Competing hypotheses on the coordination of breathing and language structure in speech originate from vertical versus horizontal perspectives on the speech-language relationship. The vertical hypothesis assumes that inhalations occur where long pauses are licensed by language factors (e.g., boundary strength) with the probability of inhalation increasing with pause duration. The horizontal hypothesis assumes that inhalation is tied to the cognitive demands of language planning such that the probability of inhalation increases with these demands. These predictions were tested in spontaneous and rote speech. In Experiment 1, mini-narratives were elicited from 40 speakers under two planning conditions: one where causal links between pictured events were either obvious (baseline) or not (planning-intensive). Pause duration increased with planning demands; inhalation frequency did not. When pauses with inhalation were removed from the analysis, pause duration only varied with linguistic boundary strength in the planning-intensive condition. Experiment 2 was designed to test the for a link between the cognitive demands of planning and inhalation. Twenty four speakers produced 12 repetition of a sequence of 20 long and short sentences grouped into several thematic chunks. No matter the prosodification of target sentences during elicitation, the probability of inhalation was higher before long target sentences than before short ones; it was also higher at the onset of a thematic group of sentences than within the group. Taken together, the study findings suggest that inhalations are coordinated with language structure based on a link between breathing and cognitive processing.
Mosquito-borne diseases pose a major public health challenge and require effective, scalable surveillance to guide targeted interventions. Existing monitoring techniques, ranging from manual morphological identification to acoustic, optical, and spectroscopic sensing, remain constrained by environmental sensitivity, labor demands, and limited ground-truth validation. Here, we present a fully autonomous, field-deployable platform, called automated intelligent mosquito sentinel (AIMS), integrating distributed mosquito monitoring outposts (MMOs) and a centralized analysis center (AC) for scalable, non-invasive mosquito surveillance. AIMS employs an adaptive event-triggering mechanism, optimized through feature engineering of colour and texture pairs, to enable energy-efficient detection with zero missed events and a false-positive rate below 1%. At the analytical level, a hierarchical gated residual network performs multitask classification of taxonomy and sex with accuracies of 99.51% at species and 98.02% for sex, demonstrating interpretable, biologically meaningful attention patterns. The self-powered architecture, robust wireless data transmission, and large-scale field dataset underpin reliable operation across diverse ecological settings. Together, these results show that AIMS can support scalable and sustainable mosquito surveillance and may also be useful for broader entomological monitoring and public health applications.
Conventional cement concrete is inherently brittle and susceptible to microcracking, which compromises durability and long-term performance. In order to remediate such conditions, the current research explores the integration of bacterial wollastonite and alkali-treated natural pineapple leaf Fibres (PALFs) to enhance mechanical, durability, and self-healing performance in cement concrete composite. A consortium of microbial system comprising ureolytic Bacillus sp. and non-ureolytic Bacillus cohnii was inoculated with an optimum 10% wollastonite mineral. Treated Fibres of varying dimensions (5, 10, 15 and 20 mm) and percentages (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1%) were examined for their mechanical and durability properties. The inclusion of Fibres demonstrated the highest compressive strength improvement up to 26%, while the flexural and tensile features increased by 27.80% and 35%. Water absorption remained below 10%, with final absorption under 3%, confirming reduced porosity. Longer Fibres improved interlocking, minimizing abrasion loss (< 2.5 mm). Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) exceeding 4.5 km/s and rebound number (> 40) classified the concrete as structurally dense and durable. The consistency of material integrity was substantiated by significant correlations observed between compressive strength, rebound number, and UPV. Comprehensive analyses through XRD and SEM-EDS validated extensive calcite deposition, indicating biomineralization that can contribute to autonomous crack-healing mechanisms, although self-healing efficiency was not directly quantified. These results demonstrate the viability of consortium-reinforced concrete incorporating wollastonite Fibres as a resilient and sustainability-oriented material, particularly for infrastructure applications where enhanced durability, extended service life, and reduced maintenance demands are critical.
