Acute and delayed negative effects on the respiratory system are a common occurrence during and following veterinary surgery. Although direct mortality is relatively uncommon, pulmonary sequalae as a consequence of intraoperative analgesics and other respiratory-depressing drugs lead to immediate or delayed postoperative respiratory depression (PORD) and other postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) that are surprisingly commonplace. A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and other databases of peer-reviewed original research, mechanistic studies, comparative veterinary investigations, and clinical case literature published in English language. Available data suggest a low anesthetic-related mortality. However, prospective systematically evaluated dog data demonstrate postoperative hypoxemia in a significant percentage. Mechanistic contributors include central ventilatory depression (eg, inhalational anesthetics, opioid analgesics, propofol, alfaxalone, and α2-adrenoceptor agonists), upper airway obstruction (particularly in brachycephalic breeds), atelectasis and ventilation-perfusion mismatch, aspiration, and residual neuromuscular blockade. Definitions of PORD and PPCs vary widely across studies, limiting consensus diagnosis and, therefore, recognition of the magnitude of the problem. Consequently, PORD and PPCs attributable to residual anesthetic, analgesic, or neuromuscular drug-induced effects after anesthesia in veterinary patients are more prevalent and serious than mortality statistics alone suggest. To counteract the problems of analgesic and other respiratory depressants used in veterinary surgery, pharmacologically targeted mitigation strategies are needed to advance perioperative respiratory safety. The use of novel (namely inhibition of BK-channels), peripherally-acting (on the carotid bodies), "agnostic" (ie, independent of the drug cause) respiratory stimulants might represent a future therapeutic option.
The purpose of this quantitative study was to address considerations made in the move to binary grading systems by many colleges of veterinary medicine, its potential impact on intern and resident selection through the Veterinary Internship and Residency Matching Program, and the use of Standardized Letter of Reference (SLoR) scores as an alternative method for evaluating applicants. Data included de-identified Veterinary Internship and Residency Matching Program data from 91,080 applications for the years 2020-2024, provided by the American Association of Veterinary Clinicians. Conducted analyses included ANOVA and Chi-square as omnibus tests, and Bonferroni and Tukey as post hoc tests. Analyses were performed on the full sample as well as the sample limited to US citizens and permanent residents. Across both the full and limited samples, the study found that GPA and class rank were weakly correlated with SLoR scores. Furthermore, the provision of GPA and/or class rank was related to matching rate and rank, namely such that applicants who provided both had more favorable outcomes compared with those who provided neither. Finally, whereas gender was not found to moderate the relationship between the provision of GPA and/or class rank and matching outcomes, race was found to have an inconsistent and limited moderating effect. Findings indicate that SLoR scores may not serve as a valid substitute for GPA and class rank, and that the availability of GPA and class rank has implications for matching rate and rank. Future research is needed to understand how GPA, class rank, and SLoRs are used in practice to inform intern and resident selection decisions.
The study objective was to evaluate changes in senior veterinary students' perceptions of companion animal primary care and career preferences following a primary care clinical rotation. A multi-institutional survey was administered to veterinary students at 10 US colleges of veterinary medicine before and after a companion animal primary care rotation between January 2024 and July 2025. Survey items were organized into six conceptually defined perception groupings. Changes in perception scores and agreement with a career goal were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models with random intercepts for student and school. Career preferences were assessed using ordinal rankings of eight career paths, and free-text responses were analyzed using structured, AI-assisted inductive thematic analysis. A total of 442 students completed the pre-rotation survey, and 83 had a paired post-rotation survey. Post-rotation, modest but statistically significant increases were observed in perceptions of clinical complexity and intellectual engagement (β = 0.13, 95% CI 0.01-0.26) and scope and holistic practice (β = 0.09, 95% CI 0.00-0.18). Agreement that companion animal primary care was a career goal also increased (β = 0.21, 95% CI 0.07-0.36). School-level clustering accounted for little variance, while student-level clustering was substantial. Companion animal practice was the only career path for which the median rank improved. Free-text responses reflected greater appreciation of the breadth, complexity, and intellectual demands of primary care following the rotation. Overall, primary care rotations were associated with small but consistent shifts toward more informed and favorable perceptions of companion animal primary care.
