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Given the academic and clinical demands faced by nursing students, mental health is a critical component of their well-being. To promote a culture of wellness, Mental Health Bulletin Boards were implemented at a large, multicampus nursing college to provide an interactive space for students to share mental health strategies. A thematic analysis of 339 individually posted bulletin board notes revealed five overarching categories: physical health, connectedness, mental and emotional health, leisure and creative outlets, and personal management strategies. The findings inform nursing education wellness initiatives, including curriculum integration, faculty messaging, and community outreach.
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In 2023, a significant increase in the number of pertussis cases was recorded in Poland, which is consistent with the trend of a resurgence of respiratory diseases observed across Europe following the COVID-19 pandemic. This increase is related to factors such as declining population immunity, delays in vaccinations, and diagnostic difficulties, particularly in adults and adolescents. The aim of the study was to assess the epidemiological situation of pertussis in Poland in 2023 compared to the situation in previous years, with particular emphasis on assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and assessing the vaccination status of children against pertussis. The assessment of the epidemiological situation of pertussis in Poland was made based on the results of the analysis of individual reports on pertussis cases registered at the National Institute of Public Health NIH - National Research Institute in the EpiBaza system and data from the annual bulletins "Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland" and the bulletin "Vaccinations in Poland in 2023". In 2023, 922 cases of pertussis were recorded. The incidence was 2.45/100,000, which was 150% higher than in 2022. The highest incidence of pertussis occurred in children aged 0-4 years (17.3/100,000), and high in children aged 5-9 years (7.6/100,000). Approximately 45% of cases occurred in people over 15 years of age. In 2023, the number of pertussis cases in Poland increased more than 2.5-fold compared to the previous year, which is due, among other things, to the complete lifting of pandemic restrictions and an increase in social contacts. Pertussis remains a significant public health threat, and waning post-vaccination immunity promotes transmission, especially among adolescents and adults, who can infect infants. W 2023 roku w Polsce odnotowano istotny wzrost liczby zachorowań na krztusiec, co wpisuje się w obserwowany w całej Europie trend nawrotu chorób układu oddechowego po pandemii COVID-19. Wzrost ten jest związany m.in. ze spadkiem odporności populacyjnej, opóźnieniami w szczepieniach oraz trudnościami w diagnostyce, zwłaszcza u dorosłych i młodzieży. Celem pracy była ocena sytuacji epidemiologicznej krztuśca w Polsce w 2023 r. w porównaniu z sytuacją w ubiegłych latach, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem oceny wpływu pandemii COVID-19 oraz oceny stanu zaszczepienia dzieci przeciw krztuścowi. Ocena sytuacji epidemiologicznej krztuśca w Polsce została wykonana na podstawie wyników analizy raportów jednostkowych o zachorowaniach na krztusiec zarejestrowanych w NIZP PZH – PIB w systemie EpiBaza oraz danych z biuletynów rocznych „Choroby zakaźne i zatrucia w Polsce” oraz biuletynu „Szczepienia ochronne w Polsce w 2023 r.”. W 2023 r. zarejestrowano 922 zachorowań na krztusiec. Zapadalność wynosiła 2,45 /100 tys. i była wyższa o 150% w porównaniu z zapadalnością w roku 2022. Najwyższa zapadalność na krztusiec wystąpiła u dzieci w grupie wieku 0-4 lata (17,3/100 tys.), a wysoka u dzieci w wieku 5-9 lat (7,6/100 tys.). Około 45% zachorowań dotyczyło osób powyżej 15 r.ż. W 2023 roku w Polsce liczba zachorowań na krztusiec wzrosła ponad 2,5-krotnie w porównaniu z rokiem poprzednim, co wiąże się m.in. z całkowitym zniesieniem ograniczeń pandemicznych i wzrostem liczby kontaktów społecznych. Krztusiec pozostaje istotnym zagrożeniem zdrowia publicznego, a wygasająca odporność poszczepienna sprzyja transmisji, zwłaszcza wśród młodzieży i dorosłych, którzy mogą zakażać niemowlęta. Najwyższą zapadalność odnotowano wśród dzieci w wieku 0-4 lat. Najbardziej narażone na ciężki przebieg i zgon są niemowlęta poniżej 6 miesiąca życia.
