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A person accused of victimizing others may be described as the "real" victim by their defenders to garner empathy and mitigate blame. Recent research shows that this rhetorical strategy, known as "victim framing," can increase support for a man accused of sexually assaulting a woman. Little is known, however, about its effects in other contexts. Across five experiments (N = 2,941), we investigated whether victim framing generalizes beyond prototypical sexual assault cases. Participants read fictionalized news reports where one party was labeled the victim (or neither was) and expressed support for the individuals involved. We found significant framing effects across diverse scenarios: (a) a man accused of sexual assault who self-described as the victim; (b) a woman accused of sexually assaulting a man; (c) same-sex assault allegations involving men or women; (d) a celebrity or stranger accused of physically assaulting his girlfriend; and (e) a police officer who shot an unarmed civilian. As in prior work, only participants who explicitly cited the victim-related language as influencing their evaluations showed robust and reliable framing effects. Multiple observer characteristics (e.g., gender, political ideology) predicted attitudes in expected ways, yet victim framing effects persisted when controlling for these individual differences. Taken together, these findings are consistent with a social-pragmatic account of victim framing: many people treat a victim label as communicating relevant information and adjust their evaluations accordingly, while others either do not draw this inference or weigh other information more strongly. Our findings highlight the power and limits of explicit forms of linguistic framing.

Child abuse is a worldwide issue, and judicial decisions in cases involving child abuse are mainly based on the victim's account. Although there has been extensive research on child interviewing, little research has examined the judicial decision-making process in such cases. Jurors' perceptions of a child's reliability have been researched previously. However, in Brazil, a single judge decides cases involving child abuse. In 2017, Brazil changed its legislation, making it mandatory for children to be interviewed by a trained interviewer in an adapted environment. This change could directly affect the type of information that informs judicial decisions. This research aimed (i) to understand how legal practitioners perceive and assess the reliability of information obtained in forensic interviews with children and (ii) to understand how judges make decisions in cases involving abuse against children. Although children are capable of providing reliable accounts, research has not addressed what legal practitioners consider reliable or how they reach that conclusion. Brazilian judges (n = 16), prosecutors (n = 13), and forensic interviewers (n = 17) working with cases involving abuse against children (N = 46), from thirteen of the twenty-seven Brazilian states and the Federal District. Semi-structured interview was conducted with each participant, and reflexive thematic analysis was undertaken. Key findings revealed: (a) lexical confusion between the meanings of reliability and credibility; (b) that judges, prosecutors, and interviewers have different understandings of what type of detail is needed to make a decision from within the victim's account; (c) that legal practitioners require a deeper understanding of the interview phases; and (d) that the victim's version of the facts carries more weight than the accused's version during the judicial decision-making process. The results highlighted that judges' decisions are reportedly ultimately based on the alleged victim's account, which may undermine the accused's participation in the judicial decision-making process. When a child provides details about the event, the alleged offender is likely to be convicted. However, participants serving in different legal roles had varied perceptions regarding what type of detail is relevant to the judicial decision.

Witchcraft accusations against older women persist as a serious yet underexamined source of harm and exclusion in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Ghana. While existing research has explored witchcraft beliefs and individual cases, comparatively less attention has been given to the longer-term health, social and participation impacts experienced by accused older women. This study addresses this gap through a two-stage qualitative evidence synthesis drawing on qualitative studies, ethnographies, policy documents, organizational reports, and human rights literature, primarily from Ghana and supported by comparative material from Nigeria and Malawi. Stage one employed a critical narrative review to synthesize fragmented evidence on the social, cultural and institutional processes shaping accusation and treatment. Stage two applied a framework synthesis, in which themes generated inductively were mapped onto the Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) Matrix to examine implications for participation and inclusion. The findings indicate that accusations disproportionately affect older women facing intersecting vulnerabilities related to gender, aging, poverty and social marginality, and are associated with violence, displacement, stigma, and prolonged exclusion from health services, livelihoods and community life. When interpreted through a community-based inclusive development lens, these patterns suggest constraints across health, education, livelihood, social and empowerment domains. The study highlights the potential importance of culturally informed, rights-oriented and participatory approaches that integrate advocacy, protection and rehabilitation, while strengthening institutional accountability and community-based support mechanisms. These findings are grounded in the contexts examined and offer implications for understanding and addressing witchcraft-related harm in similar settings.

