搜索结果：Violence and victims

In Australia, discussions concerning domestic violence (DFV) and gender-based violence (GBV) frequently depict women and girls as victims and men as perpetrators. While reflecting the reality, this perspective risks marginalising male victims, particularly boys, and infringing upon their rights to safety, dignity, and support. Media stereotypes exacerbate this issue; for instance, violent mothers are often portrayed as mentally ill, male perpetrators are deemed inherently violent, and boy victims are largely ignored. Such erasure violates international human rights standards, including the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), which affirms everyone's right to protection from violence and discrimination (United Nations [UN], 1998). The concept of the 'ideal victim,' typically portrayed as white, young, and female, obscures complex realities and undermines a rights- based approach to violence. Boys experience marginalisation because societal masculine norms deter vulnerability and help- seeking behaviours, thereby infringing upon their rights to health and support. Although harm reduction strategies are widely employed in public health and suicide prevention, their application remains limited in the context of family violence (FV) and GBV. A human rights approach emphasises that harm reduction initiatives should encompass all victims. This discourse advocates for media and institutional advocacy aimed at shifting narratives from pathology and aggression towards promoting healthy masculinities grounded in empathy and caregiving. Drawing upon feminist theory, masculinity studies, and child welfare research, this proposal presents an inclusive model of masculinity founded on ethical intelligence. Men who challenge traditional masculine norms exemplify positive masculinity through engaged parenting and emotional openness. The study encourages collaborative efforts to incorporate male victimisation into education, media, and prevention strategies. Addressing stereotypes and advancing gender equity as fundamental human rights necessitates concerted efforts across education, media, and policy sectors to acknowledge male victimisation. Despite an Australian Government election commitment of $32 million to boys' and men's health, additional efforts are essential to integrate these issues within human rights frameworks and public discourse, demonstrating that male victimisation supports, rather than threatens, women's rights within an inclusive human rights paradigm concerning GBV.

Background: Work ability has been rarely studied among victims of violence.Objective: The study aimed at identifying predictors of work ability among victims of severe violence.Method: In a retrospective file-based study, characteristics of 189 adult victims of violence from Germany were obtained using a standardized category system. We used decision tree analysis to examine predictors of the occupational status after victimization.Results: The average age of victims (64.6% female) at the time of the crime was 30 years. Mostly physical (41.8%) and sexual violence (39.2%) was reported. 85.2% of the victims had at least one mental disorder, most commonly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; 55.5%) and depressive disorders (23.3%). 50.3% of victims were unemployed, and work-related participation was the most impaired participation domain. Decision tree analysis revealed the sex of the victim as the first predictor of occupational status, with women more likely to be unemployed than men. Among women, diagnosis of a depressive disorder differentiated best between unemployment and employment, while in men, multiple victimizations emerged as the strongest predictor of unemployment; however, very few multiply victimized men in our sample (n = 10) warrant cautious interpretation.Conclusions: Victims of severe violence are substantially impaired in their work ability. Given the adverse individual and socioeconomic consequences of unemployment, an early focus on work-related participation seems highly relevant. Our study suggests that female victims and those with depressive disorders might be in particular need for these measures, but prospective studies are required to back this implication. Low-threshold access to trauma clinics represents an important step and could be complemented by work-focused interventions. Work ability has been rarely studied among victims of violence.Sex and, in women, the diagnosis of depressive disorders best predicted work ability among victims of severe violence, with depressed female victims at the highest risk of unemployment.Victims of severe violence are particularly impaired in this area, highlighting the importance of work-focused interventions. Antecedentes: La capacidad laboral ha sido poco estudiada entre las víctimas de violencia. Objetivo: El estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar factores predictivos de la capacidad laboral entre las víctimas de violencia grave. Método: A través de un estudio retrospectivo, utilizando un sistema de categorización estandarizado basado en registros de Alemania se obtuvieron características de 189 adultos víctimas de violencia. Utilizamos análisis de árbol de decisión para examinar los predictores de la situación laboral tras el delito. Resultados: La edad promedio de las víctimas (64,6% mujeres) al momento del delito fue de 30 años. Se reportó principalmente violencia física (41,8%) y sexual (39,2%). El 85,2% de las víctimas tenía al menos un trastorno mental, siendo los más comunes el trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT; 55,5%) y los trastornos depresivos (23,3%). El 50,3% de las víctimas estaban desempleadas, y la participación laboral fue el ámbito más afectado. El análisis del árbol de decisiones reveló que el sexo de la víctima era el principal predictor de la situación laboral, siendo las mujeres más propensas al desempleo que los hombres. Entre las mujeres, el diagnóstico de un trastorno depresivo fue el factor que mejor diferenció entre desempleo y empleo, mientras que en los hombres, la victimización múltiple se reveló como el predictor más fuerte de desempleo; sin embargo, el escaso número de hombres victimizados en múltiples ocasiones en nuestra muestra (n = 10) justifica una interpretación cautelosa. Conclusiones: Las víctimas de violencia grave ven sus capacidades laborales considerablemente afectadas. Dadas las consecuencias adversas, tanto individuales como socioeconómicas, del desempleo, resulta fundamental centrarse en la participación laboral desde una etapa temprana. Nuestro estudio sugiere que las mujeres víctimas y las personas con trastornos depresivos podrían necesitar especialmente estas medidas, pero se requieren estudios prospectivos para confirmar estas implicaciones. El acceso sencillo a clínicas especializadas en trauma representa un paso importante y podría complementarse con intervenciones orientadas al trabajo.

