Spinal anesthesia is widely used for many surgical procedures in orthopedic surgery. The breakage of a spinal needle within the patient's intrathecal space represents a rare but potentially serious complication. The management of a broken spinal needle (BSN) remains unclear. Only a few clinical cases have been reported, and no surgical guidelines are available in the literature to date. Early surgical removal of the broken needle appears to be advisable. A 65-year-old woman with a body mass index (BMI) of 32.1 kg/m2 was admitted to the operating theater for a knee arthroscopy. During spinal anesthesia, the tip of the needle broke off and remained in the patient's back. The needle had a diameter of 25 gauge, and the retained fragment measured approximately 35 mm in length. Throughout the entire surgical procedure, the patient was maintained in the left lateral decubitus to prevent migration of the needle fragment. Initially, radiological landmarks were obtained with a C-arm to localize the spinal needle. Once identified, a first percutaneous attempt to remove it with a different type of forceps was unsuccessful. Once endoscopic equipment was prepared, two small Farabeuf retractors and a self-retaining retractor (Caspar lumbar retractor system) were positioned, and a 30° arthroscope was inserted by the surgeon. The broken needle was clearly visualized once arthroscopic saline inflow was initiated (inflow pump pressure 50 mmHg): the fluid dilated the muscle fibers and clearly exposed the BSN. The fragment was then successfully removed using arthroscopic grasping forceps, without any risk of mobilization or further breakage. In cases of a BSN during spinal anesthesia:-early removal should be performed;-the patient should be kept in the same position;-radiological landmarks should be obtained using a C-arm;-if available, an endoscopic-assisted spinal surgical approach should be considered as an effective and safe technique for needle removal.
Run streaking is running on consecutive days for a minimum of one mile per day. Despite its benefits for supporting habit formation and long-term behaviour change, some streak runners report potential unintended negative consequences of run streaking. The aim of the study is to examine the backfire potential of run streaking in recreational runners who ended a long-term streak. Qualitative semi-structured interviews with 17 recreational adult runners (10 male, 6 female, 1 other gender). All runners ended a run streak of ³100 consecutive days. Transcripts were analyzed using a hybrid deductive-inductive thematic analysis. Prior to streak cessation, some runners felt streak-related inconveniences and ran with injury to prolong the streak. Immediate consequences following the end of a streak included feelings of sadness, anger, disappointment and relief. Several run streakers described a 'grieving process' in the weeks and months following streak cessation. Unintended negative consequences were amplified in runners with higher levels of streak attachment. All physically capable runners continued to run regularly with most starting a new streak and all voiced positive views towards run streaking despite their streak ending. Run streaking as a behaviour change technique has small backfire potential in some runners. Ending a long-term run streak can lead to short-term negative affect which can develop into experiences of grief, particularly in those with high levels of streak attachment. No long-term negative consequences were reported. All participants perceived run streaking as positive overall and remained physically active following the end of their long-term streak.
If childhood was critical to cultural adaptation, we would expect to see regular innovation in Homo tool industries. However, the Acheulean, Mousterian, and early H. sapiens industries are remarkably stable. Evidence of prolific innovation is largely absent before the European Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition, which is associated with increased longevity in H. sapiens, suggesting that innovation was sparked by grandparenthood.
暂无摘要（点击查看详情）
Vertebral Body Tethering (VBT) yields improving postoperative results. However, tether breakage remains a common complication, especially in thoracolumbar (TL) curves, and can negatively impact the outcome. The pathomechanism behind TL tether breakages is not well understood, yet this knowledge is essential for improving surgical planning. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the timing and location of tether breakage in double-row (TL) revision cases. This study performed a descriptive analysis of consecutively explanted double-row implants in TL VBT patients who underwent revision due to tether breakage and for whom photographic documentation was available. A > 5° increase in the interscrew angle on consecutive radiographs suggested tether breakage. Data from 50 instrumented levels in ten patients were available. The UIV ranged from T9 to T11 and the LIV from L3 to L4. Revision surgery was performed, on average, 35 months after the index surgery. The study showed that the > 5° rule identified a higher percentage of segments with both tethers broken (68%) than segments with only one broken tether (54%). There was no difference in the occurrence of anterior (61%) and posterior (62%) tether breakage. The anterior tether broke in the distal segment in all ten cases, while the posterior tether broke in the distal segment in nine out of ten cases. This study showed that the distal segment of the lumbar spine is prone for tether breakage. Fewer breakages were observed in the thoracic segments. Additionally, no clear breakage pattern in relation to implant standing time was observed.