This study investigates cross-cultural and cross-linguistic vocal emotion recognition by testing American English and French listeners (Listener Language) listening to vocal emotions produced in Dutch and Korean (Speaker Language). Both listener groups recognized all emotions above chance, except for Pride in Korean by American English listeners (0.08), thereby supporting the Universality hypothesis (Elfenbein, H. A. 2013. Nonverbal dialects and accents in facial expressions of emotion. Emotion Review 5(1). 90-96). However, we did not find consistent patterns for Cultural Proximity (Elfenbein, H. A. & N. Ambady 2003a. Cultural similarity's consequences: A distance perspective on cross-cultural differences in emotion recognition. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 34(1). 92-110, 2002b. On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 128(2). 203-235), as both groups of listeners performed similarly on average in both recordings. Likewise, the Prosodic Proximity hypothesis was not supported by our data, since French listeners did not outperform American English listeners in recognizing emotions in Korean, although French and Korean obviously share basic prosodic structures. Instead, the effect of culture and language was emotion-specific, varying across Speaker Language and/or Listener Language. Additionally, despite the significant impact of the emotional dimensions of arousal, valence, and basicness on recognition accuracy, these dimensions did not consistently predict accuracy, since individual emotions deviated from the general patterns of accuracy due to emotion-specific features. Together, these findings provide a more nuanced perspective on the relative contributions of universality, culture, language, and emotional dimensions to cross-cultural emotion recognition, especially for listeners unfamiliar with the target language.
The fullPIERS (The Preeclampsia Integrated Estimate of Risk) model was developed and used in a prospective, multicenter study to identify women with preeclampsia at risk of developing complications within 7 days. This research aimed to elucidate the fullPIERS model and conduct its Turkish validation. A total of 214 women with singleton pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia at or before 40 weeks of gestation were retrospectively evaluated; 170 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. The diagnosis of preeclampsia was established in accordance with the diagnostic criteria outlined in the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Practice Bulletin. FullPIERS scores were calculated using the online calculator available on the University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine website. There were statistically significant differences in gestational age at hospital admission and gestational age at delivery between patients who experienced maternal and/or fetal adverse events and those who did not (p < 0.05). There was also a significant difference in birth weight in combined maternal-fetal adverse event group and only maternal adverse event group (p = 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). There were differences in systolic blood pressure, creatinine, and AST values between those who experienced adverse events in mother and baby and those who did not (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.011, respectively). There were differences in systolic blood pressure, creatinine, AST, platelet count, proteinuria and oxygen saturation values between those who experienced only maternal adverse events and those who did not (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p = 0.009, p < 0.05, p < 0.05 and p < 0.016 respectively). There was a significant difference in the fullPIERS score between those who experienced maternal, fetal, or combined maternal-fetal adverse events and those who did not (p < 0.001, p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively). The fullPIERS model captures key pathophysiological features of severe preeclampsia and demonstrates robust risk discrimination in a Turkish cohort in maternal and/or fetal adverse events, supporting its broader application in complication risk-oriented obstetric care.
