搜索结果：Torture : quarterly journal on rehabilitation of torture victims and prevention of torture

The "Aspects of Trauma and Torture" conference, a collaborative effort between the Public Committee Against Torture in Israel and Physicians for Human Rights Israel, aimed to elevate awareness and deepen comprehension of torture and its multifaceted psychological, social, and legal ramifications. Centred around the launch of the Hebrew translation of the updated Istanbul Protocol, the conference addressed the diverse populations in Israel vulnerable to torture, including Israeli citizens, African asylum seekers, and Palestinian detainees. Utilising a series of interdisciplinary lectures and interactive sessions, participants explored the profound implications of trauma and torture on individuals and communities, with a particular emphasis on the critical role of mental health, medical, and legal professionals in prevention and advocacy. This study investigated how participation in a conference focusing on trauma and torture influences attendees' levels of awareness and motivation to engage in actions against torture. Forty attendees completed an online questionnaire that incorporated both open-ended and closed questions regarding the conference's impact. The findings revealed significant increases in attendees' familiarity with the subject matter, a strengthened sense of professional collegiality, and an enhanced commitment to combating torture. Notable variations were observed between physical and virtual participants, as well as between those with an active role at the conference and passive attendees, and between individuals in psychosocial professions and those in other disciplines. The findings highlight the pivotal role of conferences as catalysts for human rights education and advocacy, while also identifying areas for improvement in accessibility and engagement within hybrid formats. These insights contribute to the broader discourse on effective strategies for addressing torture and fostering systemic change. Furthermore, the article proffers recommendations for future conferences.

This article examines the gendered dimensions of torture and ill-treatment perpetrated by Israeli Forces against Palestinians from Gaza following the escalation of hostilities after 7 October 2023. It investigates whether gender is a secondary feature of the violence or rather a central mechanism through which suffering, intentionality and purpose are inflicted. It probes into whether traditional legal analyses of torture and other ill-treatment often overlook how gender shapes both the method and impact of torture and other ill-treatment, leading to gaps in recognition, documentation, and accountability. The article adopts a legal-analytical methodology grounded in international criminal, human rights, and humanitarian law. It first evaluates the legal framework on torture through a gender-competent lens to surface how the legal elements of torture may be perpetrated and experienced along gendered identities and modes of power. It applies this gender-competent lens to factual findings from United Nations investigative bodies and human rights organisations detailing the types and modes of harm experienced by Palestinians in Gaza post-7 October 2023. This analysis focuses on three domains where gendered torture and ill-treatment have been most evident: arrest and detention, technology-facilitated abuse, and reproductive violence. Each domain is assessed for patterns of torture and ill-treatment that exploit culturally and socially defined gender roles. The findings demonstrate that Palestinian men and boys have been systematically emasculated through forced nudity, sexual violence, and digitally broadcast humiliation. Women and girls have been sexualized, exposed, and denied basic reproductive dignity through invasive searches, lack of menstrual hygiene, and the collapse of maternity care. These practices amount to torture and other ill-treatment under international law, not merely because of their physical or psychological severity, but because they are deliberately gendered in design and effect. A gender-competent application of torture law is essential to capture the full scope of harm experienced by Palestinians in Gaza. The article calls for legal frameworks and accountability mechanisms to incorporate gender not as a modifier, but as a core analytic of torture itself.

Victims of torture are often subjected to physical violence, which can result in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and PTSD. Executive functions encompass a complex set of higher cognitive abilities that include memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, planning, reasoning, and problem solving. This narrative review aimed to outline how torture affects executive functions, particularly in the context of TBI and PTSD. We searched the scientific literature using the databases of PubMed, PsycINFO and PsychArticles. The search included combinations of the terms: Torture, Executive Functions, Traumatic Brain Injury, Stress, PTSD, Refugee, Asylum Seeker, Memory, Planning, Motivation, as well as relevant Medical Subline Headings (MeSH). Both TBI and PTSD have been associated with thinning of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Such changes lead to a broad spectrum of cognitive and emotional issues. Victims of torture, for example, might display a lack of coherence, initiative, motivation, and the inability to respond to changes in their environment. In most countries, asylum-seeking is based on interviews in which individuals must provide a detailed and coherent narrative of the events that justify asylum. However, the neurological consequences of torture are rarely considered during asylum-seeking interviews, and a lack of details and coherence might be considered as a proxy for false statements. Knowledge of the effects of torture on executive functions is critical for the design and implementation of treatment strategies that increase the chances of recovery.