Sarcopenia-a debilitating consequence of global population aging characterized by the loss of muscle mass and function-demands in vitro platforms that enable a rigorous and quantitative assessment of muscle contractility. Pillar-displacement-based microphysiological systems are promising for this purpose but suffer from tension loss as tissues compact, creating variable boundary conditions and undermining reliability. We developed a monolithic, 3-dimensional printed Fast-Optimizing and Regeneration/Contraction-Evaluating platform featuring a detachable polydimethylsiloxane spacer that maintains a constant interpillar distance during long-term culture. The monolithic structure, fabricated by stereolithography, ensures high architectural reproducibility. Under the fixed-length boundary conditions, engineered muscles exhibited improved cellular alignment, enhanced myogenic differentiation, and more advanced structural maturation, resulting in markedly higher twitch and tetanic forces upon electrical stimulation. Together, these results establish the Fast-Optimizing and Regeneration/Contraction-Evaluating platform as a robust and reproducible muscle microphysiological system with fixed-length boundary conditions, enabling reliable, long-term quantitative evaluation of morphological and functional changes for tissue-engineering, drug-screening, and muscular-disease-modeling applications.
Life history theory seeks to understand how organisms distribute energy between physiological functions across the life course. A central assumption is that energy allocation involves 'trade-offs' between competing functions relating to defence, maintenance, reproduction, and growth. Constraints on human energy expenditure may produce trade-offs during energetic stress, affecting functions critical for homeostasis, survival, and reproduction. While there is some evidence for binary trade-offs between two functions in humans, no studies have tested physiological resource prioritisation across multiple functions under energetic constraint. This study empirically assessed multiple human life history trade-offs and the proximate biological mechanisms underpinning them. We recruited 147 ultra-endurance athletes (107 male, 40 female) participating in four environmentally diverse multiday ultramarathons and one multiweek ocean rowing event. The severe energetic demands of these competitions provide a valuable opportunity to provoke and observe detectable trade-offs. We found evidence of trade-offs across multiple functions. Specifically, investment in defence (as indexed by immune biomarkers) was broadly prioritised relative to investment in storage, reproduction and maintenance. Our results enhance current understanding of the role of phenotypic plasticity in human adaptability and have implications for athlete health and performance as well as the emerging discipline of evolutionary public health.
Combing untrabroadband electromagnetic wave absorption with efficient de-icing is critical in aerospace applications. However, synergistically integrating these two functions poses a significant challenge. A critical barrier lies in the opposing requirements that achieving efficient electrothermal heating demands high electrical conductivity, which is often counterproductive to the impedance matching needed for effective electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption. Herein, we report a bionic mandala-like heterostructure designed to overcome this compatibility challenge. This architecture is constructed from MOF-derived NiCo2O4/CoO@C composites, which create hierarchical conductive networks. The biomimetic mandala heterostructure simultaneously promotes multi-dimensional EMW scattering for absorption and enables efficient Joule heating for de-icing. The resulting multilayer metastructure achieves full-band effective microwave absorption (RL < -10 dB) across the entire 2-18 GHz range, which overcame the compatibility contradiction between broadband electromagnetic wave absorption and electrothermal deicing. Notably, it delivers a record-breaking strong absorption bandwidth (RL < -20 dB) of 6.36 GHz, outperforming all reported materials to date, alongside excellent broadband terahertz absorption performance. Furthermore, the surface material of multilayer absorber structure exhibits a rapid electrothermal response under a low driving voltage. This work provides a biomimetic structural design strategy for multifunctional materials that concurrently address broadband electromagnetic protection and active thermal management.
Climate change intensifies plant stress factors and threatens global food security and therefore demands sustainable land management practices. Engineered biochar nanocomposites (EBNCs) are the synergistic combination of nanotechnology to improve carbon sequestration and sustainable approach for the precise functionality of biochar (BC) to amend soil properties. This comprehensive review examines the design, fabrication, and mechanisms of EBNCs to mitigate both biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. We analyze recent advances in EBNC synthesis through physical, chemical, and biological integration routes for incorporating metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) i.e., Ag, Fe, ZnO, TiO2, and graphene into BC matrices. EBNCs induced mechanisms of stress alleviation are enhanced water retention, ion homeostasis, heavy metal (HM) immobilization, antimicrobial activity, induced systemic resistance (ISR), and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). The applications of EBNCs significantly improve crop performance under drought, salinity, HM contamination, or pathogen stress. However, production costs, environmental trade-offs, potential toxicity, and regulatory policies are research gaps and require further careful consideration. Future research should focus on developing smart, stimuli-responsive EBNCs with controlled-release properties, integration of omics and artificial intelligence tools for optimized formulations, and circular economic approaches. EBNCs are increasingly recognized as multifunctional materials with potential applications in climate-resilient and sustainable agriculture.
