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Background: The superficial plantar-medial release (S-PMR) refers to a group of surgical procedures involving the release of the plantar aponeurosis and adjacent medial plantar soft tissues that are used in selected cases of plantar fasciitis and cavovarus foot deformity. The procedure aims to address pain and contracture of the plantar aponeurosis and intrinsic foot muscles, which may contribute to pathological foot alignment and gait instability. Due to the close proximity of highly variable neurovascular structures in the plantar region, precise anatomical knowledge and a patient-specific, personalized approach are essential to reduce the risk of iatrogenic injury during surgery. This study defined procedure-specific anatomical "low-risk" and "high-risk" zones. Methods: From the initial forty-two included feet, one specimen was excluded due to insufficient tissue quality, leaving forty-one specimens for analysis. The plantar aponeurosis, origins of the abductor hallucis muscle and regional neurovascular structures were analyzed. Distances between key landmarks were measured. Results: Abductor hallucis origins I and IV were present in all specimens, while origins II and III showed variable presence. Subdivision of muscle origin I was observed and was associated with the course of the medial calcaneal nerve. The medial calcaneal nerve demonstrated the closest proximity to origin I (3.2 mm) whereas both the medial and lateral plantar nerves showed close proximity to origin II (3 mm and 5.3 mm). Conclusion: Significant interindividual variability exists in the plantar region, highlighting the need for a personalized, anatomy-based approach for patients considered for surgical intervention. Anatomical "high-risk" zones were identified between origin I and the medial calcaneal nerve and near origin II by the bifurcation of the tibial nerve and posterior tibial artery. Anatomical "low-risk" zones were defined as dorsal regions at the calcaneus between origin I and the tibial neurovascular bundle, as well as medial areas near the malleolus.

Background/Objectives: MicroRNAs are key post-transcriptional regulators involved in various diseases. Despite its status as the gold standard, real-time RT-PCR faces challenges arising from high sequence homology among closely related microRNAs and the substantial biomaterial required to enrich small RNA fractions. This study aimed to develop an optimized protocol for simultaneous analysis of microRNA and mRNA expression from a single total RNA sample using mouse (Mus musculus) brain tissue, avoiding dependence on pre-designed commercial assay panels. Methods: We optimized a real-time RT-PCR workflow enabling simultaneous analysis of mature microRNAs and mRNAs from a single total RNA sample. Modifications include a redesigned universal reverse primer, LNA-modified TaqMan probes, and omission of the 65 °C denaturation step during reverse transcription. The method was validated for five microRNAs in mouse brain tissue. Results: The assay showed high specificity, discriminating closely related miR-125a-5p and miR-125b-5p with a ΔCt difference of 6.7 ± 1.2 cycles. Co-analysis with Oligo(dT)18 and Random hexamer primers did not interfere with microRNA detection. Conclusions: The developed approach enables reliable detection of closely related microRNAs and parallel analysis of different RNA types, which is particularly important for studying regulatory networks when working with limited amounts of biomaterial. This protocol provides a complementary, accessible option for targeted studies in resource-limited settings or for non-cataloged miRNA targets.

Rotavirus A (RVA) G3P[3] genotype is widely reported in dogs and less frequently in cats, with only sporadic human cases worldwide. All reported human infections have occurred in children, suggesting increased susceptibility likely linked to close contact with pets and age-related hygiene practices. The identification of a novel genotype constellation in Brazilian canine G3P[3] strains in 2017 prompted full-genotype characterization of the historical RVA/Human-wt/BRA/IAL-R451/2011/G3P[3] strain, previously sequenced only for VP7 and VP4, to define its genomic constellation and relatedness to canine strains. All 11 segments were analyzed by RT-PCR, sequencing and phylogenetics. The rare genotype-lineage constellation G3.III-P[3]-I2.XX-R3.II-C2.V-M3.II-A9-N2.XXIV-T3.II-E3.II-H6.I, shared with Brazilian canine strains, was identified, supporting a potential common origin. RVA/Human-wt/BRA/IAL-R451/2011/G3P[3] strain showed high genetic similarity (93.2-99%) with canine, feline and canine/feline-like human strains worldwide, with six genes (VP1, VP6 and NSP2-NSP5) closely related to Brazilian dog isolates (97.6-99%), indicating its canine origin. NSP2 clustered with strains from domestic (bovine), synanthropic (rat) and human hosts, while VP7 and VP4 were associated with wildlife (bat; raccoon dog) and environmental (sewage; river water) strains, supporting interhost reassortment and highlighting aquatic environments as reservoirs for interspecies transmission. Identification of new lineages (VP1, VP3 and NSP2) within the AU-1-like backbone reflects its underexplored diversity. This novel constellation likely circulated in dogs and may spill over to humans via close contact, reinforcing a One Health approach to understand RVA zoonotic risk, especially in hotspot regions like Brazil.

