This study investigates the in vivo hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties of the methanolic extract of the whole plant Neptunia prostrata (NPME) using the Wistar albino rat model. Acute toxicity evaluation confirmed the safety of the extract, with no behavioral or physiological abnormalities observed. In the paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity model, treatment with NPME significantly lowered serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin in a dose-dependent manner, comparable to silymarin. The antidiabetic activity of NPME was evaluated in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats, where NPME significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels and improved oral glucose tolerance over a 21-day period. Restoration of serum α-amylase, SGPT, SGOT, creatinine, and alkaline phosphatase levels further supported its metabolic efficacy. Histopathological studies of liver, kidney, and heart tissue in treated rats revealed improved cellular architecture and reduced pathological alterations. Anti-inflammatory effects were confirmed by significantly inhibiting carrageenan-induced paw edema, indicating possible modulation of cyclooxygenase-mediated pathways. Treatment with NPME downregulated IL-6 and upregulated IL-10. Overall, the findings highlight the broad-spectrum pharmacological activity of N. prostrata in the rat model, supporting its potential use as a plant-based therapeutic for managing metabolic and inflammatory conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hepatotoxicity, and inflammation.
The emergence of anti-microbial resistance (AMR) has become a pressing need for the design of novel and potential anti-microbial and anti-biofilm agents. Nano-scaled materials have been designed in the research domain to curb the populous spread of microbial biofilms. In the context of nano-scaled materials, metal nanoparticles are of unique importance and have been studied in detail for the treatment of biofilm propagation and menace. The crucial aspects of metal nanoparticles and their complexation with graphene have been extensively understood at the molecular level in this review article. The molecular interplay between the various external stimuli, like pH, temperature, sound, mechanical stimuli, and different external factors, on biofilm regulation has been studied and accentuated in the paper. The effect of such external factors succumbing to the biofilm-producing microbes, to the potential inhibitory activities of such novel nano-composites has been unraveled in the present review. Understanding the methodology behind nanoscaled treatments and their molecular mechanisms could pave the way for novel biofilm targeting strategies.
The zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnONPs) used in this study were synthesized using Artemisia roxburghiana extract (aerial part). The absorption peak at 353 nm in UV spectroscopy indicates the production of zinc oxide nanoparticles. The synthesis of ZnONPs using extracts of the aerial part of A. roxburghiana is also supported by FTIR peaks around 622 cm-1. DLS analysis showed the synthesis of A-ZnONPs (zinc oxide nanoparticle synthesized by extracts of aerial part A. roxburghiana) with a particle size of 6-10 nm. XRD pattern's detection of a hexagonal crystal structure of A-ZnONPs. HRTEM image confirming the preparation of irregularly shaped A-ZnONPs. The preparation, capping, and stabilization of A-ZnONPs are facilitated by bioactive compounds in the plant's aerial parts. This gives a plant with high total phenol content (TPC) of 93.4 ± 0.53 μg GAE/mg and total flavonoid content (TFC) of 23.22 ± 0.23 μg CE/mg, both of which are responsible for antioxidant activities. A-ZnONPs exhibited more significant antioxidant activity (IC50 = 147.4 μg/mL) and antibacterial activity against Salmonella abony, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. A-ZnONPs exhibited improved inhibition as their concentration increased. A maximum inhibition zone of 23 mm is observed for E. coli, suggesting that it has antibacterial and antioxidant properties to combat illnesses.