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a potentially life-threatening complication following orthopaedic surgery. While prophylaxis is well-established in joint arthroplasty, its role after Achilles tendon repair remains controversial. Despite being a soft-tissue procedure, prolonged postoperative immobilization increases VTE risk, with some studies reporting symptomatic rates as high as 7%. However, no prior studies have assessed whether pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis breaks-even in this population. A literature review and the TriNetX Research Network were used to identify symptomatic VTE rates within 30 days of primary Achilles tendon repair without pharmacologic prophylaxis. The cost of treating a symptomatic VTE was estimated from published data and adjusted to 2025 US dollars. Retail drug pricing was obtained from an online pharmacy database. A break-even analysis was conducted to determine the absolute risk reduction (ARR) and number needed to treat (NNT) required for aspirin (81 mg and 325 mg), warfarin (5 mg), enoxaparin (40 mg), and rivaroxaban (20 mg) to be cost-effective. A sub-analysis compared postoperative bleeding and transfusion rates in patients who received chemoprophylaxis versus those who did not. Among 8935 patients undergoing Achilles tendon repair without chemoprophylaxis, 47 developed a symptomatic VTE (0.526%). Aspirin and warfarin broke-even across all VTE rates, with NNTs ranging from 9217 to 10 547. Warfarin still broke-even when including international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring costs. Enoxaparin and rivaroxaban only broke-even at the highest VTE rate (7.2%), with NNTs of 131 and 390, respectively, and required higher VTE treatment costs to be justified. In this study, we found that aspirin 81 mg, aspirin 325 mg, and warfarin break-even for VTE chemoprophylaxis following Achilles tendon repair. Enoxaparin and rivaroxaban failed to break-even. Chemoprophylaxis decisions should be individualized, weighing patient risk and economic considerations.
Tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCTs), a rare benign mesenchymal neoplasm of synovial tissue, often incurs chronic pain, joint destruction and repeated surgery, markedly impairing quality of life. Historically, surgery was the only effective option. The colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor pexidartinib broke this therapeutic deadlock, pioneering systemic therapy and shaping subsequent drug development. Further exploration of pexidartinib and associated clinical studies in the field of TGCT have continued following its approval, with updated data and outcomes continuing to play a crucial role in guiding the clinical application of pexidartinib for treatment of TGCT. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the preclinical and clinical development of pexidartinib for treatment of TGCT, and highlights the recent updates in clinical studies and findings since its approval. These include long-term efficacy, optimization of therapeutic strategies, management of risks associated with long-term use, and real-world patient-reported outcomes, all of importance and value for patients and physicians in clinical practice. Here we aim to provide guidance for the improved clinical application of this drug class to enhance patient benefits in TGCT treatment.
