was associated with both inferior EFS and OS, HR 2.17 (95% CI, 1.10-4.29; p = 0.03) and HR 3.05 (95% CI, 1.40-6.62; p = 0.005). The complete remission rate following first salvage therapy was 47.5% and 72.1% any time following CD19-relapse. Sixteen (34.8%) of 46 patients evaluated had subsequent CD19 re-expression, 5 of whom subsequently received CD19-directed therapy, and all 5 patients responded. Patients with ALL who develop CD19-relapse after CD19-directed therapy have poor outcomes and limited therapeutic options. However, since this study lacked a comparator cohort of patients with CD19-positive relapse, the independent prognostic impact of CD19 negativity could not be determined.

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the most widespread and economically important plant viruses, infecting over 1,300 species across diverse plant families. A distinctive feature of CMV biology is its association with satellite RNAs (satRNAs), small non-coding RNA molecules that rely entirely on the helper virus for replication, encapsidation, and transmission. Despite lacking coding potential, satRNAs profoundly modulate CMV pathogenicity by influencing viral accumulation, symptom expression, and host-virus interactions. Depending on their sequence and structure, satRNAs may intensify symptoms or attenuate disease severity. Their activities are mediated through structural mimicry, RNA silencing pathways, and competition for replication machinery. Beyond molecular interactions, satRNAs also shape ecological and evolutionary outcomes of CMV epidemics, including symptom diversity, host adaptation, and vector transmission dynamics. This review emphasizes current knowledge on the biology, symptom modulation, molecular mechanisms, ecological roles, and detection strategies of CMV satRNAs, while highlighting their significance in viral evolution and disease epidemiology.

Foamed bitumen stabilisation is a sustainable technique for enhancing the mechanical properties of unbound granular materials and rehabilitating aged pavements. This process produces a flexible pavement base and subbase layers with improved mechanical performance and durability. This study investigated foamed bitumen stabilised (FBS) mixtures for pavements in which the aggregate matrix consists entirely of industrial by-products. Three aggregate compositions, including 100% ladle furnace slag (100LFS), 100% electric arc furnace slag (100EAFS) and a combination of 50% EAFS and 50% LFS by mass (50EAFS/50LFS) were used as parent materials for foamed bitumen stabilisation. Alkali-activated fly ash (FA) and slag (S)-based geopolymer was used as a secondary binder to replace conventional carbon-intensive binders such as hydrated lime or cement while enabling rapid strength gain. The mechanical performance of the FBS mixtures was evaluated through unconfined compressive strength (UCS), indirect tensile resilient modulus (ITM r ), repeated load triaxial (RLT) and four-point flexural bending tests, while reinforcement mechanisms were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the FBS mixtures incorporating 10%(FA+S) geopolymer achieved higher UCS values than benchmark mixtures with 2% cement, ranged from 4.05 MPa to 20.1 MPa with respected to different aggregate compositions and curing conditions. Two FBS mixtures, 50EAFS/50LFS + 3%B + 10%(FA+S) and 100LFS + 3%B + 10%(FA+S) complied the stiffness requirement for pavement applications, with 50EAFS/50LFS + 3%B + 10%(FA+S) being the optimum mixture and achieved highest ITM r of 4135 MPa and 2685 MPa under unsoaked and soaked condition, respectively. RLT and four-point flexural bending results also showed acceptable performance of the resilient modulus and fatigue resistance of the FBS mixtures incorporating 10%(FA+S) geopolymer. The findings of this study demonstrated the technical feasibility of using steel slag aggregates and geopolymers in foamed bitumen stabilisation for future sustainable road construction, offering improved mechanical properties and durability and a reduced carbon footprint.

