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The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has long been an essential model in molecular biology. Its exceptional recombination capacity and efficiency in propagating large DNA fragments surpass those of organisms such as Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis. These properties make S. cerevisiae the preferred choice for cloning and manipulating bacterial and viral genomes. Among the available methods, transformation-associated recombination (TAR) cloning has established itself as a reliable and effective approach for isolating and manipulating large DNA molecules. To date, numerous viral genomes have been successfully cloned in yeast. The ability to modify these cloned genomes and reconstitute infectious viral particles highlights the role of S. cerevisiae as a powerful bioengineering platform. Its versatility addresses various biomedical needs, including virus research, vaccine production, and gene therapy. Combining efficiency, reliability, and flexibility, S. cerevisiae stands out as an invaluable tool for advancing biomedical applications and tackling modern biological challenges.
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Mpox (or monkeypox) is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus (MPV), which has recently spread geographically, particularly with the emergence of clade Ib in Central Africa. Since December 2025, cases have been reported in the south-western Indian Ocean territories, linked to an active outbreak in Madagascar. In Mayotte Island, ten cases were confirmed between January and February 2026, including imported cases and local secondary and tertiary transmissions. In Réunion Island, four cases were identified, all associated with a stay in Madagascar or secondary transmissions. The patients mainly presented with polymorphic cutaneous and mucosal lesions, with no severe cases reported. Diagnosis is based on MPV detection and typing (clade determination) using nucleic acid amplification tests (PCR) on samples taken from lesions. Management is based on symptomatic treatment and control measures including isolation and vaccination of contacts. The introduction of clade Ib into these territories highlights the need for increased vigilance, appropriate virological surveillance and coordination between local and regional public health actors in order to prevent the spread of this virus.
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Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), the causal agent of sugar beet rhizomania, is a multipartite positive-sense RNA virus whose biology illustrates the close relationship between viral RNA structure, interactions, and pathogenicity. Composed of four to five individually encapsidated segments, its genome contains all the information necessary for its replication, viral movement from cell to cell and systemic movement, and suppression of RNA interference (RNAi), the major antiviral defense in plants. The accumulation of a non-coding RNA fragment originated from RNA3 (ncRNA3) resistant to degradation by cellular exoribonucleases is necessary for long-distance viral movement. This non-coding RNA also contributes to the suppression of RNAi. This review provides an update on knowledge about BNYVV, focusing on recent advances in the structure-function relationship of viral RNAs and their implications for pathogenicity keeping viral genomic integrity within the infected plant.
Gastrointestinal disorders are a common complication following solid organ transplantation, but they also pose a real diagnostic challenge. There are many possible causes, ranging from immunosuppressive treatment toxicity to bacterial, parasitic, and viral infections. The use of syndromic molecular tests in microbiology has highlighted the important role played by enteric viruses, particularly norovirus, in the onset of diarrhea in transplant patients. These viruses, which are mostly benign in immunocompetent individuals, can cause severe and, above all, chronic infections responsible for significant morbidity and mortality and graft dysfunction. This review describes the characteristics of viral gastroenteritis in solid organ transplant patients, its epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation. Finally, while the treatment of viral diarrhea is still based on symptomatic measures and the reduction of immunosuppression, it reviews the new specific antiviral therapies currently being evaluated. Overall, a better understanding of viral gastroenteritis in solid organ transplant patients is essential, as it is a major issue and diagnosis is crucial for appropriate management, at a time when the number of individuals with a functional transplant is increasing every year in France and worldwide.
Virology department in a French University hospital has a triple mission of healthcare contribution within the framework of medical virology, teaching, and research. The emergence of HIV infection in the early 1980s led to an unprecedented development of its activity focused on the diagnosis of acute and chronic viral infections, their treatment with antivirals, viral safety, health crisis management, and the conservation of biological resources. This growth has been supported by major contemporary technological advances in lymphocyte culture, ELISA, western blotting, PCR gene amplification, and nucleotide sequencing. It has been made possible by the allocation of new resources to university hospital virology in terms of staff numbers, technical premises, dedicated laboratory equipment, and logistical resources. At the same time, applied research has developed, connected to both healthcare activities and basic research, benefiting from the support of clinicians, patient associations, and the ANRS. This also had a decisive impact on university and hospital teaching, as well as on collaborations with the diagnostic and pharmaceutical industries. The medical and scientific success of this development raises the question of its long-term permanence and its robustness in the face of current technical innovations and economic imperatives.