This paper examines Israeli detention practices since 7 October 2023 as a system of colonial carcerality that normalises torture and ill-treatment, benchmarking findings against the Nelson Mandela Rules, the Geneva Conventions, CAT, and the ICCPR. We analysed 917 testimonies gathered by Addameer (Prisoner Support and Human Rights Association) through lawyers' prison visits and post-release interviews (7 Oct 2023-30 Jun 2025) from Sde Teiman, Ofer, Damon, Naqab, Megiddo, and other sites. Testimonies were thematically coded (techniques, frequency/severity, setting, health sequelae) and mapped to applicable international and Israeli law; descriptive counts tracked change over time. We present the results according to types of abuse: starvation and deliberate food deprivation, extreme overcrowding, prolonged solitary confinement, sexual violence/forced stripping, systematic medical neglect, pervasive shackling/blindfolding and denial of hygiene. Intensification coincided with the expansion of camp-like facilities and emergency amendments to the Law on the Incarceration of Unlawful Combatants (prolonged incommunicado detention and delayed judicial review). Reported torture/ill-treatment rose across periods: late-2023 73/91 testimonies; 2024: 500/628 (including 343 from Gaza); Jan-Jun 2025: 184/198. Health impacts included acute injuries, infections, malnutrition, and sustained psychological harm. Convergent qualitative and legal evidence indicates an integrated policy rather than isolated violations, which contravenes binding norms on humane treatment, medical care, food, water, and protection from torture. We recommend: (1) independent monitoring with unimpeded access; (2) suspension of measures enabling incommunicado detention; (3) immediate compliance with minimum standards of care and nutrition; and (4) criminal accountability for torture and ill-treatment.

From 1996 to 2006, Nepal experienced a decade-long armed conflict that adversely impacted survivors of torture. The conflict posed threats to various facets of their lives, such as men-tal health, socio-economic status, human rights, and the process of reintegration into their original communities. This study was done with the survivors of torture from the armed conflict. This study aims to generate evidence on the impact of livelihood support (supporting individuals with earning their livelihood through business development, farming/animal husbandry and mi-cro-entrepreneurship) upon mental health and psychosocial wellbeing as well as social empower-ment of survivors of torture. In total, 44 out of 46 torture survivors reported improvement in their mental health and psychosocial well-being after the livelihood intervention was instituted. Significant reduction in the severity of symptoms of depression (21.7% to 2.3%), anxiety (15.2% to 6.8%), and post-traumatic stress disorder (44.4% to 4.5%) was observed with medium to high effect size. Similarly, improvement in social relationship, economic status, and autonomy (increase in self-confidence and motivation) were noticed post-intervention. Our study concludes that the livelihood intervention has significantly contributed to economic uplift, improved mental health, psychosocial well-being, social empowerment and quality of life among the survivors of torture. The data provide preliminary evidence of positive outcomes from integrating a livelihood program into an MHPSS (Mental Health and Psychosocial Support) program. Although the lack of a control group prevents us from isolating the specific impacts of the livelihood program, our qualitative data indicate that the intervention is well-received, culturally rel-evant, and promising. The study has yielded certain recommendations for further research.

The concept of 'life project' is at the core of several decisions in the inter-American human rights system. The concept has also become part of the legal consciousness of torture survivors in Peru and is often referred to when they describe the impact of torture and imprisonment on their lives and on the lives of their children. The paper is based on qualitative interviews with seven Peruvian torture survivors. The concept of 'life project' has been included in the legal consciousness of torture survivors in in Peru, and is used to address the ways in which torture and imprisonment has impacted not only on the life project of the person targeted, but also on the lives of their children. The interviewees describe damage to their life project both regarding health and the impact of stigma, but place special emphasis on the ways in which the life projects of their children have been impacted: as a result of being imprisoned, they have been unable to take care of their children for longer periods of time, their children have been subjected to violence, and they have had less access to education. Still, the interviewees describe how they reconstruct their life projects, as well as how the concept of life project serves as a starting point for demanding reparations. The concept of "life project", originating from the inter American Court of Human Rihgts, is useful for grasping how peoples' lives are impacted by imprisonment and torture, and has become part of the legal consciousness of persons affected by serious and systematic human rights violations in Peru.