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To investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of intraoperative IV magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) continuous rate infusion in dogs undergoing thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy for intervertebral disk extrusion (IVDE). 30 client-owned dogs presented at the Ontario Veterinary College Health Sciences Centre were enrolled from October 2022 through October 2023. Prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial dogs received either MgSO4 (magnesium group) or an equal volume of saline (control group) intraoperatively. All dogs followed standardized anesthesia and analgesia protocols. The primary outcome measures were postoperative pain assessed using the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale-Short Form at recovery and 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery and serum IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations measured preoperatively and 1 hour postoperatively to assess anti-inflammatory effects. Serum magnesium concentrations were measured as a secondary outcome to monitor for potential toxicity. There were no significant differences in the pain scores and the IL-6 levels between the 2 groups. Tumor necrosis factor-α levels were undetectable in most dogs and were not analyzed statistically. The placebo group did not significantly require additional pain medication. Magnesium sulfate administration provided smoother anesthesia recoveries. Serum magnesium concentrations were significantly higher in the magnesium group immediately and 1 hour postoperatively but not at 24 hours. Intraoperative IV MgSO4 did not significantly improve postoperative analgesia or decrease inflammation compared to placebo in dogs undergoing surgery for IVDE. There was no significant evidence to use intraoperative IV MgSO4 to improve postoperative analgesia or decrease inflammation in dogs undergoing surgery for IVDE. However, no adverse effects were reported.
To ensure effective development and assessment of detection dogs, Auburn University Canine Performance Sciences program has implemented a structured behavioral evaluation at four developmental milestones. At each timepoint, trainers scored candidate detection dogs on 11 subtests evaluating detection performance and environmental soundness using behavioral component (BC) scores. Additionally, trainers rated each dog's overall suitability for operational detection work using a singular global score. To investigate the relative importance of different metrics in predicting final outcomes, we leveraged a longitudinal dataset collected from 304 dogs. Using a machine learning classifier, we discovered that suitability (S) scores at 12-months of age were highly predictive of training outcomes, achieving a prediction accuracy of 74.3%. The S scores appear to reflect a synthesis of subtest scores across relevant behavioral domains, illustrated by their correlative structures. To determine if S scores could be replicated using only BC scores, we estimated computationally synthesized suitability (CSS) scores at each timepoint using five significant BC scores as predictors in a linear model. Strong correlations were observed between trainer-reported suitability and CSS, with spearman's correlation coefficients exceeding 0.84 at all timepoints, demonstrating CSS scores' excellent ability to predict suitability. As predictors of training outcome, trainer-reported S scores demonstrated high accuracy, while CSS scores exhibited high precision (76.7%). Notably, both suitability metrics increase over time in dogs deemed operationally capable but not in unsuccessful dogs. Our findings provide novel insights into the importance of data-driven approaches by combining expert trainer global assessments of suitability and BC scores with computational modeling in detection dog development.
Myxomatous mitral valve disease is the most common acquired cardiac disorder in dogs, with particularly high prevalence and early onset in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a key role in disease progression, and genetic variation in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene may influence disease severity and therapeutic response. The aim of this study was to characterize angiotensin-converting enzyme gene variation in a Polish Cavalier King Charles Spaniel population with mild and severe myxomatous mitral valve disease using targeted next-generation sequencing, with emphasis on the rs850683722 polymorphism. Ten client-owned dogs diagnosed with myxomatous mitral valve disease were prospectively enrolled and classified according to American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine guidelines into mild (stage B1) and severe (stage C/D) groups. Dogs with comorbidities or receiving medications affecting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system were excluded. Genomic DNA isolated from peripheral blood underwent next-generation sequencing to cover coding exons and adjacent intronic regions of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene. Variant detection and annotation were performed using standard bioinformatic methods. A total of 188 variants were identified, of which 95,2 % were intronic. Coding variants were rare and included one missense substitution, one in-frame insertion, and three synonymous changes. Fourteen variants were novel. The rs850683722 polymorphism was present in both groups without clear association with disease stage. No variant showed a strong relationship with disease severity. Overall, angiotensin-converting enzyme gene variation was dominated by non-coding polymorphisms with potential regulatory effects, suggesting a modifying rather than causative role in disease progression.
