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This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of inadequate prenatal care among mothers in Venezuela and to identify associated sociodemographic, economic, and healthcare-related factors. Data were sourced from the Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida (ENCOVI, 2021). The sample included women residing in Venezuela who gave birth between February 9, 2016, and March 27, 2020 (n = 2,218). Prenatal care was classified as inadequate if it was initiated after the third month of pregnancy or included fewer than six visits. Findings indicate that 36.3% of mothers received inadequate prenatal care, with 25% initiating care late and 28% attending fewer than six visits. In adjusted analyses, key risk factors included having more than three children compared to mothers without other children, living in extreme poverty, and having lower educational attainment, with prevalence nearly twice as high among women with less formal education. These findings underscore a neglected consequence of Venezuela's ongoing humanitarian crisis, contributing to a broader understanding of rising maternal and infant mortality. The results also emphasize the urgent need to counteract misinformation and strengthen policies that promote equitable access to maternal healthcare. Objetivou-se estimar a prevalência de mães que realizaram um controle pré-natal inadequado na Venezuela, identificando a associação de fatores sociodemográficos, econômicos e relativos à assistência pré-natal. A “Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida” (ENCOVI, 2021) foi utilizada como fonte. A amostra incluiu mulheres residentes na Venezuela que tiveram filhos entre 9 de fevereiro de 2016 e 27 de março de 2020 (n = 2.218). Considerou-se inadequado o controle pré-natal iniciado após o 3º mês de gestação ou com menos de seis consultas ao total. Identificou-se que 36,3% das mães tiveram controle inadequado, sendo 25% iniciando tardiamente e 28% com menos de seis consultas. Na análise ajustada, características associadas foram: ter mais de três filhos, em comparação com quem não tinha outros filhos; estar em situação de extrema pobreza; e baixa escolaridade, com prevalência cerca de duas vezes maior entre mulheres de menor nível educacional. Os achados expõem um dos desfechos invisibilizados da crise humanitária no país, contribuindo para a elucidação do aumento da mortalidade materna e infantil, reforçando a importância do combate à política de desinformação vigente. Este estudio tiene como objetivo estimar la prevalencia de madres que recibieron un control prenatal inadecuado en Venezuela e identificar los factores sociodemográficos, económicos y relacionados con la atención prenatal que influyen en esta condición. Los datos fueron obtenidos de la Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida (ENCOVI, 2021). La muestra incluyó mujeres residentes en Venezuela que dieron a luz entre el 9 de febrero de 2016 y el 27 de marzo de 2020 (n = 2.218). Se consideró inadecuado el control prenatal iniciado después del tercer mes de gestación o con menos de seis consultas en total. Los resultados indican que el 36,3% de las madres recibió un control prenatal inadecuado, con un 25% iniciándolo tardíamente y un 28% con menos de seis consultas. En el análisis ajustado, los principales factores de riesgo fueron tener más de tres hijos en comparación con aquellas sin otros hijos, estar en situación de pobreza extrema y tener un bajo nivel educativo, con una prevalencia casi dos veces mayor entre las mujeres con menor escolaridad. Estos hallazgos revelan una de las consecuencias invisibilizadas de la crisis humanitaria en Venezuela, evidenciando su impacto en el aumento de la mortalidad materna e infantil. Además, resaltan la necesidad urgente de fortalecer políticas que garanticen el acceso equitativo a la atención prenatal y contrarresten la desinformación que obstaculiza las intervenciones en salud maternoinfantil.

