Unstructured text in medical records, such as Electronic Health Records, contain an enormous amount of valuable information for research; however, it is difficult to extract and structure important information because of frequent typographical errors. Therefore, improving the quality of data with errors for text analysis is an essential task. To date, few prior studies have been conducted addressing this. Here, we propose a new methodology for extracting important information from unstructured medical texts by overcoming the typographical problem in surgical pathology records related to lung cancer. We propose a typo correction model that considers context, based on the Masked Language Model, to solve the problem of typographical errors in real-world medical data. In addition, a word dictionary was used for the typo correction model based on PubMed abstracts. After refining the data through typo correction, fine tuning was performed on pre-trained BERT model. Next, deep learning-based Named Entity Recognition (NER) was performed. By solving the quality problem of medical data, we sought to improve the accuracy of information extraction in unstructured text data. We compared the performance of the proposed typo correction model based on contextual information with an existing SymSpell model. We confirmed that our proposed model outperformed the existing model in a typographical correction task. The F1-score of the model improved by approximately 5% and 9% when compared with the model without contextual information in the NCBI-disease and surgical pathology record datasets, respectively. In addition, the F1-score of NER after typo correction increased by 2% in the NCBI-disease dataset. There was a significant performance difference of approximately 25% between the before and after typo correction in the Surgical pathology record dataset. This confirmed that typos influenced the information extraction of the unstructured text. We verified that typographical errors in unstructured text negatively affect the performance of natural language processing tasks. The proposed method of a typo correction model outperformed the existing SymSpell model. This study shows that the proposed model is robust and can be applied in real-world environments by focusing on the typos that cause difficulties in analyzing unstructured medical text.
Genes on the Y chromosome play important roles in male sex determination and development. The identification of Y-chromosome-specific genes not only provides a theoretical basis for the study of male reproductive development, but also offers genetic control targets for agricultural pests. However, Y-chromosome genes are rarely characterized due to their high repeatability and high heterochromatinization, especially in the oriental fruit fly. In this study, 1 011 Y-chromosome-specific candidate sequences were screened from 2 to 4 h Bactrocera dorsalis embryo datasets with the chromosome quotient method, 6 of which were identified as Y-chromosome-specific sequences by polymerase chain reaction, including typo-gyf, a 19 126-bp DNA sequence containing a 575-amino acid open reading frame. Testicular deformation and a significant reduction in sperm number were observed after typo-gyf knockdown with RNA interference in embryos. After typo-gyf knockout with clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) / CRISPR-associated protein 9 in the embryonic stage, the sex ratio of the emergent adults was unbalanced, with far more females than males. A genotype analysis of these females with the Y-chromosome gene MoY revealed no sex reversal. Typo-gyf knockout led to the death of XY individuals in the embryonic stage. We conclude that typo-gyf is an essential gene for male survival, and is also involved in testicular development and spermatogenesis. The identification of typo-gyf and its functional verification provide insight into the roles of Y-chromosome genes in male development.
Spelling during medication ordering is prone to error, which can contribute to frustration, confusion, and, ultimately, errors. Typo correction can be utilized in an effort to mitigate the effects of misspellings by providing results even when no exact matches can be found. Although, typo correction can be beneficial in some scenarios, safety concerns have been raised when utilizing the functionality for medication ordering. Our primary objective was to analyze the effects of typo correction technology on medication errors within an academic medical system after implementation of the technology. Our secondary objective was to identify and provide additional recommendations to further improve the safety of the functionality. We analyzed 8 months of post-implementation data obtained from staff-reported medication errors and search query information obtained from the electronic health record. The reports were analyzed by two pharmacists in two phases: retrospective identification of errors occurring as a result of typo correction and prospective identification of potential errors with continued use of the functionality. In retrospective review of 2,603 reported medication-related errors, 26 were identified as potentially involving typo correction as a contributing factor. Six of these orders invoked typo correction, but none of the errors could be attributed to typo correction. In prospective review, a list of 40 error-prone words and terms were identified to be added as stop words and 407 medication synonyms were identified for removal from their associated medication records. Our results indicate, when properly implemented, typo correction does not cause additional medication errors. However, there may be benefit in implementing further precautions for preventing future errors.