Porcine teschoviruses (PTVs) are swine-specific picornaviruses associated with neurological and systemic disease, ranging from severe paralytic Teschen disease to milder forms of porcine encephalomyelitis, known as Talfan disease. Despite their global distribution and veterinary relevance, complete genomic information and molecular tools for PTVs are not available. Here, we report the first complete genome sequences of PTV-A11 (strain Dresden) and a recent PTV-A field isolate (strain Gi2020_1). Both genomes, each approximately 7.2 kb in size, include a previously uncharacterized 5'-terminal region upstream of the poly(C) tract (S-segment), thereby elucidating the complete genomic architecture of PTVs for the first time. The conserved 117-118 nucleotide S-segment closes a long-standing gap in teschovirus genomics and is essential for viral replication. Using reverse genetics, we established infectious molecular clones of both strains that recapitulate the properties of their parental strains. These systems enabled functional analyses of viral gene products, including the demonstration that the leader protein is dispensable for genome replication and morphogenesis but contributes to efficient virus growth. In addition, we developed a replication-competent subgenomic replicon and engineered fluorescent reporter viruses, including a stable mCherry-expressing virus that supports robust infection analysis and allows quantitative protein expression measurements. Together, these findings define the complete PTV genome organization and provide a versatile molecular toolbox for studying teschovirus replication, pathogenesis, and control.IMPORTANCETeschen disease was once a devastating neurological disease of swine caused by highly virulent porcine teschovirus strains (PTVs) but has become rare following their eradication. Current control strategies base on hygiene measures and herd-specific vaccination providing limited protection and leaving swine populations vulnerable to the (re-)emergence of neuroinvasive PTVs. Less virulent strains remain endemic worldwide and continue to impair animal health, welfare, and production efficiency. Progress toward broadly effective vaccines and antivirals has been constrained by incomplete knowledge of the PTV genome. Here, we identify and functionally define the previously unrecognized S-segment that completes the 5' UTR of PTVs. We further established infectious cDNA clones and developed subgenomic replicons, leaderless viruses, and fluorescent reporter viruses. Our tools enable direct genetic manipulation of PTVs. They provide a platform for mechanistic studies of viral replication, attenuation, and antigen design supporting rational development of vaccines and antiviral strategies against emerging PTVs.
Tremorgenic mycotoxicosis is a well-recognized cause of acute neurotoxicosis in dogs, most commonly associated with penitrem A (PTA), which is mainly produced by Penicillium crustosum. However, analytical confirmation of such cases is rare. This study describes five clinical cases of canine tremorgenic mycotoxicosis in Germany, together with comprehensive analytical confirmation. All dogs had been presented at the veterinary clinic of Justus-Liebig-University because of acute-onset generalized tremors. Clinical findings, therapeutic measures and final outcome were documented. Samples of gastric content (induced emesis or gastric lavage) and blood serum (if available) were analyzed for several neurotoxic mycotoxins, penitrems A-F, paxilline (PAX), α-cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), and ergoline alkaloids. Analysis was done by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and by HPLC-MS/MS. EIA of gastric content was positive for PTA in all samples, and for PAX, CPA, and ergoline alkaloids in some. HPLC-MS/MS analysis confirmed the presence of penitrems A-F, PAX, and CPA. Trace levels of PTA, PAX and CPA were also detected in serum samples. Penitrem producing P. crustosum was isolated from gastric content of all animals. This is the first full analytical study on acute canine tremorgenic mycotoxicoses in Germany, and presents comprehensive results along the causal chain of tremorgenic mycotoxicosis. In addition to the penitrems, several other neurotoxic mycotoxins (PAX, CPA, ergoline alkaloids) may play a role in canine mycotoxicosis. While immediate stabilisation and symptomatic treatment are paramount, prompt mycotoxin testing can help identify the source of poisoning during differential diagnosis.