Domestic abuse (DA) is a public health problem with wide-ranging impacts for victim-survivors and services responding to it. The purpose of the current study was to explore relationships between victim-survivors' experiences of abuse, additional needs/vulnerabilities and sociodemographic characteristics, and physical and mental health outcomes and health care help-seeking behaviours following DA. Secondary analysis was conducted using Women's Aid Federation of England's (Women's Aid) case management and outcomes measurement system, On Track, the largest national dataset on DA. To understand the relationship between abuse types (physical, sexual, emotional, financial, coercive control, technology-facilitated abuse (tech abuse) and threats to kill), needs/vulnerabilities (disability; offending, drug and alcohol-related support needs; pregnancy, recourse to public funds and accessing by-and-for services) and health outcomes (perpetrator caused harm to or loss of unborn child, attempted strangulation, self-harm (disclosed), feeling depressed or suicidal, injury requiring GP treatment and injury requiring Accident and Emergency (A&E) treatment), we used a series of logistic regression models, controlling for potentially confounding variables (including accommodation status, sexual orientation and ethnicity). Stakeholders from Women's Aid and five other third sector organisations input into the study design and interpretation of results. Ninety-six percent of victim-survivors accessing DA services (n = 77,785) were female. Almost half (41.24%) had felt depressed/suicidal, while 5.59% disclosed having self-harmed. Almost one quarter (23.41%) had suffered a strangulation attempt, and 2.54% had suffered harm to or loss of their unborn child caused by the perpetrator. Just under 10% had an injury requiring A&E treatment and slightly less (7.33%) had an injury requiring GP treatment. Associations with the type of abuse varied by health outcome, for example physical abuse followed by threats to kill were most strongly associated with attempted strangulation and injuries requiring GP and A&E treatment, whilst tech abuse was most strongly associated with self-harm and feeling depressed/suicidal. Vulnerabilities/needs were more consistently associated with health outcomes, with those with a disability; drug, alcohol or offending support needs, or living in temporary/unstable accommodation more likely to experience negative outcomes across the board, and almost all needs/vulnerabilities being associated with adverse mental health outcomes (with the exception of pregnancy and accessing specialist by-and-for services, which appeared to have a protective effect). Our findings highlight the almost inevitable harms to mental health for victim-survivors of DA, the dangers of non-physical types of abuse such as threats to kill and tech abuse and the heightened risk of attempted strangulation. These findings have particularly important and timely implications for the training of health care professionals. Alongside improvements in health care settings, health care professionals, specialist support workers, researchers and policymakers must continue to explore more integrative and collaborative ways of working to further improve the response to DA and intervene before irreversible damage is done.

Transgender and gender expansive (TGE) people experience high rates of interpersonal victimization, which has been linked to high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD, a highly disabling and under-studied mental illness among TGE people). This systematic review identifies, classifies, critically appraises, and synthesizes the peer-reviewed literature describing the association between interpersonal victimization and post-traumatic stress among TGE people. This review collates what is known about the associations between victimization and PTSD among TGE people and makes recommendations to guide future research and intervention development. Searches were conducted across five databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and CINAHL) following PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria were: English language; peer-reviewed original research; articles describing the association between victimization and PTSD among TGE youth or adults; reporting TGE-specific data. Exclusion criteria were: reviews, commentaries without original data, dissertations or theses, conference abstracts, animal studies, studies without TGE-specific findings, and case studies. Quality appraisal was completed for all studies, which included a discussion of bias. Data extraction was completed by two independent authors, and conflicts were resolved by a third. Data were stratified by gender identity, race or ethnicity, and type of violence for further synthesis. 25 studies were evaluated for design, measure quality, and key findings. Findings were highly consistent across studies: multiple forms of interpersonal violence (e.g., childhood maltreatment, sexual violence, intimate partner violence, and transgender-specific victimization) were significantly associated with PTSD symptom severity or diagnosis across diverse identities and geographic contexts. All studies examining childhood sexual abuse reported significant associations with PTSD outcomes, highlighting early life as a critical period of vulnerability. Samples were disproportionately White and adult, with limited examination of intersectional experiences shaped by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Interpersonal violence-related PTSD among TGE populations reflects a pervasive and systemic pattern of trauma rooted in structural discrimination rather than isolated individual risk. Addressing this inequity requires multilevel prevention and intervention strategies. Future research should prioritize longitudinal designs, culturally responsive measurement tools, and intersectional analyses to inform prevention, clinical care, and policy responses. The majority of studies were cross-sectional designs, so causality cannot be inferred. Additionally, the samples were disproportionately White and adult, which may bias the magnitude of associations reported and limit generalizability to racially and ethnically diverse TGE populations. Although many studies reported race and ethnicity descriptively, none disaggregated violence-related PTSD outcomes by racial or ethnic group within TGE samples, representing a critical limitation for intersectional analysis.