Correction to: M. Singh Bhatia, R. Attri, A. Saroch, A. Kumar Pannu, N. Singla, S. Chandrabhan Sharda. Efficacy of intravenous lipid emulsion as an adjunctive therapy for acute aluminum phosphide poisoning: a randomized, open-label, pilot clinical trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2026; 30 (1): 27-36-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202601_37646-PMID: 41636291, published online on January 20, 2026. This erratum serves to correct the calculation and reporting of the relative risk for the primary outcome, as well as a typographical error in the title. The authors regret a statistical error in the relative risk calculation for the primary outcome. Due to an inadvertent software parameter assignment during the statistical analysis, the Relative Risk (RR) was calculated and reported for survival (Control vs. Intervention) rather than the standard clinical metric of mortality (Intervention vs. Control). In the original publication, the RR was incorrectly reported as 0.493 (95% CI: 0.335-0.725). When properly analyzed to calculate the relative risk of mortality comparing the intravenous lipid emulsion group to the control group, the correct relative risk is 0.370 (95% CI: 0.211-0.649). The chi-square test statistic (χ² = 15.3, df = 1) and the statistical significance (p < 0.01) remain unchanged. Additionally, due to production error, a typo is displayed in the title, which is corrected as follows: Efficacy of intravenous lipid emulsion as an adjunctive therapy for acute aluminum phosphide poisoning: a randomized, open-label, pilot clinical trial This correction does not alter the fundamental findings of the study. There are amendments to this paper. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause.
Sepsis-associated acute lung injury (ALI) is a critical clinical problem owing to the complex interactions between inflammation and oxidative stress. It is often associated with high mortality rates and a lack of therapeutic options. To simultaneously combat the interconnected inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways in sepsis-associated ALI, we designed near-infrared (NIR)-responsive nanomedicine by co-loading ferroptosis inhibitor Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) with Prussian blue nanozymes (denoted as Fer-1@PB) to achieve synergistic therapy and enhanced efficacy. Fer-1@PB combines the multi-enzyme mimetic properties of PB nanoparticle-based nanozyme (PBzyme) for reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and the ferroptosis-inhibitory function of Fer-1 with spatiotemporally controlled burst release under NIR irradiation. The 0.05), and the conclusion of colloidal stability remains completely unchanged. All the above revisions are limited to typographical adjustments, wording accuracy, and minor typo corrections. No experimental data, results, figures, or cistance. Sincerely, Xiaoran Liu (on behalf of all authors) Corresponding author"?> Fer-1@PB nanozymes exhibited strong therapeutic efficacy in cellular and animal sepsis-related ALI models, with an increased survival rate, reduced pulmonary edema and histopathological damage, and recovery of lung function. Mechanistic investigations using transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) and experimental validation revealed that the therapeutic effects were mediated by the modulation of the CXCL2/ARF6/NCF1 signaling axis. This study introduces Fer-1@PB as a highly efficient and biosafe nanotherapeutic approach for ALI via synergistic anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. It also outlines a new molecular mechanism of action, yielding new insights into the precise nanomedicine for inflammatory lung disease.
The salt production site of Piscina Torta (Rome, Italy) presents a complex chronological challenge due to its ceramic assemblage, which is almost exclusively represented by coarse ware jars with limited morphological variability. Furthermore, its occupation period coincides with the Hallstatt plateau, which hampers radiocarbon dating resolution. This study addresses these limitations by applying archaeomagnetic analyses to a kiln and ceramic fragments both from Area 1 of the site. Archaeomagnetic dating based on directions from the kiln and on archaeointensity from pottery sherds yielded two-time intervals: 930-755 BCE and 740-700 BCE. These results confirm the potential of this method as a viable dating tool, especially for problematic radiocarbon periods. At Piscina Torta, the integration of archaeomagnetic, typo- chronological, and radiocarbon data enabled the subdivision of Area 1 into three occupational phases: Phase A (725-710 BCE), Phase B (710-550 BCE), and Phase C (550-525 BCE). This study demonstrates the effectiveness of archaeomagnetism in enhancing chronological resolution in early first-millennium BCE contexts and highlights its important contribution when combined with traditional dating methods.