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Phenomenon: Physician shortages are common in underserved populations globally, and strategic medical school programs have been associated with increased physician retention. Despite Venezuela's physician emigration crisis and its international impact, there is incomplete understanding of variables influencing emigration decisions and potential solutions to increase retention. Approach: Between January and June 2023, an anonymous, online questionnaire surveyed recent Venezuelan medical school graduates (2015-2021) living and practicing within and outside of Venezuela. Mixed-methods questions explored perspectives about medical training in Venezuela, desires for alternative medical school programming and professional development opportunities, and factors influencing emigration decisions. Quantitative responses were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Qualitative data were analyzed with a deductive content analysis approach to code for key themes. Findings: Among 312 respondents representing all eight national universities and 17 specialties, 40% had emigrated. Most respondents agreed that care for underserved communities was a positive aspect of training (83%), but nearly all agreed that insufficient hospital resources negatively affected training (97%) and limited the practice of evidence-based medicine (91%). Desires for new curriculum centered on topics of Medical Informatics & Technology, Research, and Public Health. Of all drivers of migration, 20% were related to medical training (versus individual- and societal-level drivers), including desires for improved professional development opportunities, higher quality of training, and modified work culture. Insights: This diverse sample of Venezuelan physicians expressed a core tension, common to physicians in low-resourced settings globally, between vocation to serve underserved populations and lack of economic and professional development opportunities. Medical education interventions to stimulate physician retention could include targeted curriculum to prepare students for systems-based practice, programs to address moral distress, and engagement with higher-resourced peer institutions to provide desired clinical and research collaborations.

Heart failure (HF) impacts over 56 million people worldwide, with significantly higher mortality rates in low and low-middle-income countries (LIC/LMICs). Despite the effectiveness of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) for HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), its use remains limited in LIC/LMICs due to limited availability and affordability. These barriers are particularly pressing in Venezuela's context, as the country faces an ongoing crisis. Describe price and affordability of HF Guideline Directed Medical Therapy at optimal dosages in Venezuela. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis from December 2023 to January 2024, surveying prices of HF GDMT medications across 13 major pharmacy networks in Venezuela. Medications analyzed included ACE inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), beta-blockers (BB), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA), angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI), and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). Affordability was defined and calculated using the World Health Organization/Health Action International (WHO/HAI) methodology, comparing the median costs of one month of HF GDMT at optimal dosages to the lowest-paid government worker's (LPGW) daily wages. Other comparisons of price affordability were made against the mean daily salary of managers, professional and non-professional workers in the country. The most expensive medication regime for HF in Venezuela was ARNI-based GDMT with a median monthly cost of 393.81USD, followed by ARB-based GDMT and ACEi-based GDMT costing $100.88USD and $82.23USD respectively. meaning LPGW and elderly receiving retirement stipends would need between 506 to 2421 paid work days to cover one month of treatment at optimal dosages. Based on the WHO/HAI methodology all HF GDMT regimens were deemed unaffordable in Venezuela. Similar affordability challenges exist in other LIC/LMICs countries highlighting the need for global advocacy and policy action to address financial barriers to access guideline-based heart failure care.

Venezuela's recent economic and political instability has severely compromised its healthcare infrastructure, impacting the management of infectious diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This disruption hinders progress towards the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 95-95-95 targets and potentially impedes HIV-related research. The current landscape of HIV research within Venezuela remains poorly characterized. A systematic review, adhering to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Biblioteca Virtual en Salud databases. Original research articles pertaining to HIV in Venezuela, published between January 2003 and August 2023, were included. Commentaries, editorials, narrative reviews, and case reports were excluded. Data on study characteristics and key findings were extracted and synthesized to characterize the research landscape. From 683 identified articles, 101 met the inclusion criteria. Thematic analysis revealed a concentration of studies focusing on clinical manifestations (50%), followed by epidemiological characterizations (14%), antiretroviral therapy (ART) and pediatric populations (11%). Notably, research on HIV in pregnancy was limited (4%). Epidemiological studies were often restricted to specific subpopulations, and clinical studies frequently exhibited methodological limitations, including small sample sizes and single-center designs, limiting generalizability. Conversely, research on HIV in Venezuelan migrants has increased in the past five years. Significant knowledge gaps were identified in the epidemiology of infection, ART efficacy and resistance, clinical aspects (including co-infections and opportunistic infections), and HIV in pregnancy. This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of HIV research in Venezuela over the past two decades, revealing significant research gaps and potentially outdated research priorities. The paucity of comprehensive scientific production hinders accurate assessment of progress towards UNAIDS targets. Targeted research initiatives and increased investment are critical to address these knowledge gaps and improve HIV management within Venezuela.