The dedication and commitment our healthcare workers show towards their respective jobs are often overlooked. The false allegations they often face are some of the supreme indicators that they are being abused and accused at their own workplace. These incidents are impacting all aspects of their lives. This study investigated the impact of workplace violence and workplace bullying on the quality of life of healthcare workers in Chittagong, Bangladesh. A hospital-based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 362 healthcare workers across public and private healthcare settings in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Based on the inclusion criteria, we selected our study participants, and a convenience sampling technique was used to select both the study site and participants. We used a semi-structured questionnaire for data collection. To measure workplace violence and workplace bullying, we used the 5-item WPVS and the SNAQ, respectively. quality of life (QoL) was assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF scale. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were performed to illustrate frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. Bivariate analysis was carried out to explore the relationship between our independent factors and the outcome variable, and multivariable logistic regression was performed to examine the influence of each variable on the quality of life domain. All analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS. The results showed that healthcare workers who experienced bullying had significantly lower odds of good QoL in the physical (AOR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1-0.6), psychological (AOR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-1.0), social (AOR: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1-0.7), and environmental (AOR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-1.0) domains compared to those not exposed. However, no significant association between workplace violence and QoL was found after adjustment for covariates. The findings highlight the detrimental effects of workplace bullying on healthcare workers' quality of life.

This study sought to understand the lived experiences and perspectives of men who inflict violence on their female intimate partners, given the nuances of Nigeria's individual, interpersonal, community, and societal factors. Eligible participants were male residents of Lagos State, Nigeria: (1) accused by their partner of perpetrating physical domestic violence (DV), (2) at least 21 years old, and (3) married. Nine men participated in the study and were purposively recruited from a governmental agency that provides on-site counseling and support to DV survivors and perpetrators. A semi-structured interview guide was used for data collection. The interview guide was designed to elicit information on perceptions of DV lived experiences, factors that increase the risk of DV perpetration, sources of help, and factors that can improve help-seeking behaviors among DV survivors/perpetrators. Four major themes were identified from the data and included values, premarital and marital expectations, DV definition and perception, and DV experiences. DV perpetuation was deeply rooted in men's childhood experiences of their fathers abusing their mothers and/or being exposed to other forms of violence early in life, sociocultural norms, economic pressures, and psychological factors. The findings from this study have implications for the development of DV interventions that are culturally tailored to address the unique challenges faced by families in Nigeria. Programs should focus on reshaping harmful gender norms, addressing economic/financial stressors, promoting healthy relationship dynamics, and early childhood DV prevention interventions. Campaigns that engage men while emphasizing the negative impacts of DV on families and communities could be instrumental in reducing victimization. Addressing modifiable risk factors earlier in the trajectory is critical in reducing the long-term incidence of DV. Our findings also underscore the importance of consistent enforcement of existing laws, such as the Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act, across Nigeria.

The present study aims to survey the statistics of complaints of medical errors against otorhinolaryngologists in Regional Council of Medicine of the State of São Paulo (CREMESP), between the years 2010 and 2020. Inquiries and Lawsuits filed against otorhinolaryngologists working in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2010 and 2020, at the CREMESP, manually, by the main plaintiff who is an elected Councilor and bound by confidentiality, were surveyed. The records were analyzed and separated according to the type of medical error reported: malpractice, recklessness or negligence and the subspecialties of otorhinolaryngology. The penalties applied to doctors found guilty at trial, with final and unappealable sentences, were also studied. A total of 98 files were collected, of which 81 were archived and 17 were Professional Ethics Processes. Among the 81 inquiries involving medical error in one of the 3 modalities raised in the survey, 35 of them (43.2%) were complaints for negligence, 23 (28.3%) for malpractice and 23 (28.3%) for recklessness. The subspecialty with the most complaints for medical error was Otology and the ones that were most convicted were Rhinology and Pharyngology, making up 33% of the convictions each. The ethical penalties applied to doctors were mostly confidential penalties. The present study showed that Otorhinolaryngology is a specialty that presented an average of 8.9 complaints per year in the last decade (between 2010 and 2020) related to medical error, 82.6% of which were filed and 17.3% of them transformed into Professional Ethical Processes at CREMESP. Among the Professional Ethical Proceedings initiated, 52.9% were judged with a decision of guilt for the accused physician and 55.5% of these received culpability for violation of article 1° of the Code of Medical Ethics.