Research misconduct undermines scientific credibility and public trust. Embedding research integrity (RI) education within institutions is a cornerstone of responsible conduct of research (RCR), however practical and scalable strategies remain under documented in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) established a Research Integrity Committee (RIC) in 2023 to institutionalize RI training. This paper describes the training strategies adopted by the KEMRI RIC to enhance institution-wide awareness and practices of RCR. Five complementary approaches were implemented: (1) a train-the-trainer (TTT) programme for RIC members; (2) the integration of RI symposia into national scientific and bioethics conferences; (3) geographically clustered, centre-specific training tailored to local needs; (4) hybrid in-person/virtual training delivery platforms; and (5) digital dissemination through bulletins, social media, and the institutional website. Over 1200 of over 4000 of the participants were reached across all 15 KEMRI research centers. Presentation of the committee work at the WCRI (Athens 2024) raised the profile of the RI awareness efforts locally and globally. This KEMRI experience describes opportunities for institutions seeking to foster a culture of responsible research.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has been increasingly applied in schizophrenia research, yet a bibliometric overview of its global development and evolutionary trends remains lacking. Based on the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), a bibliometric analysis was conducted on AI‑related schizophrenia studies published from 2005 to 2025. A total of 1,839 publications were included, and trends, countries, institutions, authors, journals, and research hotspots were analysed. Annual publications grew rapidly from 2 in 2005 to 374 in 2025, consistent with the expansion of AI research. The U.S., China, and England were the most productive and influential countries. The U.S. dominated global collaboration, while Chinese institutions showed strong domestic links but limited international partnerships. Leading institutions included the University of London, King's College London, and Harvard University. Nikolaos Koutsouleris and Vince D. Calhoun were the top authors. Key journals included Frontiers in Psychiatry, Schizophrenia Research, and Schizophrenia Bulletin, with NeuroImage as the top co-cited journal. Keyword analysis showed early focus on machine learning, risk assessment, and brain biomarkers based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalogram (EEG). After 2016, deep learning became dominant in diagnosis. Recently, natural language processing has emerged for risk prediction, indicating a shift toward multimodal AI applications. AI applications in schizophrenia have expanded exponentially with a clear evolution from machine learning to deep learning. The global collaboration pattern is imbalanced, and future research will advance toward multi‑modal, predictive, and precise intelligence.
Background and Objectives: Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is the most efficacious treatment for vasomotor symptoms and genitourinary conditions associated with menopause. Modern menopause care increasingly encompasses women with multimorbidity, renal or hepatic impairment, previous malignancies or thromboembolic disorders, advanced age, and polypharmacy-groups frequently underrepresented in randomized clinical trials. This evidence gap prompts significant inquiries about the relevance of trial-based recommendations to actual clinical practice. Materials and Methods: This narrative review offers a concentrated assessment of prominent worldwide clinical guidelines regarding menopausal hormone therapy through thematic synthesis. We examined position statements from the North American Menopause Society (NAMS), the European Menopause and Andropause Society (EMAS), NICE clinical guidelines, the ACOG Practice Bulletin on menopausal symptom management, the Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline, and pertinent UK guidance from RCOG, BMS, and BGCS. Data from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and extensive observational studies were analyzed to contextualize guideline recommendations for populations often underrepresented in clinical trials, including women aged ≥65 years and individuals with multimorbidity or polypharmacy. Results: Only the NICE and EMAS recommendations expressly acknowledge clinical vulnerability or complexity (multimorbidity, frailty, and cancer survivorship) as foundational principles. NAMS and ACOG delineate risk categories but fail to offer a cohesive taxonomy of vulnerability. Polypharmacy and drug-drug interactions are inconsistently addressed across guidelines, and there is a deficiency of standardized prescribing algorithms. While routine safety monitoring is universally advocated, the intervals for follow-up and methods for risk categorization differ. Observational evidence consistently indicates route-dependent variations in cardiovascular and thromboembolic risk, with transdermal estrogen linked to a more advantageous safety profile in higher-risk individuals. Conclusions: Present menopausal therapy guidelines are methodologically sound; however, they insufficiently address the complexities of multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and organ dysfunction. A systematic conceptual framework that incorporates areas of clinical vulnerability may facilitate personalized benefit-risk evaluation in practical applications. Future guideline revisions should enhance clarity by incorporating polypharmacy concerns, monitoring strategies, and systematic risk stratification methods for clinically complicated patients.