Restoration of subtropical riparian forests is frequently constrained by limited seedling recruitment in altered environments, particularly in native legumes with physically dormant seeds. In Erythrina crista-galli, insect seed predation may act as biological scarification, potentially facilitating germination, but at the cost of seed viability and performance. This study compared biological scarification caused by insect predation with controlled mechanical scarification to evaluate their effects on germination, seedling establishment, and reserve mobilization. Seeds were subjected to four treatments: intact control, biological scarification (insect-predated seeds), and mechanical scarification by scraping or perforation. Seed viability, imbibition, germination dynamics, membrane integrity, seedling growth under controlled and soil conditions, and carbohydrate and protein reserves were quantified. Multivariate analyses were used to integrate germination, growth, and biochemical responses. Predation was largely detrimental: biologically scarified seeds absorbed water fastest but showed high inviability (∼86%), elevated electrical conductivity (membrane leakage), low germination (∼18%), and frequent abnormal seedlings. In contrast, mechanical scarification broke dormancy efficiently, yielding >90% germination, faster synchronization, and greater biomass. In soil, emergence ranked: scraping (77.7%) > perforation (61.1%) > biological (50%) ≈ control (44%). Protein levels remained stable, but carbohydrate dynamics diverged: biological scarification showed lower starch and final sucrose accumulation, contrasting with the consumption and mobilization in mechanical treatments. PCA clustered mechanical scarification with germination and biomass, whereas biological scarification associated with sucrose. Biological scarification costs outweigh its benefits in E. crista-galli. This study shows that dormancy release in physically dormant seeds is pathway-dependent, with biological scarification facilitating water entry but compromising physiological integrity and seedling performance. By demonstrating that different scarification routes generate distinct metabolic and developmental outcomes, our findings shift the view of dormancy break from a purely structural process to an integrated physiological filter, with implications for plant regeneration and restoration strategies.
Hand dexterity assessments play a crucial role in informing the rehabilitative care of individuals with upper-limb hemiparesis. However, current assessments often struggle to evaluate the hand's ability to precisely control grip force, a skill vital for daily activities like handling fragile objects. Here we describe the design of the Electronic Grip Gauge (EGG), an adjustable-weight, instrumented "fragile" object that measures grip force, load force, acceleration, orientation, and relative position. Embedded sensors enable automatic segmentation and analysis of EGG transfers in various modes. In "Non-Fragile" mode, there is no break threshold; the EGG serves as an automated variant of the Box-and-Blocks test. In "Fragile" mode, the EGG simulates fragility by playing a "break" noise if grip force exceeds a set threshold, requiring grip control to prevent breaks. In "Fragile-Feedback" mode, audio-visual feedback is provided proportional to applied grip force to supplement potentially impaired tactile feedback. Demonstrating functionality, we evaluated sensorimotor differences between 26 hemiparetic and 26 age-matched healthy participants. In "Fragile" mode, paretic hands were significantly slower, applied excessive force, and broke the EGG more frequently than contralateral and healthy control hands. In "Fragile-Feedback" mode, a subset of paretic hands improved, transferring the EGG faster and/or with less force. This work demonstrates the EGG's utility in automatically quantifying sensorimotor deficits and that, for a subset of hemiparetic patients, audiovisual feedback could potentially coach and rehabilitate hand function. Collectively, this work showcases the EGG's potential as both an assessment and rehabilitation device for grip force control-a critical skill in hand therapy.
To address prominent problems such as repeated trips between departments, vertical movement across floors and repeated inquiries among outpatients, optimize medical treatment processes, and improve service efficiency and patient experience. Taking the East Campus of Quanzhou First Hospital in Fujian Province as the practice setting, this study constructed a four-dimensionally integrated one-stop outpatient service model covering space, function, personnel and system based on patient journey mapping, Patient healthcare management and service-dominant logic theory. Centering on patients' full-process medical experience, patient journey maps were drawn through semi-structured interviews, on-site process observations and satisfaction surveys to identify process breakpoints and service pain points. Spatial reconstruction, functional integration, personnel integration and system connectivity were implemented to establish an integrated medical service system featuring multi-department collaboration and multi-skilled positions. A pre-post self-controlled study was adopted to compare differences in outpatient process efficiency, patient experience and resource allocation before and after the intervention. The four-dimensionally integrated one-stop service model effectively broke down departmental barriers and significantly shortened patients' non-medical waiting time, with the average waiting time for comprehensive services reduced from 11.28 min to 7.56 min. Service continuity and convenience were notably improved, as outpatient satisfaction increased from 91.95 to 95.15 points, and the complaint rate dropped from 1.82 to 0.65 per 10,000 visits. Human resource allocation was optimized, with window staff reduced from 15 to 11, achieving staff reduction and efficiency improvement. The four-dimensionally integrated one-stop service model based on patient journey mapping can accurately match patient needs, significantly enhance outpatient service efficiency and medical experience, and provide replicable and scalable practical solutions for outpatient service reform in public hospitals. This model promotes the transformation of hospitals from function-centered to patient-centered care, effectively improves patient satisfaction and sense of gain, optimizes resource allocation, reduces operational costs and enhances hospital governance performance, which is consistent with the policy orientation of high-quality development of public hospitals in the new era (1).