Class II malocclusion in dogs is a skeletal abnormality characterized by mandibular distoclusion that can result in traumatic occlusion and compromised oral health. While associated soft tissue trauma is well recognized, the prevalence of concurrent congenital and developmental dental anomalies in affected dogs has not been systematically evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dental anomalies in dogs with class II malocclusion and compare findings to dogs with normal occlusion. Medical records from three veterinary dentistry referral centers were retrospectively reviewed. Dogs with class II malocclusion were included if they had complete oral examinations, dental charting, and full-mouth diagnostic imaging. Control dogs met the same criteria. Dental anomalies were recorded, and multivariable generalized linear models were used to compare prevalence between groups while adjusting for age, sex, and body weight (p < .05). Eighty-seven dogs with class II malocclusion and 98 controls were included. Affected dogs had a significantly higher prevalence of dental crowding, persistent deciduous teeth, and rotated teeth. Other anomalies-including supernumerary teeth, hypodontia, infraeruption, enamel defects, dilaceration, fused roots, gemination, and impacted teeth-were observed but did not differ significantly between groups. Dogs with class II malocclusion are more likely to exhibit multiple dental anomalies compared to dogs with normal occlusion. These findings suggest overlapping developmental mechanisms affecting craniofacial growth and odontogenesis. Early recognition is important for timely intervention and improved patient welfare.
The confirmation of two Nipah virus (NiV) infections among healthcare workers in West Bengal, India, in December 2025 highlights the ongoing regional threat of this highly contagious zoonotic pathogen and the risk of nosocomial transmission before clinical suspicion. Increasing reports of human-to-human transmission in South Asia call for stronger preparedness efforts in neighboring countries. Nepal is particularly vulnerable due to its open border with India, high population mobility, ecological suitability for Petropus bat reservoirs, mixed livestock farming, limited surveillance, and diagnostic capacity. The absence of reported cases likely reflects underdetection rather than the absence of risk. Current gaps include weak infection prevention and control, limited laboratory readiness, minimal wildlife and livestock surveillance, and inadequate cross-border coordination. We propose priority actions based on the One Health approach, including bat roost mapping, cross-border information sharing, targeted community risk communication, strengthening tertiary hospitals and laboratory capacity, enhanced veterinary surveillance, and the development of a national outbreak preparedness and response plan for future potential NiV or other emerging pathogen outbreaks.
Neonicotinoid insecticides, particularly imidacloprid, are widely used in agriculture and veterinary medicine, but raise major concerns for aquatic ecosystems due to their persistence and toxicity. In this study, wild European chub (Squalius cephalus) were experimentally exposed to 0, 15, or 150 ng·g-1 imidacloprid via oral administration, once a week during six consecutive weeks. Pesticide levels in fish muscle were quantified, and a range of behavioral (hiding response, swimming performance), physiological (thyroid hormone levels, body condition), immunological (neutrophil and lymphocyte counts), and genotoxic (nuclear abnormalities) parameters were assessed. The effects of natural infection with acanthocephalan parasites on ecotoxicological responses were also considered. Imidacloprid accumulated in muscle at the highest exposure concentration (150 ng·g-1). An increase in parasite number was linked to an increase in this accumulation. Imidacloprid exposure increased neutrophil number, reduced lymphocyte numbers, and induced nuclear abnormalities. Parasite biomass was independently associated with a marginal reduction in T3 hormone levels and increased neutrophil counts. Hiding behavior was lower in fish from the highest imidacloprid exposure, but only for those with a high parasite load, probably due to energy impairment. These findings demonstrate that sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid compromise fish leucocyte profiles and behavior, and highlight the importance of considering host-parasite interactions when evaluating their impacts.