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This study aimed to gain a better understanding of the role of insertional mutations in the integrase (IN)-coding sequence of 13 HIV-1-infected people. Here, we present the first documentation of amino acid insertion in the IN-coding sequence of HIV-1-infected people at positions 168, 253, 255 and 260. The consequences of these mutations in terms of viral replication and resistance to INSTIs were analysed using virological and biochemical assays and 3D modelling. Analysis of viral genomes by quantitative PCR demonstrated that insertional mutations reduce reverse transcription efficiency and had different impacts on viral integration. Taken together, we showed that mutants were delayed in their replication. Virological assays using two potent strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), raltegravir and dolutegravir, demonstrated that no resistance to INSTIs was observed. Our study has revealed that the mutations observed in people living with HIV-1 do not confer resistance to anti-integrase compounds but are detrimental to viral replication.
Although anal cancer remains rare in the general population, it is becoming more prevalent, particularly in high-income countries such as France, where the incidence rate is among the highest in the world. Over 90 % of anal cancers are caused by high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV), particularly HPV16. Although two-thirds of cases occur in women, certain groups are at a higher risk, including men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV, women living with HIV, women with a history of high-grade vulvar lesions and patients who have received a solid organ transplant more than ten years ago. The ANCHOR randomised trial demonstrated for the first time that treating high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) significantly reduces the risk of progression to anal cancer in people living with HIV, justifying the implementation of targeted screening strategies. Screening is primarily based on anal cytology and HR-HPV detection, with algorithms varying according to national and international recommendations. In France, a novel approach focusing on HPV16 detection aims to enhance specificity and reduce the reliance on high-resolution anoscopy (HRA), which is considered the gold standard but is not widely accessible. Anal self-sampling appears to be a significant factor in facilitating the implementation of screening, with analytical performance comparable to samples taken by clinicians. Despite ongoing debates about the risk-benefit ratio and cost-effectiveness of anal cancer screening, recent data support its value in high-risk populations. Improvements in triage algorithms, particularly through the use of methylation biomarkers, could optimise the referral of patients requiring HRA in the future and enhance the effectiveness of anal cancer screening by reassuring patients at lower risk of developing cancer. This article aims to provide an overview of the knowledge on which the various anal cancer screening recommendations are based, the means available for implementing this screening, and the obstacles to its implementation.
In order to ensure that cervical cancer screening is carried out optimally and consistently throughout France, the HPV tests used for screening must perform as required and demonstrate excellent inter-laboratory reproducibility. To evaluate this reproducibility, we developed an Inter-Laboratory Comparison (ILC) test and sent it to 25 French laboratories that volunteered to participate in the study. This test comprised a panel of seven samples containing either HPV-, HPV16+ or HPV18+ cells, or HPV33, 39, 52 and 56 plasmids. Twenty-three of the laboratories performed HPV screening tests on this panel using different commercial kits. The HPV16 and 18 genotypes, present in some of the samples in the panel, were systematically detected by all of the participating laboratories. However, the presence of HPV33, 39, 52 and 56 in plasmid form and in smaller quantities was detected more unevenly, depending on the centre and the kits used. These results suggest variations in the detection of non-HPV16/18 genotypes between kits, which are not necessarily detrimental to cervical cancer screening.
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There is limited data on lenacapavir (LEN) use, the newest capsid inhibitor, in observational settings. We describe population characteristics and pharmaco-virological outcomes of people with HIV-1 (PWH) who initiated LEN-based treatment. We conducted a national retrospective observational study of PWH initiating LEN-based treatment in France after its approval (December 2022). Virological failure (VF) was defined as two consecutive viral loads (VLs) ≥50 c/mL, and a non-virological response as a VL decrease of <1 log10 c/mL or still >50 c/mL at W24. Ninety-six PWH were included; 49 were virologically suppressed at initiation. Median follow-up on LEN was 12 months (IQR = 8-17). Genotypic susceptibility score was <1 in 59 cases (61%). Twelve participants (12.5%) discontinued LEN-based treatment. Among the virologically suppressed and viremic PWH at initiation, 94% and 64% had VL <50 c/mL at the last follow-up visit, respectively. VF occurred in 8 PWH (3 in virological success and 5 viremic at baseline), and a non-virological response was observed in 12 PWH. Capsid sequence at VF was available for eight subjects, showing the emergence of N74D mutation in one. LEN plasma concentrations were available for 13 of the 20 PWH presenting with VF or non-response with adequate concentrations in 90% of cases. Twenty-four participants received cabotegravir + LEN, 18 having VL <50 c/mL at the last follow-up visit. Our observational findings confirm that LEN-based regimens are effective among heavily treatment-experienced individuals with advanced resistance. In this population, LEN-based treatments were associated with high rates of sustained virological suppression and a low incidence of capsid emergent resistance.
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