This study examines representations of transgenerational trauma and healing strategies in Chika Unigwe's The Middle Daughter. The analysis of the novel pays critical attention to the intergenerational transmission of trauma within the mother-middle daughter relationship. Drawing on the tenets of Trauma Theory, the study reveals how silence, emotional repression, and culturally shaped parenting practices contribute to the psychological distress of the protagonist, Nani. Through a close investigation of characterization and events in the narrative, the paper shows how the often-overlooked role of the middle daughter affects emotional visibility and self-perception within the family, yielding to traumatic flashbacks. The analysis further demonstrates that unresolved maternal trauma and cultural expectations influence Nani's romantic and non-romantic relationships, shaping her vulnerability and internalized guilt. Finally, the study discusses Nani's path to healing, through narration, maternal agency, and personal autonomy, arguing that recovery begins with reclaiming one's story and voice. By closely reading the novel alongside the postulations of trauma scholars such as Judith Herman, Cathy Caruth, Marianne Hirsch, C. N. Van der Merwe, and Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela, the research contributes to trauma studies in African literature by highlighting the psychological cost of inherited silence and the therapeutic import of emotional truth-telling.

Objectives: Volleyball playing positions are associated with different functional demands. This study compared postural control, jump performance, and upper-limb mobility across playing roles in competitive male volleyball players. Methods: Fifty male volleyball players competing in the Italian Serie C championship were equally distributed across five roles: middle blockers (MB), liberos (LIB), opposite hitters (OH), setters (SET), and outside hitters (HIT). Using a wearable inertial sensor, athletes performed bipodalic balance tasks with eyes open and closed, dominant- and non-dominant-leg single-leg balance, squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and bilateral upper-limb flexion and extension tests. Results: Significant role-related differences emerged in balance and jump performance. In bipodalic balance, the eyes-open condition showed a mixed pattern, with HIT displaying the largest ellipse area and SET showing the highest path-related values, whereas in the eyes-closed condition, HIT showed the highest values across all stabilometric parameters. In the single-leg stance, OH showed the largest postural excursions on the dominant side, while LIB stood out on the non-dominant side. In jump tests, MB showed the best vertical performance in both SJ and CMJ, whereas LIB and SET generally showed the lowest outputs. Temporal differences also emerged across roles. Upper-limb mobility was similar across roles in flexion, while extension showed a role-specific pattern, with SET displaying greater ROM than LIB, HIT, and OH. Conclusions: Volleyball roles are associated with distinct functional profiles in balance, jump mechanics, and upper-limb mobility. This integrated assessment may support more specific training, monitoring, and injury-prevention strategies.

Two Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, designated as strains HBUAS56257T and HBUAS59544, were isolated from zha-chili. Both strains were found to be catalase-negative and facultatively aerobic. Moreover, both HBUAS56257T and HBUAS59544 grew optimally at a temperature of 25-40 °C and a pH of 4-6 in the presence of 2-10% NaCl. The major fatty acids in these microbes were C16:0 and C18:1 ω9c, with intraspecific variations observed in the relative abundances of summed feature 7 and C19:0 iso. The DNA G+C contents were 36.06 mol% and 36.10 mol%, respectively. Based on 16S rRNA gene and other genomic sequences, HBUAS56257T and HBUAS59544 were found to exhibit the closest relatedness to Companilactobacillus suantsaicola NBRC 113530T and Companilactobacillus alimentarius DSM 20249T. Phylogenetic analyses, based on both the 16S rRNA gene and 81 housekeeping genes, showed that the strains shared distinct phylogenetic lineages within the genus Companilactobacillus. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values indicated that strains HBUAS56257T and HBUAS59544 belong to the same species. However, when compared to the type strains of other Companilactobacillus species, both dDDH and ANI values fell below the established prokaryotic species delineation thresholds (typically ≤70% for dDDH and ≤95-96% for ANI). Moreover, unlike the type strains of closely related species, HBUAS56257T and HBUAS59544 fermented d-galactose and l-rhamnose. Based on these phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, we concluded that strains HBUAS56257T and HBUAS59544 represent a novel species within the genus Companilactobacillus, hereby named Companilactobacillus miaonis sp. nov., with HBUAS56257T (= KCTC 21229T= GDMCC 1.4547T) being the type strain of C. miaonis.