South American camelids (SAC; llamas and alpacas) have expanded across Europe, yet registration, traceability and husbandry evidence remain inconsistent. A nationwide, cross-sectional survey of Austrian SAC owners (61 items; Jan-Jun 2024) was distributed via associations, social media and direct outreach. Responses from 448 holdings in all nine federal provinces were analysed descriptively. Most holdings kept alpacas (alpaca only 70.5%; llama only 13.0%; mixed 16.5%). Combining registered holdings with reported herd sizes yielded an estimated national population of about 26,891 SACs-substantially exceeding previous figures, indicating under-ascertainment; non-probability sampling likely introduced selection bias (over-representation of highly engaged owners, under-representation of unregistered or less compliant holdings). Identification and registration were incomplete: 88.8% reported individual animal identification (61.8% microchipping) and 88.9% holding registration. Legal minimum standards were widely met, and meat production was negligible. However, gaps relative to expert guidance persisted: around half of holdings reported fence heights below species-specific recommendations, and isolated single-animal keeping occurred in some mixed-species herds. Predominant uses were fleece production, trekking/walking tours, landscape management and breeding, reflecting many small hobby or part-time farms. Findings indicate a need for individual animal registration, improved traceability with routine reporting of national SAC numbers, integration of administrative and breeder-association datasets, and the inclusion of SACs in national animal health surveillance. Standardised, mandatory owner competency training is recommended, covering the legal framework, husbandry, routine management and care measures, biosecurity and zoonoses. Priorities for research include longitudinal studies of infectious diseases (including zoonoses), uptake of welfare guidelines, and access to veterinary services.
Characterizing fecal molecular perturbations associated with diagnosis and treatment may facilitate the development of novel non-invasive biomarkers for better clinical management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here, we employed rapid untargeted lipidomics, combined with various lipid data mining methods, to investigate alterations in the fecal lipidome associated with IBD, disease activity, and body mass index (BMI) levels. Machine learning modeling with a robust nested cross-validation procedure was employed to identify fecal-based potential biomarkers across three clinically meaningful scenarios. A total of 719 fecal lipids of 65 treated IBD patients were annotated, with lipid alterations analyzed at different levels, from subclasses to individual species. Univariate analysis revealed significant differences in the abundances of ceramides, fatty acids, triglycerides (TGs), ether-linked diacylglycerols (DG(O-)), and microbiota-associated lipids - fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), between ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Significant alterations in lipid-related gene functions between UC and CD were linked to the sphingolipid signaling pathway, ether lipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and cholesterol metabolism. Interestingly, no significant fecal lipidome alterations were associated with disease activity, fecal calprotectin levels, or BMI. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis and support vector machine models achieved satisfactory classification performance, with an area under the receiving operating characteristic curve ≥ 0.80. FAHFA, TG, and DG(O-) were consistently identified as the top potential predictors to differentiate between UC and CD. Altogether, our findings provide better insights into the lipidome of IBD undertreatment and suggest that fecal lipids are potential non-invasive biomarkers to aid in IBD diagnosis.
We evaluated the efficiency of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) systems for in vitro culture of preantral follicles from the bovine species. Ovarian cortex fragments were obtained from a local slaughterhouse and randomly distributed into four groups: i) standard culture, directly on a culture plate (2D), ii) supported culture, on a gel monolayer (2D), iii) immersed culture on agarose gel (plating coated) covered in a medium (3D) and iv) Millicell-Biopore culture (3D), tested at 6 or 14 days. The following parameters were evaluated: follicular morphology and morphometry, reactive oxygen species production and granulosa cell proliferation. After 6 days of culture, follicles cultured on a gel monolayer (2D) showed a higher proportion of intact follicles than those cultured using other methods (P < 0.05). After 14 days of growth, standard culture on a culture plate (2D) and supported culture on a gel monolayer (2D) had a higher percentage of morphologically intact follicles (P < 0.05) than the 3D culture. An assessment of the redox status revealed that superoxide anion levels and antioxidant capacity of the samples cultured using the four methods were lower than those of the control group (non-cultured; P < 0.05). Taken together, these findings suggest that the agarose gel support system offers distinct advantages for bovine preantral follicle culture by maintaining morphological integrity and stabilising the redox environment, although further studies incorporating functional endpoints are warranted to fully confirm these observations.
