The mining sector is undergoing a major transformation, as it moves shifting from traditional, labor-intensive methods to adopting digital technologies within the framework of Industry 4.0. Machine learning (ML), artificial intelligence (AI), and robotics are emerging as key innovative tools to improve safety, operational efficiency, and sustainability across the entire mining value-chain, from exploration and mineral processing to mineral characterization and environmental management. The integration of AI and ML with spectroscopic techniques has revolutionized the mining industry by enhancing efficiency, accuracy, throughput, and operational performance. This review discusses recent advances in AI, ML, and robotics applications in mining processes and mineral characterization. It explores the influence and highlights the integration of ML tools such as ANN, PCA, k-NN, and SVM with advanced analytical chemistry techniques, including XRF, XRD, SEM-EDX, LIBS, ICP-OES, ICP-MS, LA-ICP-MS, and HSI for mineral identification. Additionally, a bibliometric analysis using Scopus publications over the past 20 years provides insights into research trends and hotspots, providing recent insights into publication patterns and research. The review further offers an overview of recent technological developments, economic benefits, policy implication changes, and future directions, while emphasizing gaps related to the standardization of prospects for mining, demonstrating substantial growth in the integration of AI-driven analytical technologies within the analytical chemistry characterization of minerals, while also highlighting gaps related to the standardization of technologies.
Rare-earth high-entropy oxides (RE-HEOs) represent a distinct class of entropy-stabilized ceramics in which multiple lanthanide cations occupy a common crystallographic sublattice, generating strong chemical disorder, lattice distortion, and complex defect landscapes. Unlike transition-metal-based high-entropy oxides, RE-HEOs are governed by localized 4f electronic states, weak crystal-field coupling, and variable redox chemistry, leading to emergent structural, electronic, magnetic, and optical phenomena that challenge conventional solid-state descriptions. This review provides a physics-oriented analysis of RE-HEOs, focusing on the thermodynamic foundations of configurational entropy stabilization, the interplay between enthalpy, entropy, and kinetic trapping, and the consequences of severe chemical disorder for crystal structure and phase stability. We review how lattice distortion, oxygen vacancy disorder, and cation randomness modify phonon spectra, ionic transport pathways, and electronic structures, with particular emphasis on the role of localized 4f states, defect-induced in-gap levels, and disorder-broadened excitation spectra. Spectroscopic manifestations of disorder including crystal-field relaxation, line broadening, lifetime modification, and energy transfer processes are discussed within a unified framework linking local symmetry breaking to macroscopic response. We further discuss the optoelectronic properties of RE-HEOs, including photoluminescence from intra-4f transitions, upconversion mechanisms, and disorder-induced modifications of radiative lifetimes and quantum efficiency. The application landscape spans both energy conversion (electrocatalysis, solid oxide fuel cells, thermal barrier coatings) and optoelectronic technologies (phosphors, scintillators, optical thermometry, and anti-counterfeiting). Likewise, we assess theoretical and computational approaches, including density functional theory with strong correlation corrections, statistical thermodynamics, and emerging machine-learning models, highlighting their ability and current limitations in capturing disorder-driven physics in multi-component oxides. Finally, we identify open questions central to condensed-matter physics, including the nature of entropy-stabilized metastability, the limits of band theoretical descriptions in highly disordered 4f systems, and the role of configurational entropy in tuning electron-phonon and defect interactions. By consolidating experimental and theoretical insights, this review establishes RE-HEOs as a platform for exploring disorder-dominated solid-state physics beyond conventional crystalline oxides.