Cutaneotrichosporon jirovecii is an under-characterized basidiomycetous yeast within the family Trichosporonaceae. Its taxonomic placement, ecological distribution, and functional potential remain incompletely understood because genome-scale resources for C. jirovecii and closely related lineages are limited. We characterized strain H0426_7, a C. jirovecii-related yeast recovered from a human fecal sample, using ITS-based type-strain comparison, ITS phylogenetic analysis, whole-genome sequencing, average nucleotide identity analysis, read-level assessment of public C. jirovecii-labeled datasets, and comparative functional annotation. Antifungal susceptibility was assessed using the Sensititre YeastOne plate. The ITS sequence of H0426_7 closely matched type-strain material of C. jirovecii, including CBS 6864 and its equivalent deposits. The ITS-based tree placed H0426_7 adjacent to CBS 6864 with bootstrap support of 87%. The final draft genome comprised 38.66 Mb in 1974 contigs, with a GC content of 63.76% and BUSCO completeness of 80.0%. ANI analysis showed that H0426_7 was genomically distinct from the recognized Cutaneotrichosporon species included in the ANI analysis but highly similar to two unclassified feces-derived strains, P10-008 and PK4640, with ANI values exceeding 98.8%. Two public datasets labeled as C. jirovecii showed anomalously low ANI values with H0426_7; read-level taxonomic profiling indicated low target-fungal read proportions, suggesting that these datasets are unsuitable as definitive genome-level references. CAZyme annotation identified 285 family assignments in H0426_7, representing 278 non-redundant predicted proteins, including relatively high GH5 and GH31 counts, suggesting candidate carbohydrate-utilization features shared with the H0426_7/P10-008/PK4640 lineage. H0426_7 is best described as a C. jirovecii-related Cutaneotrichosporon isolate pending availability of a high-quality genome assembly from the C. jirovecii type strain. This study expands genome-scale resources for underrepresented basidiomycetous yeasts and provides a comparative framework for future taxonomic, ecological, and functional studies of feces-associated Cutaneotrichosporon lineages.

Macrococcus is a genus of Gram-positive cocci in the Staphylococcaceae family and a close phylogenetic relative of Staphylococcus. It is not a significant human pathogen but is known to widely colonize different environments, including animal skin and food products. Phylogenetically, Macrococcus is distinct from yet closely related to Staphylococcus, particularly the sciuri group. The species is effectively identified through such molecular markers as hsp60 and 16S rDNA. A key biochemical feature is an identified FAD-dependent oleate hydratase in Macrococcus equipercicus (M. equipercicus). Critically, Macrococcus carries various mobile antibiotic-resistance genes, especially against β-lactams (e.g., mecB, mecD) and macrolides (e.g., mef(F), msr(G)); these genes are located on plasmids, SCCmec-like elements, or resistance islands (e.g., McRImecD), which facilitates their horizontal transfer. Surveillance confirms the widespread presence of methicillin-resistant Macrococcus, often with a multidrug-resistant phenotype, in food animals and their products. Although its own pathogenicity is low, Macrococcus acts as a reservoir and transmission platform for resistance genes: through horizontal gene transfer, it can potentially confer resistance to pathogenic Staphylococcus, thereby posing a threat to animal and public health. This review summarizes the basic biological characteristics and drug resistance-related research progress of the genus Macrococcus; it aims to provide a reference for subsequent studies as well as to establish technical support and a theoretical basis for the epidemiological investigation, drug-resistant strain identification, and clinical drug-resistance risk prevention and control of Macrococcus.