This study aims to analyse the quantity and content of publicly discoverable statements that US-based medical societies issued regarding the 2023 escalation of violence in Palestine and Israel. We conducted a mixed-methods study using an explanatory sequential design. Inclusion criteria were defined as US-based medical societies from the American Medical Association House of Delegates, Council of Medical Specialty Societies (CMSS), or Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Council for Academic Specialty Societies, yielding 186 US-based professional medical societies. Descriptive statistics and oods ratios (ORs) were used to assess the association between society characteristics and odds of statement issuance. A qualitative inductive and deductive thematic approach was employed to identify themes from public statements made from 7 October 2023 to 7 December 2023. 22 professional medical societies (N=22/186, 11.83%) issued 20 unique public statements regarding violence in Israel and Palestine. Exploratory OR analyses suggested associations between statement issuance and several society characteristics, though CIs were wide and thus underscored uncertainty regarding the magnitude of these associations. Exploratory OR analyses suggested that statement issuance was associated with possession of a lobbying arm (OR 26.83, 95% CI 3.53 to 204.25, p<0.01); a society diversity, equity, and inclusivity initiative (OR 6.57, 95% CI 1.48 to 29.04, p=0.01); a society global health or international initiative (OR 3.11, 95% CI 1.23 to 7.86, p=0.02); a society land acknowledgment or indigenous health initiative (OR 8.47, 95% CI 1.60 to 44.99, p=0.01); and prior issuance of a statement about the Russo-Ukrainian War (OR 38.83, 95% CI 10.63 to 141.75, p<0.01). Of the 20 unique, publicly discoverable statements found, 25% (N=5/20) used verbiage indicating exclusive support for Israeli or Jewish civilians, while none expressed sole support for Palestinian civilians. Our qualitative analysis revealed three main thematic categories of statement content: (1) those expressing support for or condemnation of a specific group, (2) those providing historical context, and (3) those describing a society's approach to statement issuance. Most professional medical societies did not make a public statement regarding violence in Palestine and Israel, and societies that previously engaged in political or international advocacy were more likely to issue a statement. Statements generally avoided any historical, contextual, or geopolitical framing and were more likely to reference Israeli victims than Palestinian victims of violence as well as violence by Hamas than Israeli state violence.

Mass gatherings create complex operational challenges for emergency and disaster medical systems. While preparedness planning often emphasizes trauma, intoxication, and environmental illness, sexual violence represents an underrecognized but significant medical and operational concern with direct implications on emergency medical services (EMS) operations. These incidents not only threaten individual safety but also strain on-site medical and psychosocial response systems. Findings are discussed in the context of disaster preparedness and prehospital operations. To synthesize the prevalence, risk factors, reporting patterns, and prevention/response strategies for sexual violence at mass gatherings, and to translate these findings into actionable implications for EMS systems and event medical planning. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews methodology, we searched nine databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, EBSCOhost, PubMed, Science Direct, CINAHL) and gray literature for studies addressing sexual violence at events with >1,000 attendees. Two reviewers independently screened records; discrepancies were adjudicated by a third reviewer. Sixteen studies met eligibility criteria. Data were extracted on prevalence, risk factors, reporting behaviors, and prevention or response strategies. Findings were analyzed thematically to identify implications for EMS preparedness and patient care. Sexual violence was consistently underrecognized and underreported at mass gatherings. Six major themes emerged: (1) substance use, (2) environmental vulnerabilities, (3) risk concentration among young women, (4) bystander inaction, (5) normalization of harassment, and (6) limited effectiveness of prevention strategies. Victims often disclosed informally to friends or event staff rather than law enforcement or EMS clinicians. Across studies, opportunities emerged for EMS systems to strengthen preparedness through trauma-informed training, private treatment areas, surveillance integration, and referral pathways to sexual assault response services. EMS clinicians and event medical teams play a critical role in identifying, treating, and referring victims of sexual violence during mass gatherings. Event medical planning should explicitly anticipate sexual violence cases by incorporating trauma-informed training, private and secure treatment areas, and referral pathways to sexual assault response networks. By embedding these practices within incident command and preparedness frameworks, EMS agencies can play a proactive role in protecting vulnerable populations and enhancing survivor outcomes at high-risk events. These changes will strengthen both clinical care and overall safety at mass gatherings.

This study analyses gender-based violence in women over 50, focusing on its psychological repercussions and suicide risk. Based on the invisibility of this population in public and scientific discourse, the research examined abusive dynamics in intimate relationships and their consequences for victims' mental, social and emotional health. A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted with 120 Portuguese women with a history of domestic violence. Four validated instruments were applied: the Questionnaire of Emotional Response to Domestic and Sexual Violence, the Domestic Violence Scale, the Plutchik Suicide Risk Scale and the Scale of Beliefs about Conjugal Violence. Results showed psychological, gender and social violence as the most prevalent forms, whereas sexual violence was least identified. Participants presented medium-high levels of emotional symptomatology, particularly irritable mood, depressive symptoms and social maladjustment. Significant associations emerged between suicide risk and emotional variables such as anxiety and irritability. Legitimization of violence, especially linked to family preservation or external causes, was also associated with suicide risk. Findings highlight the urgent need for public policies and tailored interventions to mitigate long-term consequences of violence and promote older women's well-being.