Rising temperatures and atmospheric CO2 exert complex, interacting effects on plant carbon metabolism and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. This study investigated the physiological mechanisms underlying acute thermal tolerance in Populus nigra by integrating leaf gas exchange with high-resolution proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS). We employed a factorial design (25-40 °C; 400 and 800 ppm CO2) to examine how metabolic regulation and pulse-induced signalling interact across thermal gradients. Our results identify a critical metabolic tipping point around 40 °C, representing a transition toward a survival-orientated state. Isoprene emission decoupled from net photosynthesis at this threshold; while carbon assimilation collapsed, isoprene was maintained at near-maximal rates to prioritize thylakoid thermal protection. Under moderate temperatures (25-35 °C), emission capacity scaled linearly with the chloroplastic DMADP pool, but this relationship broke down at 40 °C. Notably, elevated CO2 sustained the magnitude of stress-related "bursts" at the thermal limit, suggesting that increased carbon availability provides the metabolic stamina required to fuel emergency defence and fermentative pathways. These findings demonstrate that acute thermal exposure triggers a metabolic reconfiguration, shifting resources from growth-oriented processes toward survival-based stabilization mechanisms.
Tight conglomerate condensate gas reservoirs in the Permian Jiamuhe Formation respond poorly to conventional hydraulic fracturing because of low permeability, clay sensitivity and water blocking. Although CO2 pre-pad fracturing has been reported to mitigate these issues, the magnitudes of its physical, chemical and carrier-fluid contributions have not been quantitatively separated. We therefore developed a mechanism-partitioning workflow that couples a dedicated pure-CO2 true-triaxial baseline with paired mortar-outcrop testing and an EDFM surrogate. A four-hydroxyl CO2-responsive viscoelastic surfactant (S-4; 3 wt%, 60,000 mg/L brine) was developed as the carrier fluid; it retained 68 mPa·s at 70 °C, broke within 1 h and caused post-break permeability damage within SY/T 7627 limits. In true-triaxial tests (n = 3 per scheme), the pre-pad scheme lowered breakdown pressure by 36.0% relative to hydraulic fracturing, of which 26.8 pp arise from CO2 physical effects and 9.2 pp from VES viscosification plus temporal pre-conditioning; outcrop validation on Jiamuhe glutenite further isolated a 4.4 pp chemical-weakening contribution (bootstrap 95% CI 2.6-6.3 pp). The pre-pad scheme was also the only mode to raise fracture complexity (Df = 2.31 vs. 2.14 for hydraulic, p = 0.002). An XGBoost-MOPSO surrogate (held-out R2 = 0.93) identified an operational window of CO2 volume 200-300 m3/stage, injection rate ~ 8 m3/min and cluster spacing 15-20 m, projected to deliver a 16.8% SRV gain over un-optimised pre-pad parameters.