The glycosidic composition of Psolus phantapus was studied for the first time. Two new glycosides, phantapusosides A (1) and B (2), and the known psolusoside P (3) were isolated and their structures were established by analysis of 1H, 13C NMR, 1D TOCSY, and 2D NMR (1H,1H COSY, HMBC, HSQC, ROESY), and HR-ESI mass spectra. These compounds are structurally close to those isolated from other representatives of the genus Psolus: P. fabricii, P. peronii and P. chitonoides. These data confirm the chemotaxonomic significance of triterpene glycosides of sea cucumbers, demonstrating that closely related species biosynthesize structurally similar metabolites. The cytotoxic activity of compounds 1 and 2 was studied against four human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, T-47D, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468), as well as the non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cell line MCF-10A and the pancreatic epithelioid carcinoma cell line PANC-1. The glycosides were selectively active against the TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468. Notably, both glycosides inhibited the clonogenic potential of TNBC cell lines more significantly than their metabolic activity (MTT assay) and demonstrated a more pronounced colony-inhibiting effect toward the basal-like cell line MDA-MB-468, making this cell line a promising model for future investigation of the antitumor effects of glycosides.

Biomarker-driven approaches have markedly improved the stratification and management of airway inflammatory diseases. However, in everyday clinical practice, these strategies still rely mainly on systemic indicators, which often provide only an indirect view of the inflammatory processes occurring within the airway mucosa. This limitation becomes particularly evident in chronic conditions such as chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), where local inflammatory patterns may not relate to circulating biomarkers. Nasal cytology represents a simple, non-invasive, and reproducible technique that allows direct evaluation of the cellular components of the nasal mucosa. By identifying distinct inflammatory patterns, it offers a real-time snapshot of the local inflammatory microenvironment, bringing the clinician closer to the site of disease. In this hypothesis, we propose that airway inflammation is primarily driven by local cytological patterns. In particular, we suggest that the interaction between eosinophils and mast cells constitutes a key pathogenic axis underlying disease activity, severity, and progression. From a pathophysiological perspective, eosinophils may reflect a more chronic component of inflammation, whereas mast cells are more closely associated with active and dynamic phases of the disease. Their coexistence may therefore identify a state of amplified inflammatory activity, often associated with more severe clinical phenotypes. We further propose that integrating cytological findings into clinical-cytological grading (CCG) systems could improve patient stratification and support more personalized therapeutic strategies. This model is readily testable in current clinical and research settings and may contribute to a progressive shift toward the use of local biomarkers in precision medicine.

Mucoralean fungi are mostly saprotrophic. During a fungal investigation of soil in Guangdong and Anhui provinces of China, five new species of Mucorales were discovered, namely Cunninghamella brevispora sp. nov., C. geminata sp. nov., Mucor chlamydosporiferus sp. nov., M. citrinus sp. nov., and M. magnisporus sp. nov. The identification is based on morphological characteristics, as well as molecular phylogenetics of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rDNA), translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (TEF1α), and RNA polymerase II largest subunit gene (RPB1). Cunninghamella brevispora sp. nov. is sister to C. guizhouensis, and is distinguished by short sporangiophores. Cunninghamella geminata sp. nov. is sister to C. subclavata; rhizoids are absent in the former but well-developed in the latter. Mucor chlamydosporiferus sp. nov. is closely related to M. prayagensis, and is characterized by abundant chlamydospores. Mucor citrinus sp. nov. is closely related to M. paraorantomantidis, and is differentiated by pale yellow sporangiospores. Mucor magnisporus sp. nov. is sister to M. merdicola, and is discriminated by large sporangiospores. To date, with the addition of the five new species described herein, the total number of accepted species in the genus Cunninghamella and Mucor has increased to 49 and 163, respectively.