This study aimed to analyze notification and reporting data of sexual violence and rape against boys and men in Brazil using two databases: the Notification of Health Complications Information System (SINAN) and the Brazilian Forum on Public Security (FBSP). Records from 2010 to 2022 were analyzed based on the characteristics of the victims and the violence, estimating rates per 100,000 men and calculating the regression coefficient to analyze the trend of notifications. Our results indicate that the rates of rape and vulnerable rape have declined in several Brazilian states, while notification rates have increased. It was also observed that during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a significant drop in sexual violence notifications. Furthermore, notifications were concentrated in the Southeast region, particularly among boys aged 0 to 14 years, predominantly white and brown. Based on these data, we recommend that prevention strategies be adopted for all populations, as well as training healthcare professionals to provide support for boys and men who are victims. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os dados de notifica&#xe7;&#xe3;o e den&#xfa;ncia de viol&#xea;ncia sexual e estupro contra meninos e homens brasileiros, a partir de duas bases de dados, o Sistema de Informa&#xe7;&#xe3;o de Agravos de Notifica&#xe7;&#xe3;o e o F&#xf3;rum Brasileiro de Seguran&#xe7;a P&#xfa;blica. Foram analisados os registros entre os anos de 2010 e 2022, a partir das caracter&#xed;sticas da v&#xed;tima e da viol&#xea;ncia, estimando as taxas por 100 mil homens e calculando o coeficiente de regress&#xe3;o, para analisar a tend&#xea;ncia das notifica&#xe7;&#xf5;es. Nossos resultados indicam que as taxas de estupro e estupro de vulner&#xe1;vel apresentaram uma queda em v&#xe1;rios estados brasileiros, mas as taxas de notifica&#xe7;&#xf5;es apresentaram aumento. Observou-se tamb&#xe9;m que, durante a pandemia da COVID-19, houve uma queda importante nas notifica&#xe7;&#xf5;es de viol&#xea;ncia sexual. Al&#xe9;m disso, as notifica&#xe7;&#xf5;es concentraram-se na regi&#xe3;o Sudeste, entre meninos de 0 a 14 anos, brancos e pardos. A partir desses dados, consideramos que estrat&#xe9;gias de preven&#xe7;&#xe3;o sejam adotadas para todos os p&#xfa;blicos, assim como sensibiliza&#xe7;&#xe3;o dos profissionais de sa&#xfa;de para acolher meninos e homens v&#xed;timas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los datos de notificaci&#xf3;n y denuncia de violencia sexual y violaci&#xf3;n contra ni&#xf1;os y hombres brasile&#xf1;os a partir de dos bases de datos: el Sistema de Informaci&#xf3;n de Notificaci&#xf3;n de Enfermedades (SINAN) y el Foro Brasile&#xf1;o de Seguridad P&#xfa;blica (FBSP). Se analizaron los registros entre 2010 y 2022, a partir de las caracter&#xed;sticas de la v&#xed;ctima y de la violencia, estimando las tasas por 100,000 hombres y calculando el coeficiente de regresi&#xf3;n para analizar la tendencia de las notificaciones. Nuestros resultados indican que las tasas de violaci&#xf3;n y violaci&#xf3;n de menores mostraron una disminuci&#xf3;n en varios estados brasile&#xf1;os, pero las tasas de notificaci&#xf3;n mostraron un aumento. Tambi&#xe9;n se observ&#xf3; que durante la pandemia de COVID-19, hubo una ca&#xed;da importante en las notificaciones de violencia sexual. Adem&#xe1;s, las notificaciones se concentraron en la Regi&#xf3;n Sudeste, especialmente entre ni&#xf1;os de 0 a 14 a&#xf1;os, blancos y mestizos. A partir de estos datos, recomendamos que se adopten estrategias de prevenci&#xf3;n para todas las poblaciones, as&#xed; como sensibilizaci&#xf3;n de los profesionales de salud para apoyar a los ni&#xf1;os y hombres v&#xed;ctimas.

Domestic violence is an epidemic with profound impacts on both the mental and physical well-being of victims. In Puerto Rico, reported cases have risen rapidly in recent years, particularly after the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Despite its urgency, domestic violence remains understudied in the context of spatial information science, with limited research exploring how its relationship with sociodemographic factors varies across space and time. This study addresses this gap by investigating the spatiotemporal effects of domestic violence in Puerto Rico from 2020 to 2022, the COVID-19 pandemic period using geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR). Police-reported domestic violence data from the thirteen police regions of Puerto Rico showed a decline in 2020. Following the COVID-19 lockdown measures and mobility restrictions, it remains unknown whether this reduction is due to disruptions in reporting access and service availability or a decrease in underlying domestic violence. Results revealed statistically significant spatial clustering of police-reported domestic violence at the police-region level, with San Juan and Bayam&#xf3;n emerging as persistent hotspots. The female population showed strong positive associations (GTWR coefficients ranging from 0.5 to >1.0 across Puerto Rico), while separated populations exhibited moderate to strong positive relationships (0.25 to >1.0), with localized negative associations observed in the regions Aguadilla and Mayaguez. However, the population with moderate income stress demonstrated strong negative associations (coefficients < -1.0). These spatially varying relationships were not captured by the global ordinary least squares model(OLS). Overall, GTWR improved model fit (&#x394; Adj. R 2 = 0.0907). These results show that socioeconomic associations with domestic violence are spatially and temporally non-stationary, and can help public health officials prioritize region-specific prevention and intervention strategies to guide the effective allocation of public health resources in Puerto Rico.