The genus Lysimachia is of great interest to the scientific community, especially in terms of its potential anticancer effects. In this study, the aerial parts and roots of Lysimachia atropurpurea L. were collected and extracted by maceration using solvents of ethyl acetate (EA), ethanol (EtOH), ethanol/water, and water. The biological activities of the extracts, including antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and anticancer effects, were evaluated using various assays. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis revealed a total of 32 compounds in the extracts of L. atropurpurea. The roots showed significantly the highest antioxidant activity compared to the aerial part. In case of cholinesterase inhibition, the aerial parts of the EtOH extract showed the highest acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition activity, measuring 3.05 mg galatamine equivalent (GALAE)/g. The EtOH and EtOH/water extracts exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity, reducing the viability of human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cancer cells to as low as 4.86-6.33 %. The results of network pharmacology and molecular docking suggest that the extract of L. atropurpurea exerts inhibitory effects on hepatocellular carcinoma through the modulation of SRC, PI3K, and HSP90, while it demonstrates potential inhibitory activity against neuroblastoma by targeting SRC, PI3K, HSP90, ESR1, AKT, and other related targets. In conclusion, the L. atropurpurea extracts showed potential antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and selective anticancer effects, which support their potential for further research as therapeutic agents in drug development.
Phytochemical studies of the leaves of Pleiocarpa bicarpellata led to the isolation of a new indole C-glycoside, Bicarpellatoside A (1), along with eight known compounds (2-9), including three indoles, two indolines, an iridoid monoterpenoid, a triterpenoid, and a phenolic acid. The structures of all isolated compounds were elucidated using NMR, MS, and IR spectroscopic data, in comparison with the literature. Compounds 1, 3, and 9 are reported in this genus for the first time. In vitro antiplasmodial activity tests were conducted against both chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum, using the crude extract and isolated compounds 1-4. The crude extract exhibited promising activity, with IC50 values of 4.07 ± 0.78 μg/mL (Dd2) and 4.32 ± 0.42 μg/mL (3D7). Bicarpellatoside A (1) showed good activity, with IC50 values of 2.24 ± 0.05 µM and 2.74 ± 0.05 µM against Dd2 and 3D7 strains of P. falciparum, respectively. Compound 4 showed moderate activity (IC50 of 40.93 ± 3.39 µM and 48.13 ± 5.63 µM on Dd2 and 3D7 strains of P. falciparum, respectively, with a high selectivity index of 34.48, indicating potential for further development. Overall, these findings highlight and confirm the antiplasmodial potential of compounds from P. bicarpellata.
This work outlines the synthesis of six novel 8-nitro-7-(aryl/hetaryl)fluoroquinolones and five (aryl/hetaryl)tetracyclic fluoroquinolones; 4-oxo-4,11-dihydro-1H-pyrido[2,3-a]carbazole-3-carboxylic acids (10b, 11b) and 4-oxo-4,10-dihydro-1H-thieno/furo[4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-h]quinoline-3-carboxylic acids (3b-5b). The tetracyclic fluoroquinolone compounds were synthesized using a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling acylation reaction of ethyl 7-chloro-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-8-nitro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate, followed by a microwave-assisted phosphite-mediated Cadogan reaction. The antibacterial activity of the compounds was evaluated against a range of Gram-negative bacteria, including Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella aerogenes, as well as Gram-positive bacteria, including Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The results demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against most of the tested strains. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values observed were 7.7 μg/mL for compound 4b against S. agalactiae and compound 9b against S. aureus. These values are comparable to Streptomycin, which exhibited an MIC greater than 3.8 μg/mL for all tested pathogens.
Protea gaguedi is widely used in Ethiopia for the treatments of diarrhea, tumor, urological diseases, and menorrhagia. Despite its extensive use by traditional healers, the pharmacological properties and chemical composition of this medicinal plant remain largely unexplored. Anticipated by these claims, the chromatographic separation of CH2Cl2/CH3OH (1:1) stem bark extract of P. gaguedi led to the isolation of a new isoflavone (1) together with five known compounds: jamaicin (2), 5-methoxydurmillone (3), dipteryxine (4), 4'-O-geranylisoliquiritigenin (5), and stigmasterol (6), whose structures were determined using IR, UV, MS, and NMR and comparison with literature data. The cytotoxic effects of the isolated compounds were evaluated using human cervical carcinoma cell line, KB-3-1. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 demonstrated remarkable cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 24.6 nM, 3.09 µM, and 21.70 µM, respectively, while the other compounds demonstrated negligible or no inhibitory activities against the tested strain. Following the high cytotoxicity of compound 1 against KB-3-1, its activity against the multidrug-resistant subclone KB-V1 was also evaluated and revealing an IC50 of 17.5 nM. In silico molecular docking analyses were performed for these active compounds and revealed relative binding energies (-10.0, -9.4, -9.5 kJ/mol for compounds 1, 2 and 3, respectively) against the ternary target protein complex HPV16 E6/E6AP/p53 (PDB ID: 4XR8). ADME analysis also revealed good cytotoxicity candidacy of these compounds, provided that in vivo activities have been performed for further confirmation.