Compressed air-induced colonic barotrauma is a rare but potentially fatal injury type with distinctive forensic significance. Non-iatrogenic pneumatic injuries of the gastrointestinal tract are infrequently documented, yet are associated with high morbidity and mortality, frequently arising in occupational settings because of workplace misconduct or the misuse of pneumatic equipment. We report a fatal case of transanal high-pressure compressed air insufflation in a 15-year-old adolescent. Witness testimony and the accused's confession established that a compressed air hose was inserted transanally on two occasions while the victim was fully clothed. The second instance of insufflation resulted in immediate collapse at the scene with subsequent death. Medicolegal autopsy was conducted at the Egyptian Forensic Medicine Authority. External examination revealed a grossly distended abdomen as well as a grossly distended scrotum, and two vital perianal lacerations with contused and abraded margins, accompanied by perianal bruising. Internal examination demonstrated tension pneumoperitoneum, multiple colonic and mesenteric lacerations, and intraperitoneal hemorrhage. Toxicological analysis and anal swabs for evidence of sexual assault were negative. The cause of death was attributed to hemorrhagic shock secondary to extensive multiple colonic and mesenteric lacerations. Compressed air-induced colonic barotrauma, though rare, represents a forensically significant injury pattern. The current case illustrates the severe, potentially fatal effects of using pneumatic devices improperly and emphasizes the importance of considering scene evidence, witness statements, external examinations, and comprehensive internal autopsy findings to accurately reconstruct the mechanism, manner, and cause of death.

BACKGROUND: While most of the population was vaccinated against COVID-19, ongoing vaccine hesitancy led to a substantial proportion of the population remaining unvaccinated. Unvaccinated people were accused of spreading COVID-19 and morally condemned. Recently, it has been shown that vaccinated people attribute increased responsibility for illness and infecting others toward unvaccinated individuals, which elicits negative attitudes toward them. Based on Weiner’s attribution theory we predicted that the belief in COVID-19 vaccine efficacy of vaccinated “observers” moderates their attribution of responsibility toward vaccinated vs. unvaccinated “actors”. Accordingly, vaccinated observers who believe in the vaccine’s efficacy will assign increased responsibility to unvaccinated actors and associated negative attitudes. METHODS: An online survey was administered in January 2022. The sample included 368 vaccinated Israelis ranging in age from 19 to 75 (M = 33.95, SD = 12.13). We conducted 2 × 2 mixed ANOVA models for general attribution of responsibility (i.e., responsibility for the actor’s illness and for spreading SARS-CoV-2), with observer belief in COVID-19 vaccine efficacy (yes/no) as the between-subjects factor and actor vaccination status (vaccinated/unvaccinated) as the within-subjects factor. Also, we conducted a mediation model for character evaluation. RESULTS: Observers attributed more responsibility to unvaccinated actors. Also, observers who believed in COVID-19 vaccine efficacy attributed greater responsibility to unvaccinated actors compared to observers who were vaccinated for other reasons. Conversely, observers who believed in COVID-19 vaccine efficacy attributed less responsibility to vaccinated actors compared to observers who were vaccinated for other reasons. Also, general attribution of responsibility partially mediates the relationship between belief in COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and character evaluation. CONCLUSION: In accordance with previous findings, our results suggest that unvaccinated individuals are perceived as more responsible for their illness and for spreading COVID-19. Additionally, a higher attribution of responsibility elicits a more negative character evaluation. Nevertheless, belief in COVID-19 vaccine efficacy moderates the attribution of responsibility. Our results broaden our understanding of the mechanisms that promote negative attitudes toward unvaccinated people.