The objective is to determine the prevalence and types of drug-related problems (DRPs), identify associated factors, and evaluate the impact of a structured pharmacist-led intervention on prescribing quality in pediatric outpatient care in a resource-limited health system with limited advanced prescribing decision-support. A pre-post intervention study was conducted from July 2023 to June 2024 at a secondary-level hospital in a lower-middle-income country setting (Vietnam). Two independent cross-sectional prescription samples were obtained using systematic random sampling (323 prescriptions preintervention and 323 postintervention). DRPs were identified using national prescribing frameworks and mapped to the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe DRP Classification (v9.1). The intervention comprised pharmacist-led educational sessions and the dissemination of drug information bulletins, with ongoing reminders, targeting the most frequent baseline DRPs. Factors associated with DRP occurrence (≥1 DRP per prescription) were examined using logistic regression; pre-post comparisons used Chi-square tests. At baseline, 57.9% of prescriptions contained at least one DRP, predominantly dosage regimen-related problems, with incorrect timing of administration being the most frequent (32.20%). In multivariable analysis, prescriptions issued by male prescribers had higher odds of DRPs (odds ratio 2.51, 95% confidence interval 1.51-4.18), whereas prescriptions for children aged 2-6 years and 6-12 years had lower odds than those for children aged ≤2 years. Following the intervention, DRP prevalence decreased significantly to 40.2% (P < 0.001), with marked reductions in timing- and dosing-related DRPs. A structured, low-cost pharmacist-led intervention integrated into routine outpatient practice was associated with a clinically meaningful reduction in DRPs. Strengthening clinical pharmacy services is a feasible and scalable strategy to improve pediatric prescribing safety in resource-limited settings where systematic medication review and electronic decision support are constrained.
The study shows the evolution of the market for medicines sold in pharmacies following the price revisions published by the Ministry of Health after the reform of the pricing system adopted in December 2013. This is a retrospective study carried out following the crossing of lists of official price review bulletins published on the website of the General Secretariat of the Government and sales data for medicines between 2010 and 2018. Between 2010 and 2018, the total private market for generic and originator medicines recorded an average annual growth of +3% in volume and +3.7% in turnover. Between 2015 and 2018 and after the implementation of the reform, it rose from +1.1% to +3.9%. Once the price revisions were applied, the sales volume of generic medicines recorded an average annual growth of +3.5%, compared to +5.1% for their turnover (2015 and 2018). However, the sales volume of originator medicines recorded negative average annual growth (-0.7%). As for the segment of medicines affected by price reductions, between 2015 and 2018 it experienced negative average annual growth in volume (-0.8%), while its growth in turnover was positive (+3.3%). Following the adoption of the terms of Decree 2-13-852 and the application of the revisions, the private medicines market has seen variable growth.
Medical students experience sustained academic, clinical, and psychosocial pressures. Online forums provide an informal space where students seek information, express concerns, and exchange peer support. However, few studies have analyzed these interactions longitudinally based on real-world data from online social platforms. This study aimed to integrate topic modeling, temporal topic analysis, and social network analysis (SNA) to investigate evolving concerns, network positions, and influence structures within the bulletin board system of a medical university over a 7-year period. We collected all posts and comments from the "Medical Center" board of the Peking University bulletin board system forum between 2017 and 2023. After excluding irrelevant posts, nontextual elements, blank content, and noise terms, the textual corpus was segmented and standardized for analysis. Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) was used for topic modeling to identify primary discussion topics. The number of topics was selected through 5-fold cross-validation by evaluating candidate models with 5 to 20 topics using perplexity. Annual topic prevalence was calculated to examine temporal changes in student concerns. SNA was also used to construct interaction networks. Users were defined as nodes, and directed edges were established when one user replied to another user's post or comment. Degree centrality, eigenvector centrality, and betweenness centrality were calculated to identify active users, influential hubs, and bridging users. A topic-network coupling analysis further linked topic categories with the centrality measures of users. The corpus included 4639 posts and 58,942 comments. The annual post numbers fluctuated over the years, reaching their lowest point in 2019 and peaking in 2022. Posting activity increased after 8 AM, remained relatively stable from noon to 10 PM, and declined after 10 PM. Seven major topics of concern were identified, with feedback on living facilities (1025/4639, 22.1%) being the most prevalent, followed by information inquiry (1004/4639, 21.6%) and medical education (883/4639, 19.0%). Temporal analysis showed that concerns related to living facilities remained a recurring topic across years, and emotional support remained a low-frequency but persistent topic. The overall network was sparse, with a small subset of users occupying active, influential, or bridging positions. Topic-network coupling showed that high-volume topics were not necessarily network-central: feedback on living facilities had the largest discussion volume but the lowest median centrality values, whereas current affairs had the highest median degree and eigenvector centrality, and psychological and emotional support had the highest median betweenness centrality. Online forums can reveal not only what students discuss but also how concerns persist, change, and circulate through peer interaction networks. Combining topic modeling with network analysis may help educational administrators identify persistent concerns related to the learning environment, time-sensitive issues, and structurally important topics requiring targeted communication or support strategies.