The use of antibiotics is increasing and they enter water untreated. These antibiotics tendency to bioaccumulate and contribute to bacterial resistance. This study is designed to explore and optimize the potential of resistant bacteria for the treatment of norfloxacin (NOR) antibiotic spiked wastewater. The Alcaligenes faecalis ABR-14 was isolated from wastewater and sludge samples and was identified using 16S rRNA sequencing (Macrogen Inc. Geumchen-gu, South Korea). The 1515 bp was submitted in NCBI Genbank and the accession number of ‘PV364597.1’ was obtained. The results demonstrated that Alcaligenes faecalis ABR-14 efficiently broke down NOR reaching 96% degradation at 100 mg/L in 10 days under ideal circumstances such as 35 °C, pH 6.5, sodium acetate, NH4Cl and 105 CFU/mL. Two significate parameters (pH and Nitrogen (N) source), one less-significant parameter (inoculum density) and 3 non-significant parameters (antibiotic concentration, temperature and Carbon (C) source) based on Central Composite Design (CCD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were revealed. The Hanes plot gives straight line, where R2 is 0.99, Vmax = 200.21, Km = 133.4. The plot between experimental and predicted values represent the best fit of the values based on straightness (R2 = 0.91). ANOVA for CCD present the p value below 0.05 which represents the significance and critically important factors. This study is among the first highlights the potential application of Alcaligenes faecalis ABR-14 for norfloxacin biodegradation. The generation of non-toxic metabolites makes this eco-friendly and sustainable. The abilities of such resistant microbes can be utilized in future to develop NOR contaminated wastewater treatment plant.
The therapeutic efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) is usually limited by the hypoxia problem in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Real-time monitoring of 1O2, the most important reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PDT, is essential for assessing PDT efficacy and optimizing treatment regimens. Herein, a versatile therapeutic and sensing nanoplatform was designed and constructed, which integrated PDT efficacy amplification, oxygen (O2) self-supply, and intracellular 1O2 self-monitoring. The anthracene-based 1O2 sensitive fluorophore (H4adip) was encapsulated into the porphyrin metal-organic skeleton (PCN-222) and a CeO2 nanozyme was modified on the surface by L-arginine to synthesize H4adip@PCN-222@CeO2 (HPC). In this nanoplatform, PCN-222 was used as a photosensitizer to interact with O2 under laser irradiation to generate 1O2, thereby exerting the native anti-tumor effect of PDT. CeO2 acted as a nanozyme with peroxidase- and catalase-like characteristics that underwent a Fenton-like reaction with excess hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the TME to generate O2 and hydroxyl radicals (·OH). The generated O2 can alleviate tumor hypoxia and overcome the limitation of PDT efficacy caused by the hypoxic tumor microenvironment, while the ·OH can be used for chemodynamic therapy (CDT). The O2 generated by the Fenton-like reaction served as the supplementary raw material for the PDT reaction, while the generated cytotoxic ·OH killed the tumor cells. The proposed multifunctional nanoplatform broke through the limitations of single therapy and effectively eliminated the tumor cells. In addition, the H4adip probe monitored the generation of 1O2 through fluorescence imaging and the PDT process was evaluated in real time. The versatile nanoplatform provides an innovative strategy for more effective elimination of tumor cells and accurate assessment of PDT efficacy in clinical practice.
Dormancy is a widespread adaptive strategy that allows organisms to survive in temporally varying habitats by suspending development and reproduction. Although environmental variability is expected to shape dormancy strategies, it remains unclear how differences in environmental variability and predictability influence both the production of dormant embryos and the termination of dormancy. We addressed these questions by comparing D. pulex and D. obtusa, two closely related species that inhabit environments differing in variability and predictability. We hypothesized that D. obtusa, which inhabits ephemeral environments, would exhibit a greater propensity for sexual reproduction and dormancy and would require stronger cues to break dormancy than D. pulex, which occurs in more permanent, predictable habitats. Consistent with our hypothesis, D. obtusa lineages produced significantly more males and ephippia than D. pulex when reared under identical laboratory conditions, indicating greater investment in sexual reproduction and dormancy. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found no difference in responsiveness to cues between the two species. Across species, embryos broke dormancy and hatched most readily after experiencing changes in cold and light, even if not experienced at the same time. In contrast, desiccation reduced the propensity to break dormancy. Together, these results indicate that species occupying more ephemeral environments invest more heavily in the production of dormant offspring, but that the environmental cues regulating dormancy termination appear broadly similar between species. This pattern suggests that while investment in dormancy may evolve in response to environmental variability, the mechanisms controlling dormancy termination are more conserved.