Adolescent peer violence is a critical public health challenge in low- and middle-income countries. However, existing research in sub-Saharan Africa often focuses disproportionately on intimate partner violence or male-centered aggression, leaving a significant data gap regarding broader peer-to-peer dynamics in rapidly urbanizing Ethiopian settings. Furthermore, there is an urgent need for evidence that integrates psychosocial traits with environmental influences. This study addresses these gaps by utilizing the Socio-Ecological Model (SEM)-a framework that examines the interplay between individual, relationship, community, and societal factors-to investigate peer violence in Asella, Ethiopia. We specifically explore the role of General Self-Efficacy (GSE), defined as an individual's belief in their ability to perform across a variety of situations, as a potential driver of behavior. Our objective was to determine the magnitude of violence victimization and perpetration and to identify multi-level risk factors among school-going adolescents. A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 542 adolescents (response rate&#x2009;=&#x2009;99.5%) using a structured, self-administered questionnaire. Magnitude was assessed through standardized behavioral scales, and psychological resilience was measured using the General Self-Efficacy (GSE) scale. Multivariable binary logistic regression was utilized to identify independent predictors across the Socio-Ecological Model (SEM) levels. The prevalence of violence victimization was 41.6% (95% CI: 37.3-45.9%) and perpetration was 33.8% (95% CI: 29.7-38.1%). Based on bullying roles, 15.0% were "Bully-Victims," who reported the lowest mean self-efficacy score (25.5&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;3.6). Multivariable analysis revealed that low self-efficacy (&#x2264;28) was the strongest predictor for victimization (AOR&#x2009;=&#x2009;2.88; 95% CI: 1.95-4.26), while witnessing community violence was the primary driver for perpetration (AOR&#x2009;=&#x2009;2.52; 95% CI: 1.77-3.59). Male gender and belonging to the lowest wealth quartile significantly increased the odds for both outcomes. Adolescent violence in Asella is a multi-dimensional public health issue driven by a cycle of low individual agency and environmental normalization of aggression. Strategies to mitigate this burden must move beyond the individual level. We recommend a comprehensive response that integrates school-based self-efficacy enhancement, community-level peace-building initiatives to reduce the impact of witnessed violence, and societal-level poverty alleviation. Such a multi-level approach is essential to disrupt the interplay between psychological vulnerability and environmental risk.

Bullying is a complex social phenomenon and prevalent form of violence in school environments that encompasses various overlapping participant roles, including bullies, victims, and bystanders. The elementary school years are a critical period for the development of bullying involvement. Numerous studies have documented the adverse effects of bullying involvement on students' well-being. However, they have primarily focused on Western populations or adolescent samples, with limited attention given to Chinese elementary school students. Furthermore, due to a predominant reliance on cross-sectional designs, the relations between different profiles and transitions of bullying involvement and key antecedents and outcomes have not been explored fully. By combining person-centered and variable-centered approaches, this study examined the heterogeneous profiles and transitions of bullying involvement, including perpetration, victimization and three types of bystander behaviors (i.e., pro-bullying, passive bystanding, and defending) among Chinese elementary school students, along with their school-level predictors and well-being outcomes. A total of 2510 Chinese elementary school students (54.7% boys, Mage&#xa0;=&#xa0;9.47) participated in self-report assessments on four occasions employing six-month intervals. Five distinct profiles were identified: non-involved; moderate victimization; moderate pro-bullying and passive bystanding; low perpetration, victimization and bystanding; and high perpetration-moderate victimization and bystanding. The non-involved profile revealed the highest stability over time. Students experiencing more psychological maltreatment by teachers and peer relationship problems were at higher risk of bullying involvement. In addition, students who were not involved in bullying reported the highest levels of well-being. These findings underscore the complex and dynamic nature of bullying involvement, highlighting the need for school professionals to provide targeted prevention and intervention strategies in schools taking into account group differences as well as developmental and cultural considerations.

Over the past 2 decades, bystander-focused violence prevention programs have proliferated across various sectors, yet bystander programs that are expressly gender-transformative remain understudied, particularly on U.S. college campuses. Casey et al. argue that outreach and recruitment efforts and whether these programs foster identities as social change agents over time are especially understudied components of gender-transformative programs. Based on a non-quasi-experimental, single-group, repeated-measures design without a control group, this pilot study engages these questions by investigating participant characteristics and leadership program outcomes of one gender-transformative bystander program-the Mentors in Violence Prevention (MVP) program-as applied to student leaders in athletics, fraternity and sorority life, and residential life. We found that student leaders came to the training with varying gender ideologies and leadership experience that are important considerations in future outreach and recruitment efforts. The 1-day MVP program also produced significant improvements from pre- to posttest in activist outcomes for women and men and for the three student leadership groups. Yet, on several program outcomes, training effects waned 3 months later, women benefitted more than men, and gender ideology interacted with peer group to shape program gains. The article concludes with reflections on the implications of these findings for gender-transformative work with college peer groups often labeled "at higher risk" for sexual assault; the centrality of gender, gender ideology, and other peer group characteristics to recruitment and outreach efforts; and future research and practical applications for sustaining activist education on college campuses.