Lyme disease is a vector-borne disease transmitted by ticks of the Ixodes genus, caused by a heterogeneous group of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Human infection occurs through a tick bite and its feeding on the skin. Due to the diverse symptoms, diagnosing Lyme disease is challenging and usually involves a two-step serological approach. Currently, there is still no vaccine against Lyme disease, but in 2024, data on the immunogenicity and safety of the VLA15-221 vaccine, which is in the second phase of clinical trials, was announced. The aim of the study is to discuss the epidemiological situation of Lyme disease in Poland in 2023 compared to previous years. To assess the epidemiological situation of Lyme disease in Poland, data sent to NIPH NIH - NRI by the district Sanitary-Epidemiological Stations and published in the annual bulletin: "Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2023" were used. In 2023, there were 25 285 reported cases of Lyme disease and 1 155 hospitalizations. This represents a significant increase in cases by 45.58% compared to the previous year. Seasonal variations in case occurrences are evident in distinct quarters, with the number rising from 2 466 in Q1 to 11 626 in Q3, and then declining in Q4 to 5 945. The highest incidence was recorded in the Małopolskie voivodeship (122.9 per 100,000), Podlaskie voivodeship (96 per 100,000), and Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodeship (95.2 per 100,000). The number of borreliosis cases returned to pre-pandemic levels but also increased by 22.57% compared to 2019 (20 630 cases), and doubled (95.49%) compared to 2020 (12 934 cases). Seasonality has remained unchanged for years. Usually, eastern Poland (most often the Podlaskie voivodeship) is characterised by the highest incidence, however, in 2023, the highest incidence was recorded in the Małopolskie voivodeship at 122.9 per 100,000. Borelioza to choroba wektorowa przenoszona przez kleszcze rodzaju Ixodes, wywoływana przez niejednorodną grupę Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Zakażenie człowieka odbywa się poprzez ukłucie i żerowaniu kleszcza na skórze. Z uwagi na zróżnicowane objawy, rozpoznanie choroby z Lyme jest trudne i zwykle obejmuje dwuetapowe podejście serologiczne. Obecnie, nie ma jeszcze szczepionki przeciwko boreliozie, ale w 2024 roku zostały ogłoszone dane dotyczące immunogenności i bezpieczeństwa szczepionki VLA15-221 będącej w drugiej fazie badań klinicznych. Celem pracy jest omówienie sytuacji epidemiologicznej boreliozy w Polsce w 2023 r. w porównaniu do ubiegłych lat. Do przeprowadzenia oceny sytuacji epidemiologicznej boreliozy w Polsce wykorzystano dane nadsyłane do NIZP PZH – PIB przez Wojewódzkie Stacje Sanitarno-Epidemiologiczne i publikowane w biuletynie rocznym: „Choroby zakaźne i zatrucia w Polsce w 2023 r.”. W 2023 r. zarejestrowano 25 285 zachorowań na boreliozę oraz 1 155 hospitalizacji z powodu tej choroby. Jest to znaczny wzrost zachorowań o 45,58% w stosunku do poprzedniego roku. W poszczególnych kwartałach widać sezonowość występowania przypadków tzn. wzrost ich liczby z 2 466 w Q1 do 11 626 w Q3 oraz spadek w Q4 do 5 945. Największą zapadalność odnotowano w województwie małopolskim (122,9 na 100 tys.) podlaskim (96 na 100 tys.), oraz warmińsko-mazurskim (95.2 na 100 tys.). Liczba przypadków boreliozy zgłaszanych przez lekarzy do powiatowych stacji sanitarno-epidemiologicznych nie tylko wróciła do wartości sprzed pandemii, ale uzyskała wzrost o 22,57% w porównaniu do roku 2019 (20 630 przypadków), oraz prawie dwukrotny wzrost (95,49%) w porównaniu do roku 2020 (12 934 przypadków). Sezonowość pozostaje niezmienna od lat – szczyt zachorowań jest rejestrowany w Q3, a najmniej zachorowań występuje w Q1. Zazwyczaj największą zapadalnością charakteryzuje się wschodnia część Polski (najczęściej województwo podlaskie), jednak w 2023 r. najwyższa zapadalność została odnotowana w województwie małopolskim 122,9 na 100 tys.