Reports an error in "Bridging the gap between subjective probability and probability judgments: The quantum sequential sampler" by Jiaqi Huang, Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zo Ebelt and Emmanuel M. Pothos (Psychological Review, 2025[Jul], Vol 132[4], 916-955; see record 2025-25219-001). The authors noticed a typo in Equation 17. In the matrix shown, the entry in the fourth row should be "(0 0 β+ … . .)" instead of "(0 β+ … . .)". A zero is missing from the fourth row. The online version of this article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2025-25219-001.) One of the most important challenges in decision theory has been how to reconcile the normative expectations from Bayesian theory with the apparent fallacies that are common in probabilistic reasoning. Recently, Bayesian models have been driven by the insight that apparent fallacies are due to sampling errors or biases in estimating (Bayesian) probabilities. An alternative way to explain apparent fallacies is by invoking different probability rules, specifically the probability rules from quantum theory. Arguably, quantum cognitive models offer a more unified explanation for a large body of findings, problematic from a baseline classical perspective. This work addresses two major corresponding theoretical challenges: first, a framework is needed which incorporates both Bayesian and quantum influences, recognizing the fact that there is evidence for both in human behavior. Second, there is empirical evidence which goes beyond any current Bayesian and quantum model. We develop a model for probabilistic reasoning, seamlessly integrating both Bayesian and quantum models of reasoning and augmented by a sequential sampling process, which maps subjective probabilistic estimates to observable responses. Our model, called the Quantum Sequential Sampler, is compared to the currently leading Bayesian model, the Bayesian Sampler (J. Zhu et al., 2020) using a new experiment, producing one of the largest data sets in probabilistic reasoning to this day. The Quantum Sequential Sampler embodies several new components, which we argue offer a more theoretically accurate approach to probabilistic reasoning. Moreover, our empirical tests revealed a new, surprising systematic overestimation of probabilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Following the publication of the above article, an interested reader drew to the authors' attention that the RT‑PCR data panels shown in Fig. 3C, showing the effects of PBIT and PBI‑Se treatment on endogenous IL‑8 mRNA expression levels in CaCo2 cells, contained issues. Specifically, on p. 956, a pair of the β‑actin bands in the bottom panel of Fig. 3C were strikingly similar to those featured in the upper panel. Upon examining their original data, the authors realized that the bottom β‑actin panel in Fig. 3C had inadvertently been assembled incorrectly. Moreover, a typo was also identified in the Fig. 3C legend. The revised version of Fig. 3, showing the correct data for the β‑actin bands in the bottom panel in Fig. 3C, and now accurately displaying the correct images for the IL‑8 mRNA and β‑actin expression experiments, is shown on the next page. Additionally, the typo in the Fig. 3C legend has been corrected to read as follows: 'PBI‑Se (1‑4 µM) and PBIT (30‑60 µM) treatment reduced endogenous IL‑8 mRNA expression in CaCo2 cells'. Note that the revisions made to this figure do not affect the overall results or the conclusions reported in the paper. The authors are grateful to the Editor of Oncology Reports for granting them the opportunity to publish this corrigendum, and all the authors agree with its publication; furthermore, they apologize to the readership of the journal for any inconvenience caused. [Oncology Reports 30: 952‑960, 2013; DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2483].
In our previous application note [Appl. Opt.64, 1995 (2025)APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.550111], there is a typo in the right-hand side of Eq. (2), where θi and θs should be swapped. This typo does not affect any of the subsequent discussions or conclusions.