Neonatal intestinal atresia remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality despite advances in neonatal intensive care, anesthesia, and neonatal surgical management. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify and quantify global prognostic factors associated with mortality and major postoperative morbidity in the modern surgical era. A comprehensive systematic literature review and meta-analysis was conducted in major databases from January 2000 to February 2026. Studies reporting mortality or major morbidity (anastomotic leak, unplanned reoperation, sepsis) after surgical repair of intestinal atresia in neonates were included. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to explore heterogeneity. Certainty of evidence was assessed with GRADE. Twenty-one studies comprising 2,040 neonates were included. The pooled mortality rate was 10% (95% CI 5-19%; I&#xb2;=84%). Mortality was significantly higher in low- and middle-income countries and African studies (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the findings. The pooled unplanned reoperation rate was 15.1% (95% CI 12.7-17.6%; I&#xb2;=31%) and anastomotic leak rate was 7.5% (95% CI 4.8-13.0%; I&#xb2;=53%). Independent prognostic factors for adverse outcomes included prematurity (OR 4.9), low birth weight (OR 28.27), associated anomalies (OR 35.34), meconium peritonitis (OR 3.29), and surgical technique (primary anastomosis vs. Bishop-Koop). Sensitivity analyses confirmed robustness of the findings. Certainty of evidence was moderate for mortality and high for reoperation. In the modern era, mortality after neonatal intestinal atresia repair remains substantial, with marked disparities between high-income and low- and middle-income settings. Key modifiable and non-modifiable prognostic factors were identified that can inform risk stratification and clinical decision-making. Targeted, context-appropriate interventions in resource-limited settings are urgently needed to close the global survival gap.

Giant secundum atrial septal defects (ASDs) are generally considered unsuitable for transcatheter closure and often require surgical repair. Innovative percutaneous strategies may provide an alternative in prohibitive-risk patients. A 75-year-old man with a giant secundum ASD (64.5 &#xd7; 38.8 mm), severe mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, pulmonary hypertension, atrial fibrillation, cirrhosis, and chronic kidney disease was deemed inoperable. After staged mitral and tricuspid transcatheter edge-to-edge repair, the ASD was successfully closed using two 38-mm septal occluder devices sutured together ex vivo and simultaneously deployed, resulting in stable device position without residual shunt. This case demonstrates a novel percutaneous strategy for closure of exceptionally large ASDs exceeding currently available occluder size limits. Percutaneous closure of giant ASDs may be feasible in selected prohibitive-risk patients using coupled occluder devices.

To compare levels of depression, perceived loneliness, and relationship-related cognitive distortion in older adults living alone and with their families in rural areas, and determine the mediating relationship between relationship-related cognitive distortion and depression and loneliness. Participants comprised 193 older adults, with 105 living alone and 88 living with their families. Data were collected using a Personal Information Form, the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (GDS-15), Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale, and Loneliness Scale for the Elderly (LSFE). Participants living alone scored significantly higher on the GDS-15 (t = 6.064, p = .001) and LSFE (t = 4.727, p = .001) than participants living with their families. Geriatric depression levels significantly predicted cognitive distortion levels (&#x3b2; = 0.7849, p < .001); however, the effect of cognitive distortion levels on loneliness was not statistically significant (&#x3b2; = 0.0325, p = .2121). Depression and loneliness levels of participants living alone were higher than those of participants living with their families. Participants living alone did not tend to establish close relationships.

Artificial intelligence (AI) tools are increasingly used in clinical settings, yet most syntheses focus on nurses' attitudes or readiness rather than experiences after direct use in practice. This study aimed to synthesize registered nurses' experiences of using AI in clinical practice and to identify perceived benefits, barriers, and implementation implications. We conducted a systematic literature review of empirical studies reporting nurses' experiences of AI use in clinical settings. Searches were performed in CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and PubMed (last search: September 13, 2023). Moreover, 2 reviewers (AJSS and QZ) independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts and appraised included studies using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. We used thematic synthesis with a primarily deductive framework based on the Technology Acceptance Model 2, with the addition of facilitating conditions from the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. In total, 20 studies met the inclusion criteria. Perceived usefulness and facilitating conditions were most frequently reported; nurses described AI as supporting decision-making, workflow efficiency, and confidence when implementation included adequate training, interoperability, and technical infrastructure. Ease of use was closely tied to interface design and training. Job relevance and output quality were rated more positively when nurses described AI as aligning with nursing tasks and as producing interpretable, reliable outputs. Common barriers included usability issues, limited integration into workflows and electronic systems, privacy and trust concerns, and inconsistent or poorly contextualized outputs. Across studies, nurses often described adoption as conditional on organizational readiness and meaningful involvement of nurses in design and implementation. Nurses' accounts suggest that AI may augment clinical work, but the perceived benefits reported in the included literature were contingent on workflow alignment, usable interfaces, training, and supportive infrastructure. These findings suggest potential value in involving nurses in the co-design and iterative refinement of AI tools, grounded in the consistent evidence that facilitating conditions, such as training, interoperability, and organizational readiness, are the primary determinants of whether AI is experienced positively. Prospective evaluation using nursing-relevant outcomes, such as usability, workflow integration, and trust, is needed to move beyond post hoc experiential accounts and establish what implementation conditions reliably produce benefit.