Different explorations have been made in deep waters of the oceans, some of them have included the Caribbean Sea and Venezuela from Albatros R / V in 1884 to Fridtjof Nansen R / V in 1988. Material from the Fridtjof Nansen R/V expeditions in Venezuela's coasts in 1988 were identified. From a total of 25 species, 4 are first reports for Venezuela: Plesionika tenuipes (Smith, 1881), Plesionika longicauda (Rathbun, 1901), Plesionika martia (A. Milne-Edwards, 1883) and Glyphocrangon alispina Chace 1939, and 21 were previously reported: A total of 80 species of deep-sea decapod shrimp had been reported in Venezuelan territorial waters, representing 12 families and 42 genera. The Acanthephyridae family contributed the highest number of species (14) followed by Sergestidae (9).

The humanitarian crisis in Venezuela has become an unprecedented regional emergency. Over the past decade, Venezuela's political and economic collapse has eroded the country's healthcare infrastructure and threatened the public health of the population. Shortages of medicines and health supplies, disruptions in basic services, and the emigration of health workers during this humanitarian crisis have affected access to care throughout the country, as well as the capacity of emergency services and outbreak response. During the early waves of the epidemic, COVID-19 collapsed the Venezuelan health system, leaving sentinel centers without inpatient beds and ICU space. Home-based care alternatives quickly emerged, not only for mild to moderate but also for severe and critical COVID-19 cases. Here we discuss the impact of the pandemic on the Venezuelan health system, the emergence of home-based care alternatives for severe and critical COVID-19 cases, as well as their costs and challenges, and finally, their advantages and disadvantages.

Following Venezuela's economic collapse in 2015, over 1.5 million Venezuelans have sought refuge in Peru. Research indicates that migrants face stressors at various stages of migration (pre-, journey, and post-migration), with symptoms ranging from mild stress to severe depression and anxiety. This highlights the need for culturally relevant mental health interventions. Thus, the present study aimed to develop culturally sensitive adaptation hypotheses that resonate with the migrants' unique experiences and cultural values. Qualitative interviews were conducted with Venezuelan migrants residing in Lima (n = 25) and stakeholders in the Peruvian mental health system (n = 10). Thematic analysis, interpreted through the Ecological Validity Model, revealed significant themes relevant to cultural adaptation, including the metaphor and phrase "pa'lante," religious coping, emotional expression, familiarity, and integration into Peru. These themes informed potential therapeutic adaptations in line with existing evidence-based therapeutic practices. The study observed that Venezuelan migrants face unique mental health challenges due to the stressors encountered during migration. The findings suggest that integrating culturally sensitive elements such as "pa'lante," religious coping, emotional expression, familiarity, and integration into Peru into mental health interventions could enhance their effectiveness. We propose therapeutic adaptations that leverage the resilience embodied in "pa'lante," incorporate religious coping mechanisms, facilitate balanced emotional expression, and foster cultural familiarity and integration, ensuring a holistic and impactful approach to mental health care for Venezuelan migrants.

Venezuela's geopolitical and economic crisis has forced many Venezuelans, including adolescent girls, to migrate. To examine: (1) what prompted adolescent girls' decision to migrate and how future aspirations influenced that decision; and (2) how the migration experience impacted aspirations. The overall goal is to identify the unique needs of displaced Venezuelan adolescent girls to adapt programs and services to better support them in achieving their aspirations. Migration experiences were collected in Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil in January to April of 2022 as part of the parent study. We conducted a qualitative thematic analysis of micronarratives from adolescent girls using an inductive approach. From the 188 micronarratives, themes of agency and aspirations for a better future were prominent, along with pregnancy being a motivator to migrate. Participants articulated their fears and how they navigated those, the lack of accessible resources, as well as what made them feel supported, like feeling welcomed and loved by those in the community. Although adolescent girls demonstrated resourcefulness and resilience, specific programs, and services to meet their unique needs are still necessary. Displaced girls are often vulnerable to barriers in accessing goods and services during the migration route and in their host community. Venezuelan adolescent girls need to be key stakeholders in interventions to develop effective programs that support them in every step of their migration journey.