Though previous meta-analyses on the relation between adolescent substance use and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) represent important steps toward a better understanding of these typically co-emergent behaviors, their findings remain limited by either broad or select substance type foci, as well as incomplete examination of potentially neglected moderators. This meta-analysis examined associations between substance use and NSSI among a large sample size of adolescents (N = 1,191,255) across 18 studies published between 2007 and 2024. Results revealed moderate positive associations between substance use and NSSI (OR = 1.79, 95% CI [1.39, 2.31]). Stimulants showed the strongest association (OR = 1.93), followed by hallucinogens (OR = 1.76) and depressants (OR = 1.71). Study design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal) and measurement approaches (categorical vs. continuous vs. combined) moderated some associations, and geographic variations were observed. However, the extremely high heterogeneity across studies (I²>94%) indicates substantial complexity in these relationships that warrants cautious interpretation. These findings reveal how consistent associations across substance types, with stimulants displaying a notably stronger association, suggest shared vulnerabilities during adolescence and possibly common emotion dysregulation mechanisms; clarify the role of region and type of NSSI variable as key moderators with respect to specific substance types; and advance developmental research by clarifying how NSSI and substance use co-develop during adolescence.
Spanish is a transparent language with a high degree of consistency of print-speech correspondences, thus facilitating written word recognition. However, most of the orthographic errors in Spanish do not alter the phonological representation of the words, thus leading to potential conflicts with their visual portrayal in memory. This study explored whether spelling errors affect semantic processing by analyzing the behavioral and electrophysiological effects during sentence reading in 35 native Spanish-speaking young adults. The experimental paradigm consisted of 170 six-word sentences; the closing word of each sentence could be a) congruent, b) congruent with a homophone error, c) congruent with a typo error, d) incongruent, and e) incongruent with a homophone error. Participants performed a semantic decision task with simultaneous EEG recording, in which they were explicitly instructed to ignore spelling errors and to attend only to the semantic congruency of the sentence when responding. Behaviorally, accuracy only decreased with typo errors, while mean reaction times were significantly increased by both types of errors. Electrophysiological results showed a classic N400, in which orthographic errors had no effect, reinforcing the notion that this component is mainly determined by semantic incongruency. On the other hand, orthographic expectancy violations were reflected by a late slow positivity rather than a larger N400 amplitude suggesting that spelling information is not fully processed when deeper, more complex linguistic aspects of written language are being analyzed. This P600-like component is interpreted as signaling the re-evaluation of an error, regardless of whether it is semantic or orthographic in nature.
Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) represents a promising renewable energy technology that can help alleviate the global energy shortage. This work numerically investigates the thermal charging process in a n-octadecane PCM-based double-pipe LHTES using a 2D COMSOL Multiphysics model. The study evaluates and analyzes the performance enhancement of the LHTES with various metallic fins, different distributions, inner tube placement, and Cu nano-additive concentrations. The study examines five fin arrangements, C 1 to C 5, three positions of the inner tube, P 1 to P 3, and three concentrations of Cu nanoparticles, 0%, 2%, and 4%. Results showed that among the five arrangements examined, C5 had the lowest melting time, up to 18.5% lower than the worst-performing configuration (C4). The inner tube position P2 outperforms P1 and P3, obtaining 99% melting in 24 min. Moreover, the 4% Cu concentration was superior, resulting in complete melting in 21 min, which is an improvement of 12.5% compared to the pure PCM.