LLMs are increasingly applied in clinical medicine, but their performance in protocol-driven fields like anesthesiology remains underexplored. Obstetric anesthesia demands timely and accurate decision-making, where adherence to established guidelines is essential. This study investigates how prompting strategies and model architectures influence LLM performance in a high-stakes clinical domain. To evaluate the performance of four Large Language Models (LLMs)—ChatGPT-4o, ChatGPT-4o-mini, DeepSeek-V3, and DeepSeek-R1—in answering guideline-based questions in obstetric anesthesia using three distinct prompting strategies. Eleven clinical questions derived from the 2019 ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 209 were posed to each model using three prompting strategies: Isolated Prompting (IP), Batch Prompting (BP), and Contextual Isolated Prompting (CIP). Responses were rated across four clinical dimensions (Accuracy, Overconclusiveness, Supplementary Value, and Completeness) using a 5-point Likert scale, and assessed for readability using Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) and Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL). Statistical analyses included ANOVA and post hoc comparisons. No significant differences were found across models for Accuracy, Overconclusiveness, or Completeness (p > 0.05). However, Supplementary Value differed significantly (p = 0.008), with ChatGPT-4o under CIP outperforming DeepSeek-V3 under IP (p = 0.021). ChatGPT-4o demonstrated the highest overall readability (lowest FKGL), while ChatGPT-4o-mini’s readability improved significantly under CIP. DeepSeek-V3 under BP outperformed R1 under IP in FKGL scores (p = 0.0294). LLMs demonstrate comparable core clinical accuracy in obstetric anesthesia tasks, with ChatGPT-4o offering the most readable and context-rich responses. Prompting strategy, especially CIP, enhances response quality. These findings support the potential of LLMs as clinical aids, contingent on thoughtful prompt design and domain validation.
The proteome is defined as the total protein complement of a genome-whether that genome is associated with an individual cell, tissue, or organism (Wasinger et al., Electrophoresis 16:1090-1094, 1995). Proteomics refers to the application of technologies to characterize the proteome. The term "proteome" was coined by researchers at the University of Sydney, Australia, in a paper published in 1995 (Wasinger et al., Electrophoresis 16:1090-1094, 1995). But did proteomics really begin in 1995 or were researchers doing proteomic research long before? As a PhD student, I would tell people that my field of expertise was protein science, as I was involved in determining the three-dimensional structures of proteins using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. As my career evolved to using mass spectrometry (MS) to analyze complex mixtures of proteins, my field of expertise was proteomics. While still studying proteins, what had changed was the number of proteins I was analyzing per experiment. In a nutshell, proteomics is simply the large-scale study of proteins. While protein scientists have been studying proteins for almost 200 years (Mulder, Bulletin des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles en Néerlande 104, 1838), proteomics has increased the throughput and the ability to characterize proteins in the context of other proteins within their environment. While well-known for its high-throughput ability to identify and quantitate proteins, proteomics encompasses several different facets of protein characterization including such things as structure, function, protein-protein interactions, posttranslational modifications, and protein quantitation. Data acquired under any of these broad categories can be applied to greater understand something part of the cell system.