The gut microbiota is intricately implicated in the pathogenesis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), with the vagus nerve serving as a key regulatory bridge. Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS) has emerged as a promising non-invasive therapeutic strategy for MDD by modulating the gut-brain axis, yet the precise brain-gut interaction mechanisms underlying its antidepressant effects remain poorly characterized. This study is a registered clinical trial (ChiCTR2200059591; Registered 4 May 2022; https://www.chictr.org.cn ). This study aimed to verify the clinical efficacy of taVNS for MDD and elucidate the underlying brain-gut crosstalk mechanisms, by integrating comprehensive clinical assessments, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) neuroimaging data and gut metagenomic profiling. Ninety-five patients diagnosed with MDD were randomly allocated at a 1:1 ratio to either the active taVNS group (auricular concha stimulation) or the sham taVNS group (superior concha of mid-helix stimulation). Eighty patients (40 per group) completed the entire intervention course and were included in the final statistical analysis. All participants underwent 30-minute stimulation twice daily (4/20 Hz, 3-8&#xa0;mA) for 8 consecutive weeks (5 days per week). Standardized clinical assessments were administered at baseline and post-intervention, including the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17), 14-item Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA-14), and Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS). Rs-fMRI was performed to quantify core neural activity metrics, including amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), fractional ALFF (fALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and degree centrality (DC); fecal samples were collected for high-throughput metagenomic analysis. Spearman correlation analysis and mediation analysis were further conducted to dissect the interactive relationships between brain neural activity and gut microbiota. The active taVNS group achieved significantly superior clinical efficacy relative to the sham group, with a HAMD-17 response rate of 62.50% and remission rate of 35.00%, versus 30.00% and 2.50% in the sham group (all P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). Rs-fMRI analyses revealed significant group&#xd7;time interaction effects on neural activity: decreased ALFF in the right calcarine sulcus; altered fALFF in the right inferior temporal gyrus, left cuneus, right superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and right angular gyrus; reduced ReHo in the right calcarine sulcus and bilateral insula; and increased DC in the right caudate nucleus and left anterior cingulate gyrus. Gut microbiota profiling identified anaerobic butyrate-producing bacteria and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii as potential biomarkers linked to taVNS therapeutic effects. HAMD-17 scores were negatively correlated with Faecalibacterium prausnitzii abundance (r=-0.566, P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01) and positively correlated with anaerobic butyrate-producing bacteria abundance (r&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.406, P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01). Mediation analysis suggested that fALFF values in the right SFG may indirectly modulate depressive symptoms via regulating Faecalibacterium prausnitzii abundance (indirect effect 95% CI: 0.3039-2.4466), with a significant partial mediation effect observed, though future studies controlling for dietary and other confounding variables are needed to confirm this relationship. taVNS effectively alleviates depressive symptoms in MDD patients via dual complementary pathways: directly modulating neural activity in the right SFG to regulate depression-related brain function, and indirectly maintaining gut microbiota homeostasis by enriching beneficial taxa such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. These findings provide novel mechanistic insights into the brain-gut interaction underlying the antidepressant effects of taVNS, laying a theoretical foundation for its clinical application in MDD management.

Cardiac sarcoidosis is challenging to diagnose given its heterogeneous presentation and the limited sensitivity of conventional fluoroscopy-guided endomyocardial biopsy. As a result, diagnosis is often delayed or missed entirely. Electroanatomic mapping-guided endomyocardial biopsy has emerged as a strategy to improve diagnostic yield and is, for the first time, acknowledged in the 2025 European Society of Cardiology guidelines for myocarditis and pericarditis with a Class IIa recommendation, should biopsy be indicated. We present 3 cases illustrating the diagnostic utility and limitations of electroanatomic-guided endomyocardial biopsy within a multimodal diagnostic framework for cardiac sarcoidosis.

Accurate single-molecule optical genome mapping remains challenging due to the limited information content of barcode-only or profile-only strategies. Here, we present Dual Optical Mapping (DOM), which integrates sequence-specific barcode markers with AT frequency-dependent intensity profiles on the same DNA molecules to enhance mapping accuracy. Conventional optical mapping approaches rely either on sequence-specific barcodes generated by restriction endonucleases, nicking enzymes, or methyltransferases, or on dense profile mapping using DNA-binding molecules. By combining these complementary sources of information within a unified dual-channel framework, DOM increases positional specificity and alignment confidence. As a model system, we applied DOM to the E. coli genome (4.6 Mbp), where the combined dual-channel scoring metric (cc_rg2) ranked 172 of 182 molecules (95%) at the correct genomic locus as the top match, while 179 of 182 molecules (98%) could be validated after quality-control review. We further extended DOM to the human genome through genome-wide cross-correlation scanning coupled with placement score ranking. This quantitative framework enables objective evaluation of alignment distinctiveness across the entire genome, demonstrating scalability to large and complex genomic contexts. These results establish DOM as a scalable dual-channel framework for high-accuracy single-molecule genome mapping across both bacterial and human genomes.

Organ- and organoid-on-a-chip technologies provide critical human-relevant models for drug screening. Despite their promise, translating their complex biological outputs into reproducible, quantifiable, and pharmacologically interpretable readouts remains a significant challenge. To address this, artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly employed to process the high-content imaging, sensor, and molecular data derived from these platforms. Crucially, this integration elevates AI from a conventional post-experimental analytical tool into a comprehensive framework that actively drives quality control, response quantification, model integration, and critical screening decisions. This review examines AI-augmented microphysiological systems across the entire drug screening pipeline by connecting biological readouts with specific computational strategies and pharmacological endpoints. We evaluate representative platforms, analytical methodologies, and specific applications where computational frameworks enable model standardization, robust phenotype interpretation, mechanism-informed evaluation, and compound prioritization. Furthermore, we outline primary barriers to clinical translation, including inherent biological and engineering variability, model generalizability, the need for external validation, and clinical dose relevance. Ultimately, these insights establish a comprehensive framework for evaluating the reproducibility, pharmacological applicability, interpretability, and translational potential of AI-driven microphysiological screening.