Well-dated and well-preserved Later Stone Age sites are unfortunately scarce in West Africa. The few known ones exhibit significant typo-technical variability, reflecting diverse socio-cultural behaviors that remain poorly understood. The Ravin Blanc X (RBX) site in eastern Senegal provides new insights into this period. Excavations at one of the sectors of the site (RBX-1) have revealed a well-preserved Early Holocene occupation, featuring a quartz knapping workshop associated with a fireplace. This site is the latest known LSA occupation in the Falémé valley and bridges a critical gap in the region's prehistoric sequence. The lithic industry at RBX-1 is dominated by a very homogeneous quartz, which was specifically selected for its high-quality knapping properties. Two main categories of sought blanks were produced: broad, thick, and rectilinear blanks, and elongated, thin and narrow blanks with an oblique distal termination forming a natural asymmetric point. The strong investment in blank standardization from the extraction stage significantly reduced the need for subsequent retouching, which was rarely observed in the RBX-1 lithic assemblage. Comparisons with other LSA sites in West Africa suggest that RBX-1 shares technological similarities with the sites of Fatandi V (Falémé valley, Senegal) and Damatoumou 1 (Ounjougou, Mali), possibly indicating a West African Late LSA Sahelo-Sudanian facies. In contrast, sites located in Guineo-Congolian forest contexts exhibit different knapping strategies and typological choices. The discovery of RBX-1 enhances our understanding of the LSA in West Africa by providing a rare, well-dated stratigraphic context (around 9100 calBP/7100 calBCE) which highlights the complexity of regional lithic traditions and raises new hypotheses about cultural transitions during the Pleistocene-Holocene shift.
The requirement for anatomic venous reconstruction in digit replantation is an ongoing area of research. In this study, we evaluated our institutional experience to study whether replantation success is affected by the presence or absence of vein repair, stratified by the level of injury. A retrospective review was performed at an urban, level-1 trauma center of all single-digit replantations performed in adults from 2012 to 2021. Patient demographics, injury mechanism, level of injury, whether a vein was repaired, and replant survival were recorded. Sixty-seven single replanted digits were included. Patients were, on average, 38 years old, and 94% were men. The most common mechanism of injury was a sharp laceration (81%). The overall survival rates for all replantations were 68.7% (46/67) and 60% (12/20) for distal finger replantation. Patients with digital replantations at Tamai zone III or more proximal exhibited a 1.8 times increase in survival rates when one vein was repaired versus zero veins (84.4% vs 46.7%). Patients with digital replantations at Tamai zones I and II exhibited similar survival rates. Replantations at or proximal to the middle phalanx should be repaired with at least one artery and vein to maximize the chance for success. However, for distal finger replantations, artery-only replantation is a viable option when vein anastomosis is not achievable. Therapeutic IV.
This study investigates the impact of street morphology and tree species on thermal comfort in Istanbul during the July 2023 El Niño event, focusing on worst-case scenarios. Field measurements were conducted in the most common street morphologies and compared with data obtained from meteorological stations (MS). Subsequently, the influence of tree presence were evaluated for the measured streets, and PET assessments were conducted by incorporating fisheye photographs of the most common tree species in the region into the SVF calculations. The results indicate that EW-oriented streets, particularly the Left Lateral, experience beyond extreme heat stress due to extended sun exposure. PET results from MS were inconsistent with local conditions. The analysis of Platanus orientalis, Populus canadensis, and Robinia pseudoacacia on PET in different street orientations showed reductions of 5-6 °C, particularly for the first two species during morning and midday. This equates to a PET reduction from Beyond extreme heat stress (I) to Extreme heat stress, for heat stress beyond 41 °C. Although this reduction is significant, tree shade had limited impact under such extreme heat. The study found that trees on the left side were more effective when placed on one side, while the right side provided stronger cooling when trees were on both sides in both E-W and N-S streets. Additionally, during the El Niño period, the influence of street morphology on thermal comfort in 'Csa' climates begins to reflect the conditions of 'BWh' climates, with higher levels of heat stress. As climate change continues to intensify, these extreme heat conditions may become typical in the future.