Food and waterborne diseases are a significant Public Health problem. In recent years, their epidemiology has been influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic and the increasing burden of Clostridioides difficile infections (CDI). Assessment of epidemiological situation of foodborne infections and intoxications in Poland in 2021-2023. Routine surveillance data collected by the District Sanitary and Epidemiological Stations (PSSE) through the Registry of Epidemic Outbreaks and data from the bulletins "Infectious Diseases and Poisonings in Poland" (2021-2023) were analyzed. Incidence, etiology, outbreak settings and hospitalization rates were assessed. In 2021-2023, an increase in the number of cases of bacterial infections and intoxications was registered (over 90,000 cases, incidence 80.2/100,000) related to an increase in Clostridioides difficile infections (56.4/100,000 in 2023 vs. median 29.5/100,000 in 2015-2019). Also, there was an increase in listeriosis incidence. Among viral infections most prevalent were rotaviral infections, with an increase in 2022 and a decrease in 2023 and incidence between 15.7-20.1/100,000. Between 2021 and 2023, 2,722 foodborne outbreaks were reported, in which 20,102 cases occurred (compared to 2,767 outbreaks and 22,681 cases between 2017 and 2019). Majority of outbreaks were of bacterial etiology (53%), among which the most prevalent were salmonellosis outbreaks, and in this category 80% were S. Enteritidis outbreaks. Proportion of Clostridioides difficile outbreaks was 21.5% (16.5% of all outbreak cases), in medical facilities, outbreaks of this aetiology accounted for 78% of outbreaks. Overall, 27.9% of outbreak cases were hospitalized, most frequently in CDI and hepatitis A outbreaks. Outbreaks occurred mainly in household settings; however, most cases occurred in food-serving facilities and medical facilities. In 2021-2023, the number of foodborne infections and intoxications outbreaks was comparable with the pre-pandemic period, but its aetiology-related structure changed (increases in CDI and viral etiology outbreaks. Those results may confirm the need of ongoing surveillance enhancement and laboratory diagnostic capacity development. Choroby przenoszone drogą pokarmową stanowią istotny problem zdrowia publicznego na świecie. W ostatnich latach na sytuację epidemiologiczną tych chorób w Europie wpływały zarówno zmiany związane z pandemią COVID-19, jak i rosnące znaczenie zakażeń Clostridioides difficile (CDI). Ocena sytuacji epidemiologicznej zatruć i zakażeń pokarmowych w Polsce w latach 2021-2023. Wykorzystano dane z rutynowego nadzoru epidemiologicznego gromadzone przez PSSE w systemie Rejestr Ognisk Epidemicznych (ROE) oraz dane z biuletynów „Choroby zakaźne i zatrucia w Polsce” z lat 2021-2023. Analizowano zapadalność, etiologię i miejsca występowania ognisk zakażeń i zatruć pokarmowych oraz odsetek hospitalizacji. W latach 2021–2023 odnotowano wzrost liczby przypadków bakteryjnych zakażeń i zatruć pokarmowych (łącznie ponad 90 tys., zapadalność 80,2/100 tys.). Wzrost zachorowań był związany ze zwiększeniem liczby zakażeń Clostridioides difficile: w 2023 r. zapadalność wyniosła 56,4/100 tys. (mediana 2015-2019: 29,5/100 tys.). Odnotowano także wzrost zapadalności na listeriozę. Wśród zakażeń wirusowych dominowały rotawirusy, ze wzrostem w 2022 r. i spadkiem w 2023 r., zapadalność norowirusów utrzymywała się w przedziale 15,7-20,1/100 tys. W 2021-2023 zarejestrowano 2 722 ogniska obejmujące 20 102 zachorowania, wobec 2 767 ognisk i 22 681 zachorowań w 2017-2019. Dominowały ogniska o etiologii bakteryjnej (53,3% ognisk), przede wszystkim salmonelozowe, głównie S. Enteritidis (80% ognisk salmonelozowych). Udział ognisk wywołanych przez Clostridioides difficile wyniósł 21,5% oraz 16,5% liczby zachorowań, w placówkach medycznych ogniska o tej etiologii stanowiły 78% ognisk. Hospitalizowano 5 609 (27,9%) chorych w ogniskach, najczęściej w przebiegu CDI (78,4%) oraz WZW A (69,4%). Ogniska najczęściej występowały w gospodarstwach domowych, natomiast najwięcej zachorowań było w podmiotach gastronomicznych i placówkach medycznych. W latach 2021-2023 liczba ognisk chorób przenoszonych drogą pokarmową była porównywalna z okresem przedpandemicznym, natomiast istotnym zmianom uległa ich struktura etiologiczna, w tym wzrost udziału CDI i spadek ognisk wirusowych. Wyniki te podkreślają potrzebę dalszego wzmacniania rutynowego nadzoru epidemiologicznego oraz rozszerzania diagnostyki laboratoryjnej.