Diagnostic integration technology represents a significant advancement in cancer diagnosis and treatment. The combination of fluorescence probe-based imaging methods with photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers distinct advantages due to its high sensitivity and minimally invasive nature. However, the effective detection depth and spatial resolution of fluorescence imaging are limited by light scattering effects in biological tissues. Additionally, high concentrations of GSH in the tumor microenvironment (TME) neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by PDT, directly inhibiting therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, developing a highly sensitive, high-resolution fluorescent probe to achieve integrated tumor diagnosis and treatment is of great significance. This study developed an activatable diagnostic-therapeutic probe, MB-2O-MB. In MB-2O-MB, methylene blue (MB) served as both the photosensitizer and signal reporting moiety, while a thiols-sensitive disulfide bond was introduced as the linker and response unit. When the probe reacted with GSH in tumor regions, the disulfide bond broke, causing structural dissociation and releasing free MB molecules. Experiments demonstrated that the probe exhibited strong interference resistance, and high sensitivity (LOD = 57.99 nM) for this reaction. Furthermore, the photoacoustic (PA) signal generated upon probe activation compensated for the limited tissue penetration depth of fluorescence imaging, enabling more precise spatial localization of tumor regions. Therapeutically, upon irradiation with 660 nm near-infrared (NIR) laser light, the released MB efficiently generated singlet oxygen, effectively inducing 4T1 tumor cell death. In vivo data further validated the significant tumor suppression effect of MB-2O-MB via PDT. In summary, MB-2O-MB achieves precise tumor localization and complete eradication through the synergistic combination of NIR fluorescence/PA dual-modality imaging and PDT. This strategy simultaneously overcomes the drug resistance bottleneck and imaging limitations of conventional photodynamic therapy, paving a new pathway for constructing highly selective and potent smart diagnostic and therapeutic systems, and significantly advancing precision medicine.
In the mid-20th century, dental education in China was in a critical period of transformation from traditional dentistry to modern stomatological education. Based on archival materials, academic works, memoirs and interview data, this paper systematically sorts out the historical contributions of Zhu Xitao to the construction of stomatology in China. It reconstructs how he systematically advanced the disciplinary construction of stomatology through a four-dimensional strategic framework-"laying the foundation through educational reform, empowering through interdisciplinary innovation, building academic communities, and expanding international exchanges"-thereby leading Chinese stomatology through its transformation from tradition to modernization and leap toward internationalization. With forward-looking educational innovation, he consolidated the foundation of talent training and promoted the establishment of textbook systems and teaching models; he activated the endogenous motivation of the discipline through scientific research breakthroughs and took the lead in applying interdisciplinary methods to open up new research fields; he gathered the joint force of the industry by establishing academic organizations and platforms as well as constructed the first nationwide collaborative academic network; he broke the disciplinary barriers through international exchanges and initiated efforts to enhance China's academic discourse power in alignment with global standards. Through his strategic practices with both forward-looking and systematic characteristics, he promoted Chinese stomatology to realize the historic leap from scattered empirical accumulation to a systematic modern discipline, providing historical enlightenment for the development of stomatology in the new era. 20世纪中叶，中国牙科教育正处于从传统向现代口腔医学教育转型的关键阶段。本文基于档案史料、著作文献、回忆录及访谈资料，系统梳理朱希涛在中国口腔医学建设中的历史贡献，再现其通过构建“教育改革筑基—交叉创新赋能—学术团体搭建—国际交流拓展”的四维战略框架，系统性地推进口腔医学学科建设，引领中国口腔医学完成从传统向现代化转型和国际化跃升的历程。他以前瞻性的教育革新夯实人才培养根基，推动创建教材体系与教学模式；以科研突破激活学科内生动力，率先应用交叉学科方法开辟研究新领域；以创建学术团体与平台凝聚行业合力，首次构建全国协同发展学术网络；以国际交流打破学科壁垒，开启对接全球的中国学术话语权提升行动。他以兼具前瞻性与系统性的战略实践，推动中国口腔医学实现从分散的经验积累到体系化现代学科的历史跨越，为新时代口腔医学发展提供历史启迪。.