This study introduces "Specialis Revelio," a sophisticated text pre-processing module aimed at enhancing the detection of disguised toxic content in online communications. Through a blend of conventional and novel pre-processing methods, this module significantly improves the accuracy of existing toxic text detection tools, addressing the challenge of content that is deliberately altered to evade standard detection methods.•Integration with Existing Systems: "Specialis Revelio" is designed to augment popular toxic text classifiers, enhancing their ability to detect and filter toxic content more effectively.•Innovative Pre-processing Methods: The module combines traditional pre-processing steps like lowercasing and stemming with advanced strategies, including the handling of adversarial examples and typo correction, to reveal concealed toxicity.•Validation through Comparative Study: Its effectiveness was validated via a comparative analysis against widely used APIs, demonstrating a marked improvement in the detection of various toxic text indicators.
We aim to develop a novel method for rare disease concept normalization by fine-tuning Llama 2, an open-source large language model (LLM), using a domain-specific corpus sourced from the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO). We developed an in-house template-based script to generate two corpora for fine-tuning. The first (NAME) contains standardized HPO names, sourced from the HPO vocabularies, along with their corresponding identifiers. The second (NAME+SYN) includes HPO names and half of the concept's synonyms as well as identifiers. Subsequently, we fine-tuned Llama 2 (Llama2-7B) for each sentence set and conducted an evaluation using a range of sentence prompts and various phenotype terms. When the phenotype terms for normalization were included in the fine-tuning corpora, both models demonstrated nearly perfect performance, averaging over 99% accuracy. In comparison, ChatGPT-3.5 has only ∼20% accuracy in identifying HPO IDs for phenotype terms. When single-character typos were introduced in the phenotype terms, the accuracy of NAME and NAME+SYN is 10.2% and 36.1%, respectively, but increases to 61.8% (NAME+SYN) with additional typo-specific fine-tuning. For terms sourced from HPO vocabularies as unseen synonyms, the NAME model achieved 11.2% accuracy, while the NAME+SYN model achieved 92.7% accuracy. Our fine-tuned models demonstrate ability to normalize phenotype terms unseen in the fine-tuning corpus, including misspellings, synonyms, terms from other ontologies, and laymen's terms. Our approach provides a solution for the use of LLMs to identify named medical entities from clinical narratives, while successfully normalizing them to standard concepts in a controlled vocabulary.
Correction to: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2022; 26 (24): 9372-9381. DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202212_30688-PMID: 36591846-published online on December 21, 2022. After publication, the authors found a typo in the discussion section. The sentence to amend is the following one: ·       In meta-analyses of observational studies, we found a low incidence of PTS, with 9% of patients presenting PTS among patients receiving sulodexide and a 50% reduction in the risk of PTS in patients receiving rivaroxaban. The "9%" in the sentence below should be changed to "15%" (in order to align the Discussion section with the Results section and the Abstract. There are amendments to this paper. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/30688.
Projectile technology is commonly viewed as a significant contributor to past human subsistence and, consequently, to our evolution. Due to the allegedly central role of projectile weapons in the food-getting strategies of Upper Palaeolithic people, typo-technological changes in the European lithic record have often been linked to supposed developments in hunting weaponry. Yet, relatively little reliable functional data is currently available that would aid the detailed reconstruction of past weapon designs. In this paper, we take a use-wear approach to the backed tool assemblages from the Recent and Final Gravettian layers (Levels 3 and 2) of Abri Pataud (Dordogne, France). Our use of strict projectile identification criteria relying on combinations of low and high magnification features and our critical view of the overlap between production and use-related fractures permitted us to confidently identify a large number of used armatures in both collections. By isolating lithic projectiles with the strongest evidence of impact and by recording wear attributes on them in detail, we could establish that the hunting equipment used during the Level 3 occupations involved both lithic weapon tips and composite points armed with lithic inserts. By contrast, the Level 2 assemblage reflects a heavy reliance on composite points in hunting reindeer and other game. Instead of an entirely new weapon design, the Level 2 collection therefore marks a shift in weapon preferences. Using recent faunal data, we discuss the significance of the observed diachronic change from the point of view of prey choice, seasonality, and social organisation of hunting activities. Our analysis shows that to understand their behavioural significance, typo-technological changes in the lithic record must be viewed in the light of functional data and detailed contextual information.