The rapid integration of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in early childhood education presents both opportunities and challenges for preschool teachers, yet empirical investigations explicating adoption mechanisms and well-being implications remain scarce. This study developed and tested an integrated framework synthesizing the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) theory to examine how cognitive evaluations, technostress dimensions, and contextual factors jointly determine AI adoption intentions and occupational well-being among preschool teachers. Survey data from 300 Chinese preschool teachers, recruited via multistage stratified random sampling, were analyzed through covariance-based structural equation modeling. Results confirmed TAM's core pathways, with perceived usefulness (β =  0.365, p < 0.001) and perceived ease of use (β = 0.250, p = 0.001) significantly predicting adoption intentions. The study empirically validated technostress's dual-edged effects: challenge technostress facilitated adoption (β = 0.182, p = 0.003) while hindrance technostress inhibited it (β = -0.267, p < 0.001). AI adoption intention positively predicted occupational well-being (β = 0.198, p = 0.008). Organizational support buffered hindrance technostress's negative effects on adoption intention, while workload intensified hindrance technostress's detrimental impact on well-being. These findings advance understanding of technology adoption in early childhood education by demonstrating that technostress operates through dual pathways-facilitating and impeding adoption-moderated by organizational and personal resources. Practical implications include targeted support strategies that buffer hindrance stressors while cultivating challenge-oriented appraisals among preschool teachers.
Youth team sport athletes face unique nutritional challenges due to the combined demands of growth, development and exercise. This scoping review systematically mapped the literature on dietary intake, nutrition knowledge, education interventions and factors influencing dietary behaviors in male and female team sport athletes aged 12-19 years. The review aimed to identify knowledge gaps, highlight methodological limitations and inform recommendations for advancing both research and practice in this population. The review followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines and was pre-registered on the Open Science Framework. Eligible studies examined dietary intake, nutrition knowledge, education interventions and factors influencing dietary behavior in youth team sport athletes. Searches were conducted across PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus and gray literature sources. Study selection and data charting were conducted by the lead reviewer, with independent verification by a second reviewer. Findings were synthesized using descriptive analysis and thematic synthesis across these four domains. Fifty-seven studies involving 4,369 youth team sport athletes were included. Cross-sectional designs predominated (59.6%) and the evidence base was characterized by significant methodological inconsistencies, including wide variation in dietary assessment methods, limited adjustment for misreporting and substantial underrepresentation of female athletes who accounted for 26.9% of the total sample. Energy and carbohydrate intake were frequently reported below recommended levels, most evident during periods of intensive training and competition. However, findings from studies using doubly labeled water suggest that the magnitude of reported deficits may be overestimated due to dietary underreporting and imprecise estimation of energy expenditure. Protein and fat intake generally met recommendations although micronutrient intake often fell short, particularly for vitamins A, D, and E, calcium and iron. Nutrition knowledge was limited, particularly for sport-specific topics and none of the questionnaires used were validated for adolescent populations. Twelve education interventions were identified; education-only approaches rarely produced changes in dietary behavior, whereas interventions incorporating behavior change components tended to report improvements. Only five studies examined factors influencing dietary behavior, finding that parents, coaches and peers acted as both enablers and barriers to dietary adherence, and that environmental constraints compromised dietary quality. Youth team sport athletes commonly exhibit inadequate reported energy and carbohydrate intake alongside frequent micronutrient shortfalls, although the reliability of these estimates is limited by methodological constraints. Nutrition knowledge is generally poor, particularly in sport-specific areas. Dietary behaviors are shaped by individual, social and environmental influences that extend beyond knowledge alone and education interventions rarely produce sustained dietary change without the integration of behavior change strategies. Future research should prioritize more rigorous and consistent methodological approaches, improved representation of female athletes and the development of youth-specific validated assessment tools. Given the scope and persistence of the methodological inconsistencies identified, the development of an expert-led consensus statement on standards for dietary assessment, nutrition knowledge measurement, intervention design and participant characterization may help advance the quality and comparability of future research in this population.