Individuals with a prior cesarean birth may have limited choices or receive conflicting information related to either labor after cesarean (LAC) or elective repeat cesarean birth (ERCB), both of which are associated with potential benefits and risks to the birthing person and newborn. The purpose of this clinical bulletin by the American College of Nurse-Midwives (ACNM) is to offer evidence-based guidelines for midwives and other health care providers to use when caring for individuals considering LAC. This includes risk assessment, education that supports informed choices, shared decision-making, and clinical care. Considerations related to the site of birth are also provided.
Marine debris has become a serious global environmental issue due to its increasing impacts on marine ecosystems, biodiversity, and human health. Large amounts of waste enter the oceans each year from a wide range of sources, originating from both land-based and marine activities. Ocean circulation allows marine debris to spread across national boundaries. Addressing marine debris therefore requires coordinated global actions supported by strong scientific evidence. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of marine debris research based on 1679 English-language journal articles indexed in the Scopus database from 2004 to 2024. Data were analysed using bibliometric mapping techniques with VOSviewer to examine publication trends, leading journals and authors, contributing countries, collaboration networks, and keyword co-occurrence patterns. The result show a significant increase in publication output after 2017, indicating growing global attention, particularly toward plastic pollution. Environmental Science is the dominant subject area, with Marine Pollution Bulletin identified as the most productive journal. The United States, Australia, and United Kingdom emerged as the leading contributors, supported by strong international collaboration networks. Keyword analysis reveals that plastic debris and microplastics remain the central research themes, along with emerging opportunities from advanced technologies, including remote sensing, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and citizen science. These findings highlight the need for interdisciplinary approaches and strengthen international collaboration to enhance monitoring, management, and mitigation strategies for marine debris.
This study investigated interword spacing effects on eye movement during Arabic reading, focusing on the distinctive orthographic system of Arabic text. Research on Roman-script languages (e.g., English) concluded that interword spacing facilitates word identification and sentence comprehension (Rayner et al. in Vision Research 38:1129–1144, 1998, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(97)00274-5 ; Slattery et al. in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 22:406–422, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000104 ), whereas studies on other languages could not replicate these results (Bai et al. in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 34:1277–1287, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.34.5.1277 ). While written Arabic uses interword spaces between words, we showed that manipulating interword spaces did not inhibit reading-related eye movements. However, we found a significant influence of interword spacing on saccadic programming. Overall, the lack of an ‘interword spacing effect’ in Arabic led us to postulate that Arabic orthography might have an important role in guiding saccades despite the absence of interword spacing. Our conclusions are also in line with the proposal that there is an independent level of abstract letter representation of Arabic which encodes allographs and letter positions (e.g., Carreiras et al. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 19:685–690, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0260-8 ).