This study assessed the in vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of new 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives. 1H NMR and 13C NMR analyses were employed to confirm the structure of the synthesized compounds, the characterization is followed by assessments of their efficacy against Bacillus subtilis NRRL B478, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, as well as for antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 90028 and Candida krusei ATCC 6258, using the broth microdilution method. Notably, among the tested compounds, compound 4a exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity, with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 125 μg/mL against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and significant antibiofilm activity, achieving 94 %, 98 % and 100 % biofilm inhibition at 250, 500 and 1,000 μg/mL, respectively. Besides, compound 4h achieved 81 %, 89 % and 98 % S. aureus ATCC 29213 biofilm inhibition at 250, 500 and 1,000 μg/mL, respectively, and displayed potent antibacterial activity against this bacterium. Finally, the theoretical ADME properties of the compounds 4a-4h were analyzed by calculations. This study has consolidated a base for the development of new antibacterial and antibiofilm agents and advanced our understanding of their potential mode of action against biofilm-associated infections.
A new pyranocoumarin, Calofrasolide A (1), was isolated from the stem bark of Calophyllum fraseri, together with the known constituents β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, friedelin, and lupeol. The structure of the new compound was established through comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and confirmed by comparison with reported data. Compound 1 was evaluated for antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities using microdilution and crystal-violet assays. It exhibited notable antimicrobial activity, with MIC values of 62.5 μg/mL against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. In the antibiofilm assays, compound 1 demonstrated pronounced inhibitory effects, suppressing C. albicans biofilm formation by 30.25 ± 1.04 % and S. mutans biofilms by 78.37 ± 0.22 %. Molecular docking studies supported the experimental findings, revealing favourable binding (LBE = -8.5 kcal/mol) within the active sites of ERG11 (5TZ1) and GtfB (8FK4). These findings highlight Calofrasolide A as a promising pyranocoumarin scaffold with potential antimicrobial and antibiofilm relevance, particularly against oral pathogenic infections.
The present study aims to analyze the chemometric variation of the chemical composition of the aerial part's essential oils of Pituranthos tortuosus, collected from different regions from Tunisia (Majoura and Sened (Gafsa), Sbeitla (Kasserine), and Eljem (Mahdia)) during the period from February to June and to assess their antimicrobial activity. The different samples of the aerial parts of P. tortuosus were hydrodistillated during 4 h. The obtained essential oils were analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS techniques. The antimicrobial activity of these essential oils samples was evaluated in vitro using Petri dishes against Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. The obtained results showed that the yields of all essential oils were ranging from 0.42 to 0.77 %. They differ significantly (p ≤ 0.01) with the regions of collection. The chromatographic analysis of these essential oils displayed different chemical compositions leading to the identification of eight chemotypes. The majority of their chemical compounds differ significantly with the collection regions (p ≤ 0.05). The studied antimicrobial effects of the essential oils revealed significant differences (p ≤ 0.02) with the collection region. All the essential oils displayed an important antimicrobial effect against S. aureus and C. albicans.