Basketball is an open-skill sport that requires rapid processing of visual information and appropriate motor responses in dynamic environments. Stroboscopic visual training has been proposed as a method to increase perceptual-cognitive demands by intermittently restricting visual input. This study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. A total of 40 male basketball players aged 14-18 years from two basketball clubs were included in the study (mean age: 15.35 ± 1.16 years; mean sports experience: 4.40 ± 1.87 years). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a basketball-specific neuromuscular warm-up program performed under stroboscopic visual perturbation on cognitive function, physical performance, and postural stability in adolescent male basketball players. Cognitive function was assessed using the CNS Vital Signs battery. Physical performance was evaluated using the Y-shaped agility test, the V-cut test, and countermovement jump performance. Static and dynamic postural stability were assessed using force-platform measures and the Y Balance Test. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA. Significant time effects were observed for several outcomes, including cognitive function, jump performance, change-of-direction ability, reactive agility total time, and dynamic balance (p < 0.05). However, no significant group × time interactions were found for these variables. In contrast, significant interactions were found for the temporal subcomponents of reactive agility, specifically reaction time (p = 0.004) and decision-making time (p < 0.001), indicating greater improvements in the stroboscopic visual training group. Integrating stroboscopic visual perturbation into a neuromuscular warm-up program may selectively enhance the perceptual-cognitive components of reactive agility in adolescent male basketball players. However, it does not appear to provide additional benefits for overall cognitive performance, jump performance, change-of-direction ability, or postural stability. These findings suggest that stroboscopic visual perturbation may be a practical complementary training strategy targeting stimulus-driven perceptual-motor processes rather than global performance capacities. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Registration Number: NCT07168681, Approval Date: 12/08/2025).
This study aimed to examine the role of perceived academic mentorship and self-efficacy in enhancing self-directed learning readiness (SDLR) among undergraduate nursing students. Self-directed learning readiness is essential for nursing students to effectively manage their learning in complex and evolving healthcare environments. While academic mentorship and self-efficacy have been associated with learning outcomes, their combined relationships with SDLR remain insufficiently explored. A descriptive correlational cross-sectional design was used. Data were collected from 500 undergraduate nursing students at the Faculty of Nursing, Damanhour University, Egypt, during the 2025-2026 academic year. Data were collected using three validated self-report scales measuring perceived academic mentorship, self-directed learning readiness, and self-efficacy. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, regression, and mediation analysis. Perceived academic mentorship showed moderate positive correlations with self-directed learning readiness (r = 0.48, p < 0.01) and self-efficacy (r = 0.52, p < 0.01), while self-efficacy was also positively correlated with SDLR (r = 0.46, p < 0.01). Regression analysis indicated that demographic and academic variables explained 26.9% of the variance in SDLR. Mediation analysis revealed that self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between perceived academic mentorship and SDLR (β = 0.15, 95% CI [0.10-0.20]). The findings indicate that students' readiness for self-directed learning is not shaped by academic mentorship alone, but by how mentorship experiences translate into stronger beliefs in their ability to manage learning demands. This suggests that efforts to enhance students' readiness for self-directed learning should prioritize mentorship approaches that move beyond guidance alone toward intentionally fostering students' confidence, independence, and engagement in their learning processes. Not applicable.
Osteosarcopenia, the combination of osteoporosis and sarcopenia, is a geriatric syndrome linked to functional decline, falls, and fragility fractures. The interaction among bone, muscle, and their shared pathophysiology is driven by mechanical, metabolic, and hormonal factors. With global population aging and increasing healthcare demands, early detection of osteosarcopenia has become essential. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, and treatment of osteosarcopenia, based on international consensus guidelines, large-scale population cohorts, interventional studies, and translational research. The occurrence of osteosarcopenia reflects the combined impact of low bone mineral density (BMD), loss of muscle mass and strength, and age-related metabolic changes such as chronic inflammation, lipotoxicity, and disruptions in tryptophan (TRP) metabolism. Diagnostic evaluation requires combining bone assessment through Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry with functional and structural evaluations of sarcopenia, using criteria established by the European and global consensus on Sarcopenia. Management includes established pharmacological therapies for osteoporosis, while for sarcopenia, to date, it is mainly based on resistance exercise and adequate protein intake. Supplementation with protein, leucine, vitamin D, calcium, and creatine may further enhance outcomes. Promising emerging strategies include hormonal modulators, anti-inflammatory agents, metabolic pathway-oriented therapies, and cell-based interventions. Osteosarcopenia significantly raises the risk of falls, fractures, disability, and death. Effective management requires a comprehensive treatment approach that targets both bone and muscle decline. Further research is necessary to refine diagnostic criteria and assess the success of combined interventions through clinical trials.