Despite the remarkable sparing of normal tissue by FLASH radiotherapy, the fundamental mechanisms that link physics to biological outcomes remain unclear. Among water radiolysis species produced after irradiation, hydrogen peroxide ( H 2 O 2 ${{{\mathrm{H}}}_2}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_2}$ ) is a final product resulting from hydroxyl radical ( O H &#x2022; ) ${\mathrm{O}}{{{\mathrm{H}}}^ \bullet })$ and reactive oxygen species ( HO 2 &#x2022; $({\mathrm{HO}}_2^ \bullet $ / O 2 &#x2022; - ${\mathrm{O}}_2^{ \bullet - }$ ) reactions, sources of biological damage. Many experiments have shown that increasing the dose rate, reduces H 2 O 2 ${{{\mathrm{H}}}_2}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_2}$ yields, supporting hypotheses related to a transient hypoxia during irradiation. Reproducing experimental data using Monte Carlo simulations can be challenging due to incomplete or ambiguous information about the actual experimental conditions, such as the thorough measurement of oxygen or pH levels. Through water radiolysis experiments and simulations, we propose to understand the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the production of H 2 O 2 ${{{\mathrm{H}}}_2}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_2}$ under varying oxygen and dose rate conditions. A new Geant4-DNA chemistry module, managing pulse duration, is specifically tested. The purified water samples were irradiated with a 67.5 MeV proton beam delivered by the ARRONAX isochronous cyclotron (IBA Cyclone 70XP) at dose rates ranging from a conventional dose rate (CDR, 0.2&#xa0;Gy/s) to ultra-high dose rates (UHDR, &#x223c;6 kGy/s). The concentration of H 2 O 2 ${{{\mathrm{H}}}_2}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_2}$ , used as a final endpoint providing insight into earlier processes, was quantified using the Ghormley triiodide protocol. We reproduced irradiation conditions using the GATE and Geant4-DNA Monte Carlo libraries. Beam alignment and dose homogeneity were verified using a gamma-index method. A Geant4-DNA chemistry module (Geant4 11.4-beta version) was used to calculate the time-dependent evolution of radiolytic yields for H &#x2022; ${{{\mathrm{H}}}^ \bullet }$ , O H &#x2022; ${\mathrm{O}}{{{\mathrm{H}}}^ \bullet }$ , e aq - , HO 2 &#x2022; ${\mathrm{e}}_{{\mathrm{aq}}}^ - ,\ {\mathrm{ HO}}_2^ \bullet $ , O 2 &#x2022; - and H 2 O 2 ${\mathrm{O}}_2^{ \bullet - }\ {\mathrm{and\ }}{{{\mathrm{H}}}_2}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_2}$ species until 15 min post irradiation, taking into account the oxygen concentration, pH, absorbed dose, and pulse duration. Under aerated conditions, for CDR, the simulated (2.18) and experimental (2.13) G( H 2 O 2 ${{{\mathrm{H}}}_2}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_2}$ ) are in close agreement. At higher dose rates, the decrease of G( H 2 O 2 ${{{\mathrm{H}}}_2}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_2}$ ) is very similar between experiments and simulations. Under deaerated conditions, simulated G( H 2 O 2 ${{{\mathrm{H}}}_2}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_2}$ ) decreased from 1.56 at 0.26&#xa0;Gy/s to 1.22 at 42&#xa0;Gy/s, with relative differences of 1.3% and 0.8 % compared to the experiment. The impact of C O 2 ${\mathrm{C}}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_2}$ content is evaluated through simulation studies and discussed. The Geant4-DNA chemistry module reproduces with a good agreement experimental H 2 O 2 ${{{\mathrm{H}}}_2}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_2}$ yields measured under different oxygen levels and dose rates. Both experiments and simulations show an oxygen dependent decrease in G( H 2 O 2 ${{{\mathrm{H}}}_2}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_2}$ ) under UHDR conditions. Simulations indicate an impact of the C O 2 ${\mathrm{C}}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_2}$ content at physiological level. As perspectives, we aim at studying the role of hydrated electron associated to the understanding of C O 2 ${\mathrm{C}}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_2}$ and O 2 ${{{\mathrm{O}}}_2}$ effects through time resolved radicals' measurement.