Globally, cancer is the top cause of mortality, placing a heavy load on the medical system. One of the first known secondary metabolites is curcumin, a bioactive substance. This study aims to emphasize the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic properties of curcumin and its derivatives, therefore, offering important insights for the possible creation of certain supplemental medications for the treatment of different cancers. Electronic Google databases, including Google scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed/Medline, and ScienceDirect, were searched to gather pertinent data about the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects of curcumin and its derivatives. Various studies have revealed a diverse array of significant biological effects. The majority of investigations pertaining to the potential anticancer effects and associated processes are currently in the experimental preclinical stage and lack sufficient clinical trial data to validate their findings. Clinical research is further needed to clarify the molecular processes and specific targeted action of curcumin and its derivatives, as well as their potential for toxicity and side effects in humans, in order to open up new therapeutic avenues for treating cancer.
Sortase A (SrtA) is an enzyme essential for biofilm formation in Gram-positive bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus. In silico investigations were conducted to investigate the interactions of flavonoid derivatives from red propolis with S. aureus SrtA (PDB ID:1T2P). Molecular docking, MD and ADME/drug-likeness predictions used Autodock Vina, GROMACS-2021 and SwissADME, respectively. Chrysin, galangin, thevetiaflavone and vestitone showed the best size-independent ligand efficiency (SILE) scores-higher than those of the control ligand. The chrysin- and thevetiaflavone-protein complexes showed the most stable behaviour and compactness in MD analysis. Chrysin and thevetiaflavone exhibited high binding free energy values towards SrtA. Chrysin interacted strongly with eight active site residues (including two from the catalytic triad) while thevetiaflavone interacted with four active site residues (including one from the catalytic triad). An in vitro crystal violet staining assay confirmed that chrysin and galangin showed significant antibiofilm activity against S. aureus. It remains to be seen if thevetiaflavone displays any similar activity. Further studies are warranted to confirm if the binding of these flavonoids to sortase A is a possible mechanism of their antibiofilm activity. As such, they may prove useful for the discovery of new antibiofilm agents against S. aureus.
In the present study, starfish (Luidia maculata) specimens were collected from bycatch trash fish at a fish landing center, and their pharmacological and cytotoxic potentials were evaluated through acute oral toxicity, in vivo anti-nociceptive and locomotor assays, as well as in vitro cytotoxicity assay. The crude ethanol extract from starfish L. maculata was purified by liquid-liquid partition chromatography using cyclohexane and n-butanol was used to determine the acute oral toxicity (LD50) and a histopathological examination of the rat. In acute oral toxicity studies, an LD50 value of 33.33 % of mortality was observed at 2000 mg/kg per oral dosage of the extract. Oral administration extract (2000 mg/kg) revealed significant histopathological alterations in tissues when compared to the control rats. Both in thermal and chemical-induced analgesic methods, administered extract (400 mg/kg bw) showed the maximum analgesic activity. In the tail flick method, the high dose of the extract significantly elevated the pain threshold throughout the observation period, with all groups showing increased pain tolerance over time. In locomotor activity, the highest percentage reduction (91.16 %) was observed in group IV animals after 90 min of administration, which showed the potent CNS depressant activity of the extract. The extract exhibited significant cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells with a low IC50 of 6.51 µg. Hence, the result of the present study showed the anti-nociceptive, CNS depressant cytotoxic properties of starfish L. maculata.
Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) is associated with preterm labor and preterm birth. PGF2α inhibitors have thus proven to be a promising target in the development of lead compounds to prevent preterm birth. In this work, Quantitative Structural Activity Relationship (QSAR) was implemented on a dataset of 77 compounds of 6-bromo-3-methylquinoline analogues using statistical approach and random selection in the QSARINS software. The Genetic Algorithm-Multiple Linear Regression (GA-MLR) approach was used to predict the best model (R 2 = 0.8943 and Q 2 LOO = 0.8836). The inclusion of descriptors FNSA-2 and WV.mass resulted in a well-fitted and highly predictable model. Artificial neural network (ANN) analysis was also carried out to validate the model effectiveness. Twenty eight new molecules with better predicted biological activity (pIC50) were designed. The binding energy from the docking study of seven compounds have shown higher binding activity than P10 into prostaglandin F synthase protein (PDB ID: 2F38). The stability of protein-ligand complex was further validated by 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation and MM-PBSA binding free energy. DFT and ADME-toxicity analysis also confirmed their drug-likeness properties. Collectively, our findings highlight novel quinoline derivatives as promising lead candidates, warranting further validation through collaborative in vitro and in vivo studies.