Peritraumatic reactions during sexual assault are central to societal rape stereotypes and may play a role in post-trauma mental health. Nevertheless, existing research is limited. In this cross-sectional study, we explored a broad spectrum of emotional, cognitive, and behavioural peritraumatic reactions and investigated their associations with assault characteristics, sexual assault history, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress and depression/anxiety. Recent sexual assault victims (N&#x2009;=&#x2009;425, 96% female, M&#x2009;=&#x2009;26.20 years old) completed a 23-item peritraumatic reactions questionnaire developed in collaboration with lived-experience experts. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was employed to identify latent peritraumatic reaction factors. Associations between factor scores, various assault characteristics, history of sexual assault, and current symptoms of post-traumatic stress and depression/anxiety were assessed with t-tests, ANOVA, correlations and linear regressions. EFA revealed six factors: Dissociation & freeze, Cognitive strategies & thought processes, Active defense behaviour, Negative emotions, Perceived life threat, and Reactive surrender. Feelings of helplessness and non-active behavioural responses, captured by the Dissociation & freeze and the Reactive surrender factors, were much more pronounced than active resistance. Perpetrator strategies involving threats and physical violence were related to higher levels of most peritraumatic reactions, apart from Dissociation & freeze. A closer victim-perpetrator relationship was associated with lower perceived life threat, whereas a history of sexual assault was associated with higher levels of Reactive surrender. All factors except Cognitive strategies & thought processes and active defense behaviour were positively correlated with post-traumatic stress and depression/anxiety symptoms, even when controlling for assault characteristics and sexual assault history. These findings highlight the heterogeneity of peritraumatic responses and challenge rape stereotypes of the actively resisting victim by identifying reactive surrender as a common survival strategy. The robust associations between diverse peritraumatic reactions and post-trauma mental health propose these acute responses as vital clinical indicators for post-trauma adjustment. Six factors of peritraumatic reactions during sexual assault were identified, demonstrating diverse responses within and across the emotional, cognitive, and behavioural domains.Feelings of helplessness and reactive surrender were among the most prominent reactions while responses reflective of active resistance were much less pronounced, challenging prevailing victim stereotypes associated with sexual assault.Most peritraumatic reactions were significantly associated with post-traumatic stress and depression/anxiety, even when assault characteristics were controlled for, highlighting their clinical value as predictors of post-trauma mental health. Antecedentes: Las reacciones peritraum&#xe1;ticas durante una agresi&#xf3;n sexual son centrales en los estereotipos sociales sobre la violaci&#xf3;n y pueden desempe&#xf1;ar un papel importante en la salud mental posterior al trauma. Sin embargo, la investigaci&#xf3;n existente es limitada. En este estudio transversal, exploramos un amplio espectro de reacciones peritraum&#xe1;ticas emocionales, cognitivas y conductuales, e investigamos sus asociaciones con las caracter&#xed;sticas de la agresi&#xf3;n, el historial de agresiones sexuales y los s&#xed;ntomas de estr&#xe9;s postraum&#xe1;tico y depresi&#xf3;n/ansiedad. M&#xe9;todos: V&#xed;ctimas recientes de agresi&#xf3;n sexual (N&#x2009;=&#x2009;425, 96% mujeres, edad promedio&#x2009;=&#x2009;26,20 a&#xf1;os) completaron un cuestionario de 23 &#xed;tems sobre reacciones peritraum&#xe1;ticas desarrollado en colaboraci&#xf3;n con expertos con experiencia vivida. Se utiliz&#xf3; un an&#xe1;lisis factorial exploratorio (EFA por sus siglas en ingles) para identificar factores latentes de reacciones peritraum&#xe1;ticas. Las asociaciones entre las puntuaciones factoriales, diversas caracter&#xed;sticas de la agresi&#xf3;n, antecedentes de agresi&#xf3;n sexual y s&#xed;ntomas actuales de estr&#xe9;s postraum&#xe1;tico y depresi&#xf3;n/ansiedad se evaluaron mediante pruebas t, ANOVA, correlaciones y regresiones lineales. Resultados: El EFA revel&#xf3; seis factores: Disociaci&#xf3;n y congelamiento, Estrategias cognitivas y procesos de pensamiento, Conducta de defensa activa, Emociones negativas, Percepci&#xf3;n de amenaza vital y Rendici&#xf3;n reactiva. Los sentimientos de impotencia y las respuestas conductuales no activas, representados por los factores de Disociaci&#xf3;n y congelamiento y Rendici&#xf3;n reactiva, fueron mucho m&#xe1;s pronunciados que la resistencia activa. Las estrategias del agresor que implicaban amenazas y violencia f&#xed;sica se relacionaron con niveles m&#xe1;s altos de la mayor&#xed;a de las reacciones peritraum&#xe1;ticas, excepto Disociaci&#xf3;n y congelamiento. Una relaci&#xf3;n m&#xe1;s cercana entre v&#xed;ctima y agresor se asoci&#xf3; con una menor Percepci&#xf3;n de amenaza vital, mientras que un historial de agresi&#xf3;n sexual se asoci&#xf3; con niveles m&#xe1;s altos de Rendici&#xf3;n reactiva. Todos los factores, excepto estrategias cognitivas y procesos de pensamiento y conducta de defensa activa, se correlacionaron positivamente con s&#xed;ntomas de estr&#xe9;s postraum&#xe1;tico y depresi&#xf3;n/ansiedad, incluso controlando las caracter&#xed;sticas de la agresi&#xf3;n y el historial de agresi&#xf3;n sexual. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos destacan la heterogeneidad de las respuestas peritraum&#xe1;ticas y cuestionan los estereotipos de violaci&#xf3;n sobre la v&#xed;ctima que resiste activamente, al identificar la rendici&#xf3;n reactiva como una estrategia com&#xfa;n de supervivencia. Las s&#xf3;lidas asociaciones entre diversas reacciones peritraum&#xe1;ticas y la salud mental posterior al trauma proponen estas respuestas agudas como indicadores cl&#xed;nicos fundamentales para la adaptaci&#xf3;n postraum&#xe1;tica.