Allegations of child sexual abuse (CSA) in family law cases, such as child custody, child visitation, and child protection proceedings, present complex and sensitive challenges for legal and psychological decision-making. This scoping review synthesizes key findings from 47 empirical studies examining the prevalence, substantiation, and legal consequences of CSA allegations as well as typical case characteristics in this context. The empirical literature falls into three main clusters: Canadian studies using large national datasets from the late 1990s and 2000s; Australian court-based studies primarily from the 2010s; and U.S. research spanning several decades with diverse methodologies. Overall, we found a mean CSA allegation prevalence of 8.9%, and indications that CSA allegations occur less frequently than allegations of other maltreatment types. Substantiation rates vary across studies but average around 43%, with only marginal evidence suggesting slightly lower substantiation when only custody and visitation disputes were analyzed. Deliberate false allegations are seemingly rare; most unsubstantiated claims appear to arise from genuine but mistaken concerns. Limited findings on legal consequences indicate that substantiated allegations usually lead to suspended contact between the accused parent and child. When allegations lack sufficient clarity, courts respond more variably, sometimes restricting contact despite non-substantiation. Significant research gaps remain, particularly regarding the timing and context of allegations, the association of substantiation with legal outcomes, and specific allegation constellations within families. Further empirical research, especially from European and non-Western jurisdictions, is essential to informing evidence-based, child-centered practice.

Malpractice litigation is increasingly prevalent in contemporary healthcare and may influence both clinical decision-making and physicians' psychological well-being. The present study aims to evaluate the fear of malpractice and career decision regret among resident physicians and to identify factors associated with these constructs. A total of 308 resident physicians (87.7% of the eligible population) from surgical and non-surgical clinical specialties at a university hospital in Turkey were included. Fear of malpractice was assessed via the Malpractice Fear Scale, and career decision regret was assessed via the Decision Regret Scale. We collected data on sociodemographic characteristics, specialty preferences, and exposure to malpractice complaints. Multivariate linear regression identified independent predictors of fear of malpractice and career decision regret. High levels of fear of malpractice were reported by 73.1% of the residents, and 73.4% experienced varying degrees of career decision regret, predominantly mild regret (44.2%). Fear of malpractice and career decision regret were modestly (rs = 0.228, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001) but significantly associated. Higher fear of malpractice scores (&#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.178, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.001) and prior personal exposure to malpractice complaints (&#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.132, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.017) independently predict increased career decision regret. Awareness of colleagues accused of malpractice was strongly associated with greater fear of malpractice (&#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.219, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Intrinsic motivations, including interest in the chosen specialty (&#x3b2; = -0.176, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.001) and professional satisfaction (&#x3b2; = -0.147, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.007), were associated with lower career decision regret. No significant differences in fear of malpractice were observed between residents in surgical and non-surgical clinical specialties (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.227). Fear of malpractice is a prevalent stressor among resident physicians and is significantly associated with career decision regret. While malpractice-related experiences may increase regret, intrinsic motivations for specialty choice-particularly personal interest and professional satisfaction-appear to buffer against career decision regret. These findings suggest that strengthening both medicolegal support and factors that promote professional fulfillment may help improve residents' career well-being. Integrating medicolegal education, psychological support, and institutional risk-management strategies into residency programs may help mitigate these adverse effects.

Obesity is a chronic disease that is widespread worldwide. Its diagnosis is based on specific criteria, including a body mass index (BMI) &#x2265;30 kg/m2 or waist circumference measurement. The consequences of obesity include type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, an increased risk of infectious complications, cancer, and even death. Patients living with obesity are subjected to constant negative evaluation by society through the process of stigmatization. Available data suggest that people with obesity experience stigma in the workplace, at school, on the Internet, and in healthcare settings. Stigmatization is largely driven by a lack of understanding and knowledge about obesity and its underlying causes. People living with obesity are often judged as lazy and accused of having excessive body weight as a consequence of an inappropriate lifestyle. In Poland, the high level of stigmatization of patients with obesity is accompanied by a low level of knowledge about the disease. However, the willingness to help patients, as declared by medical professionals in Poland, offers hope that appropriate education may improve access to effective treatment. Well-designed educational interventions, social campaigns, and the activities of medical societies in developing guidelines, recommendations, and communication manuals for healthcare professionals working with patients living with obesity should constitute essential elements in the fight against stigma. In addition, cooperation with decision-makers to prevent the exclusion of patients with obesity from the healthcare system is necessary.