The Nudix hydrolase from Bacillus paranthracis MBBL1 was investigated using in silico approaches. Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental contaminants associated with serious health and ecological risks because of their stable chemical nature and strong resistance to breakdown. The enzyme sequence was retrieved from NCBI (Accession No. MFQ6175622.1), and its secondary structure revealed 33 alpha-helices, 50 beta-strands, and 66 coil regions, suggesting a balanced structural conformation. Tertiary structure prediction using AlphaFold3 achieved a high-confidence model with 94.5 % residues in the most favored regions of the Ramachandran plot and an ERRAT quality score of 96.99 %, validating its stereochemical reliability. Physicochemical profiling indicated a molecular weight of 17 kDa, a theoretical pI of 4.86, and a GRAVY index of -0.245, confirming its hydrophilic and slightly acidic nature. Two active-sites were predicted by PrankWeb, with Pocket 1 showing a high binding score of 6.46. Molecular docking against twelve PFAS derivatives showed favorable binding affinities ranging from -6.4 to -9.5 kcal/mol. Perfluorodecanoic acid demonstrated the strongest interaction (-9.5 kcal/mol), followed by H-PFOS (-9.0 kcal/mol) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (-8.8 kcal/mol). Interaction analysis identified key residues such as ALA22, THR40, ASP42, and ASN133 forming multiple hydrogen, halogen, and electrostatic bonds. These findings suggest that Nudix hydrolase may have structural and functional attributes relevant to PFAS biodegradation. Acknowledging the computational nature of this study, experimental validation will be required to confirm biodegradation activity.
Moringa oleifera, widely recognized as the "miracle tree," has garnered significant scientific interest due to its exceptional nutritional, medicinal, and industrial properties. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of its potential as a sustainable feed additive, antimicrobial agent, functional food ingredient, and a bioresource for agricultural and industrial advancements. Enriched with high-quality proteins, essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and bioactive compounds, M. oleifera exhibits remarkable benefits in aquaculture, livestock production, and human nutrition. Its potent immunomodulatory, antifungal, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties further underscore its therapeutic significance in disease prevention and health promotion. Additionally, its ecological advantages, including soil enrichment, natural pest control, and wastewater purification, highlight its pivotal role in fostering environmental sustainability. A comprehensive investigation over the past five years has consistently validated its effective insecticidal efficacy, further expanding its agricultural applications. The efficacy of M. oleifera bioactive compounds is profoundly influenced by extraction methodologies. Advanced techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and enzymatic-assisted extraction (EAE) significantly enhance the yield, purity, and bioavailability of phytochemicals, optimizing their pharmacological and industrial applications. The selection of an appropriate extraction strategy is crucial to preserving bioactivity and ensuring maximum efficacy in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and functional food formulations. Despite its vast potential, challenges such as the presence of anti-nutritional factors, variations in nutrient composition due to differing cultivation and processing methods, and the absence of standardized dosage guidelines require further investigation. Future research should focus on optimizing inclusion levels in animal and human diets, elucidating molecular mechanisms of action, and advancing green extraction technologies to enhance its efficacy and sustainability. This study highlights the multifaceted applications of M. oleifera across diverse sectors and its potential to revolutionize sustainable agriculture, healthcare, and environmental conservation. Addressing existing challenges through cutting-edge research and technological innovation will unlock its full potential as a key natural resource for enhancing global food security, promoting sustainable development, and pioneering pharmaceutical breakthroughs. By integrating information from recent five-year literature from 2019 to 2024, this work offers a roadmap for future study, addressing significant challenges and outlining prospective avenues for the development of novel therapeutic and pest control approaches exploiting M. oleifera.