To examine the association between IPV victimization and self-harm and whether it varies by IPV characteristics and suicidality. This nested case-control study used data from the UK Biobank. IPV and self-harm were assessed in the 2016-2017 Mental Health Questionnaire. Among 157,298 respondents, 23,566 participants reported with self-harm were age-and-sex matched to 117,830 controls without self-harm. Self-harm was defined as self-reported intentional self-injury or self-poisoning. Conditional logistic regression was performed to estimate odds ratios (ORs) between IPV and self-harm. The median age at MHQ assessment was 61&#xa0;years old, with the majority to be female participants (65.6%). Exposure to any IPV was significantly associated with an increased risk of self-harm (fully-adjusted OR, 2.78; 95% CI, 2.69-2.86), with a clear dose-response relationship by number of IPV types (all P for trend <0.001). The association was similar in both females and males. Sexual violence (OR 2.58 [2.27-2.93]), particularly combined with psychological violence (OR 4.28 [3.90-4.69]), showed the highest risk increase of self-harm. Moreover, males exposed to psychological violence, alone or with physical violence or sexual violence, had higher risks than females. The positive association between IPV and self-harm remained robust independent of times and methods used for self-harm, and regardless of intention to suicide. Although more commonly reported in females, IPV victimization was strongly associated with self-harm in both sexes and independent of suicidality, emphasizing the need for identification and tailored prevention strategies for suicidal and non-suicidal self-harm for IPV survivors of both sexes.

Domestic violence (DV) can result in serious consequences for victims. Social media has emerged as an alternative venue for DV victims to share their experiences while seeking potential support, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite some studies exploring the characterization of DV disclosure on social media, a systematic investigation of the dimensions of DV characteristics remains lacking. Moreover, empirical evidence for DV disclosure on social media remains limited. In particular, the effects of platform anonymity and the COVID-19 pandemic on DV disclosure are largely overlooked. To address the literature gaps, this study examines DV dimensions, including depth, breadth, and severity, through a detailed characterization of victimization disclosure in social media communities. More importantly, it empirically investigates the effects of platform anonymity and the pandemic on DV disclosure by analyzing data collected from different social media platforms, spanning both pre-pandemic and post-pandemic declaration periods. Our results show that the effects of anonymity are consistently strong and statistically significant across depth, breadth, and severity, whereas the effects of the pandemic on social media DV disclosures are less consistent and should be interpreted more cautiously. The findings not only deepen our understanding of the factors contributing to DV disclosure on social media but also offer valuable guidance for designing platform features and developing effective online interventions to address DV.

While substantial efforts have been made to learn more about youth community violence exposure (CVE) and its wide-ranging impact, less is known about the effects of different types of CVE on mental health outcomes, particularly internalizing behavior, across contextual factors. The current study examines types of CVE (i.e., hearing/learning about, witnessing, and victimization) across gender, age, socioeconomic status (SES), and racial and ethnic group (White, African American/Black, and Latinx) in a diverse sample of youth seeking treatment at a university-based pediatric anxiety clinic. Older age (adolescence), male gender, and lower SES were associated with increased rates of CVE. Victimization was positively and significantly correlated with hearing reports of violence against familiars but negatively associated with hearing reports of violence against strangers, suggesting that youth who are victimized often have family or close friends who are also victims of violence, and those who hear about violence against strangers may be safe from victimization in some regards. Results from this study suggest that Black youth, in comparison to White youth, may experience more internalizing symptoms as the result of indirect CVE. For those who witnessed violence against people they know, Latinx youth reported lower levels of anxiety compared to both Black and White youth. In light of these results, potential risk and protective factors associated with CVE and presenting symptoms are discussed.