BACKGROUND: Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) such as social distancing and quarantine were essential for containing COVID-19 transmission but had adverse effects on mental health and well-being. Migrants were often accused of non-adherence to NPIs, which was assumed to partly explain their higher infection rates compared to non-migrants. However, this perspective overlooked that migrants may have faced greater challenges adhering to interventions due to individual and structural barriers. Understanding these challenges is crucial for designing more inclusive, and effective public health strategies in future health crises. This study examines how perceived difficulty adhering to social distancing and quarantine evolved among migrants compared to non-migrants in Norway during the pandemic, examining contributing factors and disparities over time. METHODS: We conducted secondary analyses of data from the Bergen-In-Change study at three time points (March/April-2020, January-2021, March-2022). The sample comprised 25,418 participants, including 512 (2%) migrants from Asia, Africa, and Latin America (MAAL), and 1,253 (5%) migrants from other regions (MOR). Outcomes were difficulty adhering to social distancing and quarantine. We used descriptive statistics and generalized estimating equations to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals. Three models were run, adjusting for potential confounders and explanatory factors. RESULTS: Migrants reported difficulty adhering to social distancing less often than non-migrants (adjusted IRR: 0.79, CI: 0.70&#x2013;0.90 for MAAL; 0.85 CI: 0.79&#x2013;0.91 for MOR). In contrast, they were more likely to report difficulty adhering to quarantine (adjusted IRR: 1.68, CI: 1.17&#x2013;2.42 and 1.66, CI: 1.31&#x2013;2.11, respectively). MAAL reported increased difficulty with social distancing from 2020 to 2022, narrowing the gap with non-migrants. Difficulties adhering to quarantine also rose, particularly between 2020 and 2021 among MOR, widening disparities with non-migrants over time. Socioeconomic factors did not fully explain these differences. Living conditions and work type slightly attenuated the associations for quarantine, yet disparities remained after adjustments. CONCLUSION: Migrants reported difficulty adhering to social distancing less often, but more often reported difficulties with quarantine. Time trends pointed to increasing difficulties in adherence among migrants during the pandemic. The gaps persisted after adjusting for socioeconomic factors, suggesting an underlying role of migration-related factors that must be addressed to prevent inequities and social polarization in future health crises.

In December 2024, Luigi Mangione was arrested in connection with the killing of UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson. Rather than condemning the accused, large numbers of Reddit users celebrated him as a folk hero. This study examines how that construction emerged and what it reveals about public attitudes towards institutional trust and retributive justice online. A total of 6,466 comments across 38 threads from 14 subreddits, including r/politics, r/antiwork, r/WorkReform, and r/Fauxmoi, were collected between December 2024 and April 2025. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Five themes emerged: folk hero glorification and moral inversion; distrust in institutions and folk justice; systemic injustice, moral outrage, and catharsis; digital protest and anti-corporate activism; and the spectacle and aesthetic of resistance. These themes show how digital communities construct alternative moral orders that invert formal notions of justice and elevate grassroots counter-narratives. Drawing on digital populism, moral disengagement theory, and spectacle culture, the study explains how Reddit's affordances, including anonymity, algorithmic amplification, and weak content moderation, intersect with healthcare injustice, class resentment, and institutional distrust. The findings are relevant for researchers, policymakers, and platform designers seeking to understand how retributive discourse circulates under conditions of eroded institutional trust.

News media play a crucial role in shaping the public's understanding of sexual violence (SV), yet media outlets continue to offer inadequate definitions/representations of SV. The present study demonstrates how Canadian media informs the public about SV perpetrated by male athletes. A total of 273 news articles from six major English and French newspapers were analyzed. Data was collected from two periods: before the #MeToo movement (2014-2016) and after (2018-2019). The findings reveal that media coverage prioritizes establishing a positive public image for the accused athlete by (re)showcasing their sporting achievements, rather than focusing on survivors. Media discourse also emphasizes the impact of SV accusations on athletes and their teams, while rarely addressing the impacts of SV on survivors or society.