Nurses' work stress remains a persistent global challenge, with the digital transformation of healthcare adding new complexities to their roles. This study aimed to explore the relationships among nurses' digital literacy, psychological resilience, and work stress, and to investigate the moderating role of the ward environment in these mediation and moderation relationships. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to July 2025 using anonymous online questionnaires completed by 302 active clinical nurses from Western China. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and structural equation modeling (SEM) were performed. The PROCESS macro was employed to examine the hypothesized moderated mediation effects. Nurses working in intensive care units (ICUs) and emergency rooms (ERs) reported significantly higher levels of work stress compared to those in general wards. The statistical indirect association between digital literacy and work stress through psychological resilience was fully mediated. A key finding was the significant moderating role of the ward environment. In the ER setting, digital literacy was directly associated with lower work stress (β = -0.185, p = 0.025) and indirectly associated with it through higher psychological resilience, with the combined variables accounting for 52.1% of the variance in stress. In contrast, the ICU environment was associated with a weaker negative relationship between psychological resilience and work stress (β for interaction = 0.293, p = 0.001). This study demonstrates that the ward environment plays a critical role in shaping how digital literacy and psychological resilience relate to nurses' work stress. The findings suggest that to address work stress effectively, hospitals may consider implementing ward-specific strategies. Based on the observed associations, combining digital tool training with resilience-building initiatives could be beneficial in ERs. In ICUs, the findings point to the need for systemic interventions beyond individual-level resilience to address the high occupational demands.
Prelithiation has emerged as a pivotal strategy to address irreversible lithium loss in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and to unlock higher energy density electrode chemistries. This review delineates the fundamental driving forces behind prelithiation, from escalating market demands for energy density to intrinsic electrode limitations and the mechanistic origins of lithium inventory depletion. Beyond compensating initial losses, prelithiation is framed as an active tool for reshaping lithium inventory evolution and interfacial stability throughout battery operation. A quantitative framework is introduced to evaluate the projected benefits of prelithiation on energy density, cycle life, and cost at the cell and system levels, establishing a direct link between lithium inventory engineering and techno-economic performance. The major technological pathways are critically assessed, with emphasis on contact prelithiation using lithium metal and electrochemical or chemical approaches based on lithium-rich additives. Representative case studies are discussed to elucidate mechanistic distinctions, advantages, and trade-offs across strategies, evaluated through the lenses of intrinsic material properties, safety considerations, and scalability. Finally, the review outlines key challenges for industrial implementation and highlights emerging research directions, including intelligent lithium reservoir design and integration with next-generation battery architectures, positioning prelithiation as a foundational design variable for advanced energy storage systems.
Sarcopenia and the age-related decline in muscular strength and regenerative capacity contribute directly to loss of autonomy, greater risk for hospitalization and healthcare utilization. One contributing cellular phenotype associated with skeletal muscle aging is a loss in the function and number of resident muscle stem cells (MuSCs) or satellite cells. MuSC activation leads to dramatic changes in cellular architecture and metabolic reprogramming, including both mitochondrial biogenesis and increased glycolysis. Despite these changes to increase energy production, high energy demands may not be fully met during periods of MuSC activation. Here we used in vitro and in vivo approaches in mice to demonstrate the function of glutaminase for age-related changes in MuSC function. By combining fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) isolation with metabolomics and stable isotope tracing, we show an age-related decline in reductive (counterclockwise) flux of glutamine through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, a pathway by which MuSCs build cellular fatty acid stores as necessary biomass for MuSC function.
Objectives. Fraud and labour exploitation have been linked to work-related crime and undeclared work, and are identified as significant causes of neglected occupational safety and health standards. This scoping review aims to identify, from an employee perspective, working conditions, in different sectors that are affected by fraud and exploitation. Methods. A systematic literature search was conducted in PsycINFO, Scopus, Sociological Abstracts and Social Services Abstracts. Studies were included if they focused on the exploitation of employees, were published between 2013 and 2025, and were situated within the European Union, Norway or Canada. Results. The findings, based on 38 studies across various sectors, identified various challenges regarding occupational health and safety standards. They show that exploited workers - frequently migrants - faced poor working conditions characterized by high job demands and limited resources, regardless of gender or sector. Furthermore, the study identified workers being exposed to numerous risks, including harassment, threats and occupational safety. Despite these conditions, many refrain from reporting grievances or taking legal action due to a pervasive fear of reprisals. Conclusion. This study emphasizes the need to address the impact of fraud and exploitation on working conditions to develop effective strategies for combating labour-related crime.