Intramyocardial hemorrhage (IMH) is a severe form of post-ischemic microvascular injury that may occur after myocardial infarction, particularly in the setting of extensive ischemia and reperfusion. IMH is closely related to microvascular obstruction (MVO), larger infarct size, impaired left-ventricular (LV) function, and adverse clinical outcomes. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), especially susceptibility-sensitive techniques such as T2* or R2* mapping, enables in vivo detection of hemorrhagic microvascular injury and may refine post-MI risk stratification. Mechanistic and translational studies suggest that erythrocyte degradation and infarct-core iron deposition may contribute to persistent inflammation, maladaptive healing, adverse remodeling, and possibly arrhythmogenic substrate formation. However, most clinical evidence remains observational, and IMH-guided management has not yet been prospectively validated. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the pathophysiology, imaging diagnosis, prognostic significance, and emerging therapeutic implications of IMH, while highlighting unresolved questions regarding standardized imaging, clinical implementation, and future phenotype-directed therapies.

Rhamnolipid biosurfactants have garnered significant attention as renewable, biodegradable alternatives to conventional, petroleum-derived surfactants, aligning closely with global sustainable development goals. Nevertheless, their commercial viability remains hampered by intrinsic production challenges mainly suboptimal production titers, expensive downstream recovery, and biosafety constraints of native producers. This review synthesizes current advances within an integrated framework that couples metabolic pathway optimization with strategies to enhance titer, rate, and yield (TRY), high-cell-density cultivation, and cost-effective downstream processing. Key innovations in pathway engineering such as elimination of competing routes and cofactor rebalancing are examined alongside dynamic regulatory systems that decouple growth from product formation. Process intensification techniques, including in situ foam control and membrane-based separations, are evaluated for their impact on purification efficiency and overall process economics. Critical research gaps and limitations are identified, with recommendations for future efforts to bridge metabolic landscape and scale-up implementation. Finally, potential market-ready rhamnolipid formulations are discussed, illustrating their application spectrum from agriculture and personal care to environmental remediation and healthcare. By contextualizing synthetic biology breakthroughs within rigorous techno-economic and life-cycle assessments, this review maps a clear trajectory toward the industrial deployment of truly sustainable glycolipid biosurfactants.

The integration density of photonic integrated circuits is fundamentally limited by evanescent field overlap and subsequent inter-channel crosstalk. Layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) bypass these confinement constraints through intrinsic optical birefringence and high refractive indices. Here, we report the near-infrared optical constants and waveguide dispersion of molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2). Ellipsometry performed on centimeter-scale crystals yields an in-plane refractive index of 4.1-4.7 over 1000-2000 nm, with an extinction coefficient close to the sensitivity limit of the fit away from strong excitonic resonances. To validate the anisotropic dielectric tensor at the device scale, scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) was utilized to map the propagation of transverse-magnetic modes in 235 nm thick exfoliated flakes. Spatial Fourier analysis of the edge-scattered near-field interference yields effective mode indices that precisely match the modeled dispersion. Using the verified dielectric tensor, finite-element simulations demonstrate that single-mode MoSe2 waveguides optically outperform equivalent tungsten disulfide (WS2) benchmarks. The enhanced evanescent field suppression in the claddings of MoSe2 waveguide increases the coupling length by a factor of 3.5, reducing the required routing pitch and enabling a 12.5% direct increase in on-chip integration density. The results identify MoSe2 as a high-index anisotropic platform for compact waveguiding in the near-infrared.