Chromatographic resolutions of methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Rinorea yaundensis led to the isolation of a new monoterpene indole alkaloid yaundentine 1, along with its previously reported hydrochloride 2 and sarpagine 3, respectively. Moreover, compound 2 was screened to determine its possible antidiabetic properties via oral administration to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for 14 days. Their subsequent treatment with compound 2 significantly reduced the blood glucose levels in comparison with control glibenclamide. It could also be validated from the significant reduction in serum lipid profile markers and elevation in HDL-C, also signify the protective effect. The histopathological evaluation further revealed that the reduced number of islet cells were restored near to normal after treatment. This study revealed that compound 2 possesses a potential antidiabetic activity and this effect could be due to the multitarget mode of action, which enables its utility as a complementary drug for diabetes and associated complications.
Monoterpene indole alkaloids are recognized as the most important natural products isolated from plants, with plethora of distinct structures identified to date. Among these, vinblastine, vincristine, ajmalicine, and serpentine are the most popular alkaloids known for their exceptional pharmacological properties. These compounds are employed in the treatment of various cancers, cardiovascular disorders, and diabetes. Over the years, significant advancement has been made in the biosynthesis, methods of production and quantitative analysis of these alkaloids. Among the various production methods, microbial biotransformation has emerged as a particularly promising approach for producing novel products for human use in recent years, offering substantial potential to produce these alkaloids. Our recent research has reported the development of microbial biotransformation systems to produce vincristine from vinblastine and serpentine from ajmalicine. Given their vast pharmaceutical applications, this review aimed to provide an overview of their biosynthesis, various production methods, and recent developments in the quantitative analysis of these compounds. To compile information on these aspects, a comprehensive literature review was performed utilizing several platforms, including ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, DOAJ, and Elsevier. This review encompasses advancements and prospects concerning four alkaloids, which are opening new vistas for their production and applications in the medicinal and pharmaceutical sectors.
In recent years, agriculture has undergone transformative innovations to enhance crop productivity, resilience, and nutritional value. With increasing concerns over food security, environmental degradation, and soil health, there is growing emphasis on sustainable agricultural practices. Among these strategies, the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have emerged as promising solutions. Advances in nanobiotechnology have led to the development of various metal-based nanoparticles (NPs), such as silver (Ag NPs), zinc oxide (ZnO NPs), titanium dioxide (TiO2 NPs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and quantum dots (QDs). These nanomaterials have the potential to enhance plant biomass and crop yield in both laboratory and field settings. PGPR have gained attention for their ability to improve crop productivity through mechanisms such as nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore and phytohormone production, and the induction of systemic resistance. The synergistic use of nanotechnology and PGPR represents a revolutionary platform for sustainable agriculture. This integrated approach offers practical solutions to critical agricultural challenges such as low productivity, soil degradation, and environmental sustainability. This review highlights how the combination of synergistic utilization of nanotechnology and PGPR can be developed as a winning strategy for sustainable agriculture to solve the current challenges of food security, soil degradation, and environmental sustainability.
Olive leaves are of significant interest in traditional medicine and in the development of functional nutraceuticals. In this study, the leaves of four olive varieties (Halhali, arbequina, gemlik, karamani) were utilized to examine and compare the chemical composition and biological activities, particularly their role in enzyme inhibition, cancer prevention, and apoptosis induction. Results showed that among the tested varieties analyzed, Gemlik (77.79 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g) and halhali (76.03 mg GAE/g) exhibited the phenolic contents while arbequina had the highest flavonoid content (36.51 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g). Similarly, these two varieties of extracts recorded strong antioxidant activity in several assays. Gemlik (2.70 mg galantamine equivalent (GALAE)/g) and arbequina (2.59 mg GALAE/g) demonstrated the highest acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. The results of MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)) assay showed arbequina provided the highest cytotoxic effect against HeLa cells (IC50 value: 60.59 μg/ml) and annexin-V/PI staining confirmed the inducing of apoptosis by arbequina in HeLa cells. In conclusion, the studied olive varieties of leaf extracts appeared to have more potential as a health supplement rich in natural antioxidants and merit further intensive study.