The understanding of torture has evolved to encompass a complex interplay of factors including poverty, politics, health and psychosocial factors which increase vulnerability to torture. In response to this evolving understanding, rehabilitation efforts for torture survivors have expanded beyond medical and psychological care to encompass broader socio-economic dimensions, including live-lihoods support. Livelihoods are not only a means of making a living, but also a source of purpose and identity. This article explores the intersect between livelihoods loss and torture, exploring where livelihoods loss co-occurs with torture, is a consequence of torture, or may be an act of torture in itself. The importance of documenting livelihoods losses in torture assessment and the integration of livelihoods into rehabilitation programs is considered. Although research in this area is sparse, existing evidence suggests that combining livelihoods rehabilitation with psychological and physical interventions, alongside long-term support are important components. For livelihood restoration to be effectively integrated, it must be survivor-centred, holistic, evidence-based and focused on safety. While the field is to date underexplored, this article provides a foundational framework for torture treatment centres and stakeholders to consider the role of livelihoods in both conceptualising and treating survivors of torture.

This article explores the psychopolitical logic of torture within the Palestinian context, focusing on its role as a tool of domination and resistance. Torture in Palestine is not merely an instrument for inflicting individual suffering but is a strategic mechanism employed by the Israeli state to dismantle collective identity, suppress resistance, and erode the dignity of the Palestinian people. Since the onset of the Gaza war on October 7, 2023, the scale and brutality of torture tactics, including physical abuse, psychological manipulation, and sexual violence, have intensified, highlighting the urgent need for documentation and accountability. This article examines recurring patterns in testimonies of Palestinian detainees, focusing on the psychological and symbolic dimensions of state violence. These practices reflect a broader political and ethical crisis, requiring the involvement of mental health professionals in documenting the psychological consequences of torture. Traditional psychiatric frameworks are insufficient in addressing the realities of state-sanctioned violence; thus, a critical human rights-based approach is advocated. This approach emphasises the need for a decolonial, justice-oriented mental health praxis that supports collective resilience and political agency. By documenting torture (i.e. applying the Istanbul Protocol or by other means), this article argues, healthcare professionals can empower survivors to reclaim agency over their narratives and contribute to the pursuit of justice and redress. The article concludes by calling for global solidarity, not only through adherence to international humanitarian law but through active political action to hold perpetrators accountable and protect the human rights of Palestinians.

During the years that have passed since the adoption of the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in 2002, a treaty aiming at strengthening and systematising the prevention of torture and ill-treatment through preventive visits, important publications have seen the light of day, providing legal as well as practical frameworks to these endeavours. Central here is the practical guide on the role of national preventive mechanisms (NPMs) (OHCHR, Professional Training Series no 212), Carver and Handley's book (2016) "Does Torture Prevention Work?", and the many statements and reports issued both by the SPT (Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment) and the CPT (European Committee for the Prevention of Torture). With the publication of Malcolm D. Evans' book, "Tackling Torture. Prevention in Practice" in 2023, we have a resource for this particular area of work, which is a must. It is a must whether one is participating in monitoring work - on a national or international level, engages in a legal, health or community context with persons deprived of liberty, as a student or professional, or as one defending human rights in our societies, as activists and civil society organisations, or just plainly interested in the topic.

Conventions adopted by the United Nations and Council of Europe pay special importance to the treatment of prisoners with mental health problems. Their treatment is close-ly related to respect for human dignity, and the prohibition of torture, cruel and degrading treatment or punishment. The Eu-ropean Court of Human Rights, in many cases, has ruled that the detention of a mentally-ill person can raise issues under Ar-ticle 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and that the lack of adequate medical care can result in treatment in con-travention of this article. The Republic of Kosovo is not a mem-ber of the United Nations and Council of Europe. However, it has incorporated in its Constitution a number of Conven-tions adopted by the United Nations and Council of Europe. Also, Kosovo has adopted a legal framework which prohibits torture, cruel and degrading treatment or punishment in ac-cordance with the international human rights standards. The Constitution also provides that human rights and fundamen-tal freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution shall be interpret-ed in accordance with the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. Review of Ombudsperson's, Committee for the Prevention of Torture, Prison Health Department of Kosovo Ministry of Health reports, as well as reports of the NGOs in Kosovo.