Polyvictimization, when children experience multiple forms of victimization, is a prevalent global health problem associated with multiple forms of negative developmental outcome. The paper argues that in conservative cultural contexts like that of Tunisia, school responsiveness to sexual harassment may be a critical indicator of a school's formal and informal interventions to protect children. Hence, in study 1 the paper develops and validates a measure of school social control of sexual harassment, and in study 2 tests the association between school-level social control of sexual harassment and child polyvictimization in schools. Study 2 also hypothesizes that school level social control of sexual harassment may weaken the link between polyvictimization at home and polyvictimization at school, and that individual secrecy about victimization exacerbates in-school polyvictimization. Examine a new measure of school social control of sexual harassment. Test for a relationship between school level social control of sexual harassment and in-school polyvictimization in a national sample of Tunisia. Test for an interaction between school-level social control of sexual harassment and polyvictimization at home. Test for individual and school-level relationships between victimization secrecy and in-school polyvictimization. The sample is a representative, stratified, random, four-stage probability proportional to size (PPS) cluster sample of 3098 preparatory and secondary students aged 12-18 in 40 schools, and 571 staff from the from the same 40 schools in Tunisia. Factor analysis and criterion validity are explored for the new social control of sexual harassment scale. The school staff sample was randomly divided into a training sample and a holdout sample. EFA and CFA models were run on the training sample; CFA was run on the holdout and full sample. Based on these analyses maximum likelihood factors were extracted from the CFA. Multilevel models are used to test the hypotheses, including relationships between dimensions of social control of sexual harassment and child polyvictimization in Tunisian schools. Survey weights are used to provide national prevalence estimates of school polyvictimization in Tunisia. Polyvictimization prevalence in Tunisian schools is high, with 63.8% of students reporting at least one victimization in school. The 8 item Social Control of Sexual Harassment Scale broke into two dimensions; one factor involving the school's local responses to sexual harassment and a second factor involving escalation and reporting to authorities responses. School-level local responses were associated with less in-school polyvictimization. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the main driver of the significant finding was staff reporting of sexual harassment to victims' parents. There was a positive interaction between reporting to parents and polyvictimization at home, indicating school reporting sexual harassment to parents appears to be more effective in protecting children who are not victimized at home. Individual secrecy about victimization was associated with more polyvictimization. Distance to school, attending an urban school, and attending a school with older staff were all risk factors for in-school polyvictimization. Female gender and attending a school with a higher percentage of female staff were protective factors. Social control of sexual harassment, particularly telling parents, may be at the forefront of protecting children from polyvictimization, both via direct intervention and signaling that violence against children will not be ignored. However, school responses appear to better protect children who are not victimized at home. Victimization secrecy is associated with more polyvictimization. Schools should work to improve local and reporting responses to all forms of polyvictimization, and help children to more readily disclose victimization.

Little is known about risk and protective factors associated with distinct forms of violence victimization among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or questioning youth, or youth who define their sexual identity another way (LGBTQ+). This study sought to examine this in a statewide representative sample of Rhode Island high school students. Data were from the 2023 Rhode Island High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey-a biennial, voluntary, and anonymous survey designed to measure health-related behaviors and experiences among high school students. The sample comprised 1,932 high school students (weighted sample n = 46,603), of whom 28% identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning, or defined their sexual identity another way ("LGBTQ+" weighted sample n=11,891). The primary outcomes of interest were three types of victimization: bullying/discrimination, intimate partner violence (IPV), and sexual coercion/exploitation. Bivariate analysis explored differences in rates of victimization based on sexual orientation and gender identity. Weighted logistic and multinomial regression models focused on LGBTQ+ youth and examined the role of risk and protective factors in victimization. LGBTQ+ students who reported always having their basic needs met at home were less likely to experience IPV (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]=0.53, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]= 0.31-0.88), sexual coercion/exploitation (AOR=0.38, 95% CI=0.17-0.85), and multiple types of victimization (AOR=0.32, 95% CI=0.18-0.57). Housing insecurity (AOR=3.36, 95% CI=1.73-6.50), ever living with someone with a drug/alcohol problem (AOR=2.56, 95% CI=1.63-4.04), and ever living with someone with mental illness (AOR=3.97, 95% CI=1.76-8.96) were associated with higher odds of sexual coercion/exploitation. Overall, findings contribute to the understanding of distinct types of victimization that LGBTQ+ youth face. Further research into the relationship between risk factors associated with unstable home environments and victimization would be valuable in identifying opportunities for prevention.

Benzodiazepine exposure through the contaminated unregulated drug supply is associated with heightened risk of violent victimization, particularly for women. It is critical to identify the structural factors that intersect with drug toxicity and condition vulnerability to violence. As such, we conducted a gender-based analysis of the impacts of stable housing on violence among a sample of people exposed to benzodiazepines. Using data from 724 participants who reported suspected exposure to benzodiazepines (SEB) from three prospective cohorts of people who use drugs in Vancouver, B.C. in 2021-2023, we employed logistic regression analysis with generalized estimating equations to examine the association between stable housing and experiences of violence. At baseline, 96 (31.7%) of 303 women and 115 (27.3%) of 421 men had stable housing; and 73 (24.1%) women and 112 (26.6%) men reported experiencing violence. Stable housing was significantly associated with lower odds of experiencing violence (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]=0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.51-0.95). However, in gender-stratified analyses, stable housing remained negatively associated with experiencing violence among men (AOR=0.60; 95% CI: 0.40-0.92) but not among women (AOR=0.81; 95% CI: 0.51-1.31). Stable housing was associated with significantly lower odds of experiencing violence among men with SEB but not for women with SEB. Our results may highlight how violence is deeply entrenched in the daily lives of women who use drugs, with limited opportunities for physical refuge, and a broader need to urgently scale up affordable housing for people who use drugs and are at risk of experiencing violence.