Selective neck dissection (SND) of levels II-IV is traditionally recommended for the treatment of clinically node-negative (cN0) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). The necessity of including level Ib in cN0 neck dissection remains debated. The purpose of this study was to estimate and compare neck recurrence (NR) rates and survival outcomes between subjects with cN0 human papillomavirus-negative OPSCC who underwent SND including level Ib and excluding level Ib. This was a single-center retrospective cohort study conducted at a population-based hospital named Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. The study included subjects with cN0 human papillomavirus-negative OPSCC who underwent primary resection and SND. Exclusion criteria were prior induction chemotherapy. Subjects in group II-IV were matched to those in group Ib-IV at a 1:2 ratio using iterative expanding radius matching on pathological T/N classification and age. The exposure variable was SND and it was divided into 2 groups: I-IV group and Ib-IV group. The primary outcome variable was time to NR. overall survival, disease-free survival, and disease-specific survival. Covariates were age, sex, subsites, T/N classification, depth of invasion, histologic grade, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, radiotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, and immunotherapy/target therapy. Kaplan-Meier for survival; Cox proportional hazard models for NR risk factors. P < .05 was statistically significant. After matching, the final sample comprised 198 subjects. For the entire cohort, the 5-year NR incidence was 7.6% (5/66) in group II-IV and 2.3% (3/132) in group Ib-IV (P = .074). In the multivariable model, SND was not associated with NR (hazard ratio: 3.26; 95% CI: 0.74 to 14.46, P = .1). For the tumor from the base of the tongue, NR was higher in group II-IV (12.2%, 5/41) than in group Ib-IV (2.1%, 2/95, P = .015). In the multivariable model, SND was not associated with an increased risk for NR (hazard ratio: 9.36; 95% CI: 1.36 to 64.34; P = .088). NR risk was higher in subjects with SND excluding level Ib than those including it, but the difference is not statistically significant.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a common but maladaptive behavior among adolescents. Previous studies demonstrated a significant association of anxiety and depression with NSSI. However, the psychological and neuroendocrine mechanisms through which negative emotions influence NSSI remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate whether the personality trait of neuroticism mediates the relationship between negative emotions and NSSI, and whether thyroid hormones moderate this pathway. A total of 104 Han Chinese adolescents and young adults (aged 12-22 years) who exhibited NSSI behaviors were recruited. The participants completed questionnaires to assess NSSI severity (Questionnaire for Middle School Students' Behavior, QMSSB), depressive symptoms (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HAMD), anxiety symptoms (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, HAMA) and personality traits (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, EPQ). Venous blood was collected for thyroid function tests (TT3, TT4, FT3, FT4 and TSH). Mediation and moderation analyses were conducted using the PROCESS plug-in for SPSS software. Neuroticism mediated the relationship between emotional symptoms and NSSI. For HAMA in particular, neuroticism fully mediated the association with NSSI (effect = 0.0798, 95% bootstrap confidence interval [0.0387, 0.1367]). TT3 (b = 0.3112, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.0147) and FT3 (b = 0.1118, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.0371) positively moderated the HAMD-NSSI relationship, while TSH negatively moderated this relationship in the full sample (b = -0.0976, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.0011) and remained significant in the high-neuroticism subgroup (&#x3b2; = -1.1116, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.0026). Following FDR correction, TT3 (q&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.0245), FT3 (q&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.0412) and TSH (q&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.0055) were found to significantly moderate the HAMD-NSSI relationship in the entire sample. The negative moderating effect of TSH remained significant in the high-neuroticism subgroup (q&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.0078). However, no moderating effects in the low-neuroticism subgroup survived FDR correction (all q > 0.05). No significant moderating effects of thyroid hormones were found on the HAMA-NSSI pathway (all p > 0.05). Neuroticism mediates the mood-NSSI link. TT3 and FT3 positively moderate the depression-NSSI link, while TSH negatively moderates it. This negative moderating effect of TSH remains significant only in the high-neuroticism subgroup after FDR correction. These findings integrate psychological and neuroendocrine mechanisms for the identification and intervention of NSSI risk in youths.