Experiencing traumatic events and torture due to war, the migratory process, and staying in confinement centers exposes refugees to a high risk of suffering psychological problems. The vulnerability of experiencing posttraumatic symptomatology is mediated not only by the traumatic experiences but also by the contextual and migratory factors at the time of assessment. The present study aimed to determine the quantity and intensity of posttraumatic symptoms in a sample of refugee women blocked at the Idomeni refugee camp (Greece) under eviction. Moreover, some qualitative data were gathered throughout the interviews. The methodological approach was a mixed method where 23 Syrian and Kurdish women, aged 28.9 years (SD = 12.6), were interviewed through the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) in its Iraqi version. The women experienced between 7-32 traumatic events (M = 19.47, SD = 6.68) and 4-16 torture events (M = 9.78, SD = 3.35). Re-experiencing was the most reported symptom (95.6%). A 78.26% showed posttraumatic symptoms that exceeded the cut-off point for diagnosis the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with the HTQ criteria and 91.30% with the DSM-IV criteria. On the other hand, qualitative data emphasized the importance of the fact that arriving and living in the camp in Idomeni severely shook the women´s beliefs. Despite the low correlation found between traumatic and torture events and the posttraumatic symptoms due to the ceiling effects of the results, women reported traumatic and torture events associated with war and the migratory process. The high scores could be explained by the stress associated with torture events, the eviction of the refugee camp, and the frustration of their expectations regarding their reception in Europe as refugees. The notion of torturing environments emerges as a plausible framework to study the link between mental health and European forced migration routes.

Prison overcrowding can be defined in different ways, and no universal definition exists. More than 120 countries report prison occupancy rates above their own capacity. This paper provides an overview of legal and health implications of overcrowding, analyses potential causes, and provides examples of how different countries utilised non-custodial measures to reduce overcrowding to disseminate good practices as inspiration for other contexts. Desk study based on literature searches in medical (Pubmed and Medline) and legal sources, including Google Scholar on legal opinions, Global Lex and decisions of UN treaty bodies and regional human rights mechanisms supplemented by online searches for grey literature. In addition, examples from other countries were sought to corroborate and illustrate the points made. A range of international standards exist that provide for the conditions and treatment of people in prisons to prevent prison overcrowding and protect them from its consequences. Nonetheless, overcrowding is persistent across many countries. It is often associated with violations of human rights, including, among others, the right to be free from torture and ill-treatment, the right to health, and the right to liberty and security. The underlying factors contributing to overcrowding vary and include, among others, overuse of imprisonment, excessive use of pre-trial detention, lack of access to a lawyer and underutilisation of non-custodial measures as an alternative to detention. Non-custodial measures can be applied throughout the criminal justice process, and some countries have successfully managed to reduce their prison populations by implementing such measures. Overcrowding affects many aspects of prison life, impeding the provision of a humane and rehabilitative environment. Beyond the harm caused to persons in prisons, this may negatively impact society at large in terms of security, public health, and economy. Political will is essential in reducing prison overcrowding.

In October 2019 in Chile, massive protests broke out in the so-called social uprising. The repressive response of the armed forces and Carabineros (Police) resulted in serious and mas-sive violations of human rights, with between 400 and 500 victims of ocular trauma caused mainly by shots from anti-riot shotguns, constituting the largest number of cases in the world linked to a single event. It is proposed to evaluate the different dimensions of the impact of ocular trauma due to state violence, using the concept of psychosocial trauma and a support model that integrates the medical-psychological and social dimensions. Human rights violations of the period are described, focusing on cases of ocular trauma, and state and civil society responses. The requests of a survivors' organisations regarding truth, justice and reparation is presented. A clinical case of ocular trauma treated in our centre is analyzed. Survivors of ocular trauma manifest post-traumatic reactions regardless of the severity of their ocular injuries. The impact on the mental health of survi-vors of ocular trauma due to state violence is a phenomenon where the psychic and psychosocial im-pact of trauma due to socio-political violence intersects with the short- and long-term mental health effects. The impact of sociopolitical trauma must be understood considering both the in-dividual and social subject, considering their cultural, socioeconomic and political reality. Recovery from traumatic psychological injury must be addressed in its medical, sensory rehabilitation, psycho-logical and psychosocial dimensions, including processes of social recognition, search for justice and comprehensive reparation of damage. In contexts of impunity, a model is proposed that integrates rehabilitation with psycho-legal support, promotion of agency and organisation, within the frame-work of commitment to the movement and principles of human rights.