To address the challenge of labor market shortages, and workforce aging, this cross-sectional study explore the individual, work, and family factors associated with early (age ≤ 64) or late (age ≥ 66) expected retirement timing (ERT) among older long-term care (LTC) workers in Sweden. Data were drawn from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health in 2018, comprising a sample of men and women aged 50-64 (n=550), working in LTC for older people. The results suggest that higher job demands and higher job satisfaction increase the likelihood of older LTC workers' early ERT. Shorter tenure and factors in work that enhance family life were associated with increased likelihood for late ERT.
Nursing leadership is pivotal for sustainable healthcare, yet the interplay of entrepreneurial leadership (EL), sustainable leadership (SL), team psychological safety (TPS), and sustainable development behavior (SDB) remained underexplored, particularly in resource-constrained hierarchical contexts such as Egyptian nursing. This study investigated how EL promoted SDB by examining the mediating role of TPS and the moderating effect of SL based on job demands-resources and social cognitive theories, in alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed, utilizing data collected from an administered survey. A convenience sample of 318 nurses from different university hospitals participated in the study. Descriptive statistics and inferential techniques, such as Pearson's correlation, multiple regression, and moderation-mediation analyses, were used to analyze the data. Nurses exhibited strong positive associations among EL, SL, TPS, and SDB, collectively accounting for substantial variance in sustainable behaviors. TPS partially mediated the EL-SDB pathway, explaining a meaningful portion of the effect, while SL significantly moderated this relationship, amplifying EL's influence under high sustainable leadership conditions. By integrating entrepreneurial innovation with ethical sustainability and psychological safety, this model addresses critical gaps in the impact of relational leadership on workforce behavior, team resilience, and patient-centered outcomes in global health systems. Practically, nurse training programs should emphasize EL-SL synergies and TPS cultivation to embed SDG-aligned practices, such as eco-friendly care protocols and interdisciplinary collaboration.
This study aimed to interpretively explore the life adjustment processes of second- and third-year nurses engaged in shift work under a health self-management program, focusing on the integration of professional adaptation and well-being. Seven nurses in their second or third year of clinical practice participated in a program utilizing Ryodoraku biofeedback. Data from interviews were analyzed using the Steps for Coding and Theorization method. The adjustment process was conceptualized into three overarching themes: (1) navigating physiological limits and autonomous health regulation, where nurses utilized biofeedback to bridge the gap between subjective fatigue and physiological reality; (2) emotional dissonance and the struggle for agency, involving the negotiation of workplace demands; and (3) integrating professional growth and personal revitalization, where health management became a strategy for professional identity formation. The use of visual biofeedback served as a catalyst for participants to reflect on and transition toward proactive self-regulation, instead of passive endurance. The findings suggest that supporting early-career nurses requires not only rest but also tools to visualize physiological states and organizational support to foster professional agency, linking health management directly to career sustainability.
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are emerging as key energy conversion systems for heavy-duty vehicles, stationary power plants, and high-load infrastructures such as data centers. However, their long-term durability remains critically constrained by transition metal dissolution and structural degradation in alloy catalysts, particularly under heavy-duty target operation (90°C-120°C). Recent studies reveal that the fundamental origin of degradation lies not simply in alloy composition but in the instability of atomic ordering within each grain. Long-range ordered (LRO) intermetallic phase enhances thermodynamic stability through strong atomic bonding, yet their high-temperature synthesis often induces particle coarsening and structural defects. Conversely, short-range ordered (SRO) phase arranges at lower energies, enabling morphology preservation while providing locally stabilized chemical environments that suppress dissolution. Advances in operando microscopy and three-dimensional atomic electron tomography have clarified how atomic-scale ordering, strain distribution, and site occupancy govern degradation pathways. Building on these insights, low-temperature atomic rearrangement strategies coupled with morphology engineering offer a unified framework for achieving stable electronic structures, minimized defect density, and enhanced durability. This review consolidates the mechanistic understanding of ordering-dependent degradation and proposes atomic ordering-morphology integration design for next-generation PEMFC catalysts capable of sustaining high performance under demanding conditions.