Smilax glabra, a perennial vine with high pharmaceutical value, exhibits seed dormancy under natural conditions that severely restricts artificial propagation and industrial-scale cultivation. This study aims to systematically investigate the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying temperature-stratification-induced (25 °C/4 °C) dormancy release in S. glabra seeds, providing a scientific basis for optimizing seed propagation protocols. In this study, ultraviolet spectrophotometry (UV) was employed to monitor the dynamic variations in soluble sugars, starch, soluble protein content, and enzymatic activities (including phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH)) during temperature stratification (25 °C/4 °C) of S. glabra seeds. Additionally, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and RNA-seq were integrated to systematically characterize the phytohormone metabolic profiles and molecular biological mechanisms underlying seed stratification. The results demonstrated that alternating temperatures of 25 °C/4 °C effectively broke seed dormancy. During the dormancy release process, seeds consumed soluble proteins and starch, while starch-degrading genes (AMY and BAM) were significantly upregulated to drive starch conversion into soluble sugars. Meanwhile, PGI activity exhibited a marked decrease, while MDH and G6PDH activities showed overall upward trends. At the hormone metabolism level, downregulation of NCED and upregulation of CYP707A synergistically reduced ABA levels, while upregulation of GA20ox and KAO promoted GA biosynthesis; downregulation of DELLA protein-encoding genes relieved GA signal suppression, collectively forming the "ABA decline-GA rise" hormonal balance shift that drives seed germination. Simultaneously, JA biosynthesis genes LOX2 and AOS were upregulated, leading to OPDA accumulation, but OPDA was not converted into JA. Furthermore, the upregulation of the negative regulator JAZ blocked JA signal transduction, thereby relieving JA-mediated inhibition of germination. This study reveals the molecular mechanisms underlying 25 °C/4 °C temperature-stratification-mediated dormancy release in S. glabra seeds through integrated physiological, metabolic, and transcriptional analyses.
ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare the influence of two burr types on surgical time during percutaneous endoscopic mini-hemilaminectomy (PE-MHL) in feline cadavers.MethodsA total of 12 skeletally mature domestic shorthair cat cadavers underwent bilateral PE-MHL at L4-L5 using either a diamond or a cutting burr in alternating order. Surgical duration, surgical side, postoperative CT bone window area and the percentage of lamina removed were compared. Approximately 30% laminar removal was targeted. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM and analysed using Shapiro-Wilk and Levene's tests, followed by Student's t-tests (P ⩽0.05).ResultsAll procedures were completed successfully. Mean procedure time was significantly shorter with the diamond burr (20.85 ± 1.44 mins) than with the cutting burr (25.62 ± 1.49 mins; P = 0.03). The surgical side had no significant effect on any parameter. Mean bone window areas were comparable between burrs (68.42 ± 2.02 mm2 vs 63.92 ± 3.19 mm2; P = 0.27). The overall mean of lamina removed was 32.38 ± 2.31%, closely matching the intraoperative target. Three cutting burrs broke, whereas no failures occurred with diamond burrs.Conclusions and relevanceBoth burr types were effective for PE-MHL in feline cadavers. The diamond burr enabled more efficient, precise and controlled bone removal, resulting in smoother bone margins and consequently reduced procedure times. These findings suggest that the diamond burr may be a more reliable instrument for controlled bone removal under endoscopic conditions and provide the basis for future in vivo studies.