The evolving landscape of healthcare underscores the necessity for innovative approaches to health professions education. Interprofessional education (IPE) is one pedagogical innovation in health professions education that supports the development of collaborative practice and team-based care. Within American medical schools, Health Systems Science (HSS) has emerged as a curricular movement aimed at equipping future physicians with a comprehensive understanding of care delivery, interprofessional collaboration, and system improvement. A foundational domain within HSS is "teaming." In this article, we explore four ways Interprofessional Education and Collaborative Practice (IPECP) educators can partner with HSS educators to support the objectives of creating health system citizens and sustainable system transformation for all health professions by: 1) leveraging all health professional learners to learn about the HSS domains; 2) understanding the context of interprofessional teams; 3) including patients as members of the team; 4) and re-conceptualizing leadership. Embracing IPECP concepts within HSS frameworks fosters a holistic view of teamwork, patient-centered care, and leadership, ultimately supporting a cultural shift toward a more integrated and effective healthcare system. This educational transformation is crucial for developing future health professionals who are adept at navigating and improving our dynamic healthcare systems.
primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a severe liver disease that can progress to cholangiocarcinoma. Therapeutic development has been hindered by the rarity of PSC and by its poorly understood origin, which reflects incompletely defined genetic and environmental risk factors. Here we describe a mouse model that combines two suspected environmental risk factors, hepatocyte-intrinsic ER stress and oxidative stress, which leads to activation of transcription factor NRF2 in both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Genetically affected mice, as well as mice treated with an ER stress inducer and an NRF2 activator, progressed to PSC with human-like features. Specifically, hepatocyte-intrinsic ER stress in cooperation with activated NRF2 leads to indirect activation of JNK-JUN signaling, which abrogates HNF1α-stimulated Fxr gene transcription and reduces expression of the bile salt export pump BSEP. These signaling abnormalities, whose clinical relevance is supported by single cell transcriptomics of human PSC tissue, cause cholestasis, hepatocyte and bile canaliculi injury, biliary hyperplasia, and periductular fibrosis, which define PSC. Congruently, alleviation of cholestasis and/or inhibition of biliary hyperplasia resolve PSC in mice.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious infectious disease, with a severe socio-economic impact, affecting cloven-hoofed livestock. Routine and emergency vaccinations are the most effective tool for the containment and the eradication of the disease in endemic countries. Due to the presence of the virus in seven serotypes and in various lineages and strains, the selection of the most appropriate vaccine is essential to achieve protection. According to WOAH/FAO guidelines, assessing vaccine effectiveness is recommended to improve control strategies. This study reports the analysis of the results from Post Vaccination Monitoring (PVM) performed in Jordan across 2022 and 2023. A polyvalent inactivated vaccine, including one strain serotype O (O/EURO-SA/O1/Campos) and two strains serotype A (A/EURO-SA/A24/Cruzeiro and A/ARG/2001), was administered to naïve small ruminants (goats and sheep). About one half of the animals received a second dose 28 days after the first. Antibody titres were determined by Virus Neutralisation Test (VNT) against two FMD serotype O strains: one closely related to the vaccine strain and the other that had recently circulated in the country. Overall, a single administration of the vaccine was effective in inducing a good response in small ruminants, but a second administration boosted immunity, increasing the level and duration of the immune response in almost all vaccinated animals. The same vaccinal response was apparent when measured against the field strain. This field study corroborated the results of vaccine matching and confirmed the current suitability of that particular vaccine formula in the containment of FMD in the Middle East area.
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