The Chapel of St. Dominic of the Cathedral of 'Al - Tahira' in Qaraqosh (Iraq) allegedly contained human remains belonging to two martyrs, according to the testimonies of locals. In this article, the authors discuss the recovery and study of human remains that took place there in May 2022. A team of Forensic Anthropologist and Forensic Pathologists from Italy were involved in the excavations, which allowed discovery of skeletal remains referred to two individuals (here named C1 and C2). Their position was first described, then each bone remain was examined also inferring information about sex estimation, height calculation, age at death calculation, and dental formula. Bone elements underwent microscopic examination, and the identity of the two remains found was investigated through genetic analysis. Both anatomically repositioned bone remains were subjected to CT examination, and facial reconstructions of the two individuals were performed. Circumstantial data were also acquired. Finally, the cause and manner of death were hypothesized. In the occipital region of C1, the presence of an extensive fracture complex with transverse orientation was observed. C2 showed a cranial disintegration with fracture fragments affecting the structures of the left neuro- and splanchnic skull and to a greater extent the left hemifacial, orbital, zygomatic regions and thethe same side of the face. In addition, no bones attributable to those of the left hand of C2 were found. With reference to C1, nothing precludes that the death occurred due to severe blunt-fracture trauma with greater expression at the level of the cranial district. On the other hand, it seems reasonable to assume that C2 was the victim of an assault in which his left hand was amputated, he was beaten and pierced by a bayonet, and finally he was killed with a rifle shot to the head.

This article examines Israel's surveillance architecture in Gaza as a modality of coercive governance, assessing when and how digitally mediated practices may meet elements of torture under the UN Convention against Torture (UNCAT). The analysis is situated within debates on necropolitics, panopticism, and surveillance. We conduct a doctrinal review of UNCAT Article 1, triangulating NGO investigations, legal filings, and investigative journalism with scholarship on surveillance and trauma. Reported systems-facial-recognition programs, large data-fusion databases, spyware, and persistent aerial surveillance-create conditions of continuous visibility and anticipatory threat. Testimonies and clinical reports describe hypervigilance, sleep disruption, depressive symptoms, and other markers of severe mental suffering, alongside state-actor involvement and asserted purposes (intimidation, coercion, punishment). Corroboration varies by source, but evidence converges on patterned psychological harm linked to surveillance exposure. On the record reviewed, Gaza's surveillance practices plausibly satisfy UNCAT's severity, state-involvement, and purpose elements, with intent inferred from design and deployment patterns; definitive legal determinations rest with competent tribunals. We recommend independent monitoring with unimpeded access, standardized documentation of surveillance-related mental harm, export-control due diligence for military-AI systems, and safeguards against indiscriminate datafication in conflict zones.

This paper presents an autoethnography from a Gaza-based scholar who documents, in real time, the war's effects on himself and his family. It situates a personal trajectory-bombardments, repeated displacement, injury, bereavement, and the collapse of essential services-within the broader humanitarian emergency, arguing that first-person evidence is indispensable to grasp lived experience and cumulative harm. Using an autoethnographic case-study design, the author combines contemporaneous field notes, direct observations across hospitals and shelters, and family narratives with publicly available situational reports. Narrative analysis is applied to episodes of displacement, rescue and burial operations, access to health care, and day-to-day survival under siege, to derive thematic patterns of risk, harm, and adaptation. The account documents: (i) continuous exposure to airstrikes, artillery, and drones; (ii) direct physical harm to the author(tank-shell blast injury with persistent symptoms), (iii) family losses-the death of a son, a brother,and the disappearance and later recovery of his detained daughter-as well as the discovery and burial of his mother; (iv) health-system collapse (closures, staff shortages, lack of imaging and essentialmedicines) that intensified preventable morbidity and mortality; (v) repeated displacement through overcrowded shelters and hazardous checkpoints; and (vi) resource deprivation (famine conditions, unsafe water, disrupted transport). These stressors produced profound psychological distress, exhaustion, and functional impairment, exemplifying cumulative, multisystemic impacts on civilians. Autoethnography provides granular evidence of civilian burden that aggregate statistics cannot capture. Lessons for readers and practitioners include: protect health facilities and corridors; prioritize family-centred psychosocial care after bereavement and detention; pair needs assessmentswith first-person testimonies to detect hidden harms; and design humanitarian responses that address cumulative risks (safety, nutrition, water, mobility, and continuity of care) rather than siloedneeds. The narrated events engage potential violations of international humanitarian and humanrights law; therefore, responses should pair humanitarian relief with accountability: independent investigations with evidence preservation and survivor protection; avenues to justice (domestic courts, universal jurisdiction, ICC where applicable); and reparations. The narrative underscores.