Aim: To investigate approaches to the criminal legal qualification of collaborationism in the field of healthcare, taking into account the norms of international humanitarian law. Materials and Methods: The research methodology involves an analysis of current legislative documents on the qualification of criminal liability for collaborative activities, as well as regulatory legal acts in the healthcare field, and documents of international humanitarian law. The data analysis was conducted using open sources, mainly for the period 2013-2025, with an emphasis on the period of the active phase of the war in Ukraine. The main search keywords were "human rights", "collaborationism", "criminal liability", "crimes against the foundations of national security", "medical immunity in international humanitarian law", and "healthcare". The initial database consisted of 70 sources, of which 34 were included in the final analysis. The materials of the publication form the basis for the systematization of criminal legislation on the problems of protecting the rights of persons accused of collaborative activities in the field of healthcare, the key ones being the Constitution of Ukraine, the Criminal Code of Ukraine, and the European Convention on Human Rights. Conclusions: The study emphasizes the need to improve the approach to the criminal legal qualification of collaborationism in the health sector, which covers both legal and organizational components, as well as mandatory compliance with the norms of international humanitarian law. The social danger of this phenomenon lies not only in the fact that it encroaches on the defense capability and foundations of national security, but also in the fact that it poses a threat to other objects of criminal law protection.

This study examines how 19 Palestinian appellate and cassation judgments issued from 2016 to 2021 construct male drug use through confession, documentary evidence, statutory classification, and evidentiary linkage. Combining qualitative socio-legal analysis with reflexive thematic analysis, it identifies six patterns: temporal biographies of use; denials separating social familiarity from criminal attribution; bureaucratic stabilization of evidence; male mediation and mobility; first-time-use classification; and failed linkage in shared or ambiguous spaces. Juridical construction denotes the process through which courts convert statements, objects, places, and social relations into legally consequential categories. In this corpus, confession links use, purchase, duration, and purpose; corroboration requirements and proof of knowledge or control can restrict attribution. The judgments reveal tension between punishment and treatment-oriented diversion. Outcomes vary with offense classification, corroboration, procedural documentation, and the demonstrated relation between the accused and the substance.

Bacterial infection in root canals often persist despite thorough chemomechanical preparation. Conventional irrigants and medicaments reduce biofilms but have been accused of weakening dentin. Amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles showed promising results in enhancing dentin hardness, but the formula's anticmicrobial effect is yet to be evaluated in endodontic contexts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using 20% amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles loaded in chlorhexidine as an antibacterial intracanal medicament in endodontics. Forty four root dentin discs were prepared from human extracted teeth, sterilized and inoculated with E. faecalis to establish a 3-week-old standard monospecies bacterial biofilm model. After confirming biofilm establishment, forty specimens were randomly divided into four groups (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;10) according to the medicament used: 20% amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles loaded in 2% chlorhexidine (NACP&#x2009;+&#x2009;CHX), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and a positive control group. After incubation, the specimens were stained and evaluated under the confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Images were analyzed with Zen imaging software to quantify the percentage of live/dead bacterial cells. For multiple group comparisons, a one-way ANOVA was employed, and for pairwise comparisons, the Tukey post hoc test was used. Statistical significance was determined by a p-value&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05. All test groups showed a statistically significant bacterial reduction, ranging from 36.81% to 59.19% (p&#x2009;&#x2264;&#x2009;0.001). CLSM analysis showed that NACP&#x2009;+&#x2009;CHX and CHX had the highest antibacterial effect without a significant difference between them (p&#x2009;&#x2248;&#x2009;0.9). Ca(OH)2 demonstrated the least antibacterial effect amongst the test groups (p&#x2009;&#x2248;&#x2009;0.01&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;10-6). The findings suggest that NACP&#x2009;+&#x2009;CHX when used as an intracanal medicament, demonstrates antibiofilm efficacy against E. faecalis biofilm.