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Gender, violence, and migration structurally impact health. The Venezuelan humanitarian crisis comprises the largest transnational migration in the history of the Americas. Colombia, a post-conflict country, is the primary recipient of Venezuelans. The Colombian context imposes high levels of violence on women across migration phases. There is little information on the relationship between violence and HIV risk in the region and how it impacts these groups. Evidence on how to approach the HIV response related to Venezuela's humanitarian crisis is lacking. Our study seeks to 1) understand how violence is associated with newly reported HIV/AIDS case rates for women in Colombian municipalities; and 2) describe how social violence impacts HIV risk, treatment, and prevention for Venezuelan migrant and refugee women undergoing transnational migration and resettlement in Colombia. We conducted a concurrent mixed-methods design. We used negative binomial models to explore associations between social violence proxied by Homicide Rates (HR) at the municipality level (n = 84). The also conducted 54 semi-structured interviews with Venezuelan migrant and refugee women and key informants in two Colombian cities to expand and describe contextual vulnerabilities to HIV risk, prevention and care related to violence. We found that newly reported HIV cases in women were 25% higher for every increase of 18 homicides per 100,000, after adjusting for covariates. Upon resettlement, participants cited armed actors' control, lack of government accountability, gender-based violence and stigmatization of HIV as sources of increased HIV risk for VMRW. These factors impose barriers to testing, treatment and care. Social violence in Colombian municipalities is associated with an increase in newly reported HIV/AIDS case rates in women. Violence hinders Venezuelan migrant and refugee women's access and engagement in available HIV prevention and treatment interventions.

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Venezuela has suffered a severe academic and research management crisis and funding opportunities for marine research and data management have been practically absent. This has worsened over the past five years and, as a result, libraries and other institutional spaces have been repeatedly vandalised, with hundreds of records, specimens and historical data stolen, destroyed or burned. To avoid the loss of irreplaceable data on Venezuelan biodiversity, an initiative was promoted, aimed at digitising information to create a rich dataset of biodiversity records, with emphasis on marine protected areas for the country, as well as to fill gaps in the distribution and status of marine biodiversity in Venezuela. Nighteen (19) institutions in the country focusing on marine science have consistently produced a wealth of information about Venezuela's marine biodiversity in the form of specimen collections, unpublished sampled data and research theses through the work of hundreds of researchers and students. An inventory of available data sources at these national institutions was conducted under the National Biodiversity Data Mobilization Grant and the Biodiversity Information for Development Program, together with the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) support. All recovered and processed datasets were published in the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS) and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) repositories. This occurrences data collection represents a major contribution to the marine biodiversity inventory in Venezuela. It is based on numerous published papers, reports, books and checklists provided by experts, covering a broad taxonomic collection from which we obtained species occurrences (present and absent), organised into 59 datasets containing 40,881 records. This represents a 28.49% contribution to the records of the Venezuelan marine biodiversity reported to the OBIS (143,513 records in the OBIS until November 2022). The extracted data showed 3,041 marine species, with representatives of each of the six kingdoms: Animalia, Chromista, Bacteria, Plantae, Fungi and Protozoa. The datasets provide information on occurrence since 1822, extending the temporal coverage of the species occurrence inventory for Venezuela, which was established in 1879 before this project. The number of records for Venezuela increased by 41.3% compared with the data available before the project. Most of the occurrences (63.47%) were registered in Marine Protected Areas. Data collection included records of non-native species, descriptions of new species and species listed under different IUCN categories.

Venezuela's ongoing economic and political crisis has forced >6 million people to emigrate from the country since 2014. In the Andean region, Ecuador is one of the main host countries for Venezuelan migrants and refugees. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, specific measures were implemented in the country to control the spread of the disease and its associated impacts. In this context, we conducted a scoping review to understand how policies implemented by the Ecuadorian government during the pandemic impacted Venezuelan migrants' right to health. The literature search focused on scientific and grey publications between 2018 and 2022 in electronic databases and institutional websites, complemented by snowball sampling and expert advice. Our thematic analysis revealed discrepancies between the rights granted to migrants in Ecuador's legal framework and their practical implementation during the pandemic, with several instances of policy and programmatic infringement. The disruption of services further complicated migrant's options for regularization. Some measures, like border closures, negatively impacted migrants' health, including increased exposure to abuse and violence. While migrants were included in the country's COVID-19 vaccination plan, they were excluded from other national aid programmes. There are indications of an increase in xenophobia and discrimination stigmatizing migrants as 'disease carriers' and 'resource takers', resulting in a prioritization of services for the Ecuadorian population. We found limited research on the emergent topic of migrants' vulnerability and related health system challenges. Future research should include working in border zones, consider socioeconomic factors and further explore the poor implementation of Ecuador's legal framework towards upholding migrants' right to health.