This paper examines the implementation of the Global Standards on Rehabilitation (GSR) by members of the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims (IRCT) and their impact on the quality of rehabilitation services provided to torture survivors. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative data were collected through surveys, post-training evaluations, and member feedback to assess the impact of the GSR on rehabilitation practices. Findings: Results show significant improvements, including more holistic rehabilitation, increased survivor participation, and stronger advocacy. Key challenges such as resource limitations, political barriers, and resistance to change were identified, alongside recommendations for future focus on survivor engagement, holistic support, and staff training. The paper concludes that the GSR roll-out has strengthened the capacity of IRCT members to provide quality rehabilitation services, highlighting the need for continued support and sustainable funding to expand impact.

This study examines how Israeli domestic legislation, military orders, and judicial practices governing the arrest and detention of Palestinians-intensified after 7 October 2023-operate as a system of discriminatory control across the occupied Palestinian territory and within Israel. It situates recent amendments within international humanitarian and human rights law and the International Court of Justice's 19 July 2024 advisory conclusions on the unlawfulness of Israel's continued presence and the breach of Palestinian self-determination. A qualitative legal analysis was conducted of military orders, Knesset legislation (including the Unlawful Combatants Law), emergency regulations, and court decisions, complemented by official statements, OHCHR materials, and NGO documentation. Where available, lawyer interviews and detainee testimonies informed case studies of Gaza residents, children, and activists. Post-October measures expanded arrest powers, lengthened pre-indictment detention, delayed judicial review, restricted access to counsel, designated new detention facilities (e.g., Sde Teiman), and broadened online "incitement" enforcement. "Iron Swords" orders extended timelines under MO 1651; emergency amendments to the Unlawful Combatants Law enabled prolonged detention without prompt review; and civil criminal laws applied to Gaza detainees increased interrogation periods and bans on meeting counsel. Administrative detention surged-including unprecedented numbers of children-amid limited oversight and secrecy regarding detainee identity, status, and conditions. A dual legal regime persists: Palestinians face military courts under military law, while settlers in the same territory fall under Israeli civil law. The cumulative effect is a hardening carceral architecture inconsistent with fair-trial guarantees and protections in IHL and IHRL and engaging relevant crimes under the Rome Statute. Considering the ICJ's findings and UN practice, the paper calls for ending discriminatory measures, restoring legal safeguards, ensuring transparency, and advancing third-state non-recognition and accountability.

Children all over the world are subjected to torture, but few are identified as victims of these actions. Knowledge that facilitates identification, documentation, and treatment of torture injuries in children can allow redress and rehabilitation for more children in need. To synthesise research regarding screening, documentation, and treatment of child survivors of torture. A systematic literature review was conducted. A total of 4795 titles and/or abstracts were screened, of which 80 articles were included. Grey literature was also included. Screening for torture exposure usually consisted of questions that were included in trauma questionnaires. Questions about perpetrators in the traumatic events were missing from more than half of the studies. Although children were screened mainly for psychological injuries, it was primarily physical injuries that were documented. The evidence on treatment effects was limited. However, there was a tendency that Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) and Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) significantly reduced PTSD up to three months to one year after the end of treatment. Treatments with individual and group-based formats, as well as those with normal and more intensified approaches, were found to have an effect on PTSD.