Chagas disease is a significant public health risk in rural and semi-rural areas of Venezuela. Triatomine infection by the aetiological agent Trypanosoma cruzi is also observed in the Metropolitan District of Caracas (MDC), where foodborne T. cruzi outbreaks occasionally occur but active vector-to-human transmission (infection during triatomine bloodmeal) is considered absent. Citizen science-based domiciliary triatomine collection carried out between 2007 and 2013 in the MDC has advanced understanding of urban T. cruzi prevalence patterns and represents an important public awareness-building tool. The present study reports on the extension of this triatomine collection program from 2014 to 2019 and uses mitochondrial metabarcoding to assess feeding behavior in a subset of specimens. The combined, thirteen-year dataset (n = 4872) shows a high rate of T. cruzi infection (75.2%) and a predominance of Panstrongylus geniculatus (99.01%) among triatomines collected in domiciliary areas by MDC inhabitants. Collection also involved nymphal stages of P. geniculatus in 18 of 32 MDC parishes. Other collected species included Triatoma nigromaculata, Triatoma maculata, Rhodnius prolixus, and Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus. Liquid intestinal content indicative of bloodmeal was observed in 53.4% of analyzed specimens. Dissection pools representing 108 such visually blooded P. geniculatus specimens predominantly tested positive for human cytochrome b DNA (22 of 24 pools). Additional bloodmeal sources detected via metabarcoding analysis included key sylvatic T. cruzi reservoirs (opossum and armadillo), rodents, and various other synanthropic and domesticated animals. Results suggest a porous sylvatic-domiciliary transmission interface and ongoing adaptation of P. geniculatus to the urban ecotope. Although P. geniculatus defecation traits greatly limit the possibility of active T. cruzi transmission for any individual biting event, the cumulation of this low risk across a vast metropolitan population warrants further investigation. Efforts to prevent triatomine contact with human food sources also clearly require greater attention to protect Venezuela's capital from Chagas disease.

An earthworm checklist has produced 78 nominal taxa (species/subspecies) of earthworm reported to date in Venezuela. The list of nominal taxa was obtained through literature review and the distribution maps were plotted by ecoregion. The 78 species/subspecies are divided into 24 genera and 6 families. Native earthworm species were more widely distributed than peregrine and exotic and are more associated with the conserved areas. Exotic species had been collected mainly in the north of the country in areas with at least some disturbance history. The peregrine species P. corethrurus is also widely distributed but with a preference for disturbed areas or related to its native natural grassland condition near the Guayana's shield. This is the first accurate assessment of Venezuela's earthworm species and subspecies in the last 14 years.

Returnee entrepreneurs are often represented in migration and development discourses as agents of development. This assumes that they acquire valuable socio-economic resources abroad which help them to create successful businesses upon return. However, we have scant knowledge of the impact of the geopolitical context on returnee entrepreneurs or their coping strategies. Latin American returnees in particular have received little attention and few studies focus on migrants with 'South-to-South' return trajectories. Emphasising the role of territorial conflicts and the agency of individuals, I use a feminist geopolitical perspective to address these gaps. I contribute to migration, mobility, and development studies by studying whether Colombian migrants returning from Venezuela can reintegrate as successful entrepreneurs. Further, I offer the concept of transmobilities to study the cross-border nature of strategies of reintegration. The 30 returnees studied have a trajectory of repeated forced mobilities, ranging from internal displacement in Colombia, subsequent emigration to Venezuela, and final deportation to Colombia by Venezuela's government. I combine the qualitative methods of multi-sited ethnography, biographical interviews, mental maps, and participatory Minga workshops. The analysis shows that Colombian returnees face intense difficulties in reintegrating despite their strong motivation and entrepreneurial spirit. The geopolitical context of armed struggle, an absent Colombian state, and territorial conflicts between Colombia and Venezuela create an unfavourable environment for returnee entrepreneurs. Consequently, they develop transmobility strategies - including the movement of people, goods, and capital across national borders - at the risk of their own lives. The simplistic discourse of returnees as agents of development needs to be revised.