Since the discovery of Schiff bases over one and a half centuries ago, there has been tremendous research activity in the design of various Schiff bases and examination of their diverse structures and versatile applications. This family of compounds has continued to captivate many research groups due to the simplicity of their synthesis through the condensation of amines with carbonyl compounds. While conventional synthesis has been the most widely used, green synthetic methodologies have been also explored for this reaction, including sonication, microwave-assisted, natural acid-catalyzed and mechanochemical syntheses as well as utilizing ionic liquid solvents or deep eutectic solvents. Schiff bases have been utilized as excellent ligands for coordination to transition metals and late transition metals (lanthanides and actinides). These Schiff base compounds can be mono-, di-, or polydentate ligands. The aim of this review is to examine the biological applications of Schiff base complexes over the past decade with particular focus on their antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activity. Schiff base complexes have been found effective in combating bacterial and fungal infections with numerous examples in the literature. The review addressed this area by focusing on the very recent examples while using tables to summarize the vast breadth of research according to the metallic moieties. Viruses have continued to be a target of many researchers in light of their continuous mutations and impact on human health, and therefore some examples of Schiff base complexes with antiviral activity are described. Cancer continues to be among the leading causes of death worldwide. In this article, the use of Schiff base complexes for, and the mechanisms associated with, their anticancer activity are highlighted. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or intercalation with DNA base pairs leading to cell cycle arrest were the main mechanisms described. While there have been some efforts made to use Schiff base complexes as antidiabetic or anti-inflammatory agents, there are limited examples when compared with antimicrobial and anticancer studies. The conclusion of this review highlights the emerging areas of research and future perspectives with an emphasis on the potential uses of Schiff bases in the treatment of infectious and noninfectious diseases.
Self-luminescence imaging, which eliminates the need for external excitation, offers a compelling advantage in bioimaging by providing superior signal-to-background ratios for visualizing deep-seated biological structures and events. The performance of this advanced technique hinges on the properties of its self-luminous probes. Among various options, small-molecule organic probes (SOMSPs) have emerged as a promising class due to their exceptional molecular programmability, high sensitivity, and tunable optical characteristics. Recent breakthroughs in novel SOMSP design, their synergistic integration with advanced nanomaterials, and innovative combinations with therapeutic modalities have further amplified their sensitivity, selectivity, and versatility in diverse biomedical applications. This provides a comprehensive synthesis of the current state-of-the-art in organic small-molecule probes for self-luminescence techniques, with a specific focus on chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, and afterglow luminescence. We delineate key interdisciplinary strategies for their design and optimization, highlighting their broad applications in cancer diagnosis and targeted therapy, as well as real-time neuronal activity monitoring. Finally, we discuss the persistent challenges and offer a forward-looking perspective on future directions to accelerate the clinical translation of SOMSP-based self-luminescence imaging, bridging fundamental materials science with advanced biomedical engineering.
Gas sensing is vital for environmental monitoring, safety, and healthcare. This review highlights the role of noncovalent interactions, hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, and electrostatic forces in enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of metal-coordinated complexes (MCCs) in gas sensors. These reversible interactions enable rapid, real-time detection through measurable changes in properties. For example, hydrogen bonding in amino-functionalized metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) enhances the detection of ammonia, and π-π stacking in phthalocyanine films aids in identifying aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene. Open metal sites in frameworks allow electrostatic gas binding, affecting electrical resistance, while perturbing the coordination sphere in porphyrins enables optical sensing. This review encompasses MCC platforms, ranging from Schiff base complexes to 3D MOFs and 2D materials, and highlights their tunable properties for gases such as VOCs, CO2, SO2, and CH4, as well as other gases. Despite the advantages of reversibility and quick response, challenges include environmental stability and complex interactions. Future directions involve integrating machine learning for data analysis and developing durable hybrid materials to improve sensing performance technology.
Triazoles, a captivating class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, have emerged as pivotal players in contemporary chemistry, drawing significant attention for their exceptional versatility and wide-ranging applications. They have become essential building blocks in modern chemistry, exhibiting remarkable adaptability in a multiple areas of utility. Artificial intelligence (AI)-driven drug discovery in medicinal chemistry has sped up the process of finding bioactive triazole derivatives with improved therapeutic potential. Green chemistry techniques, such as metal-free protocols, ionic liquid-mediated synthesis, and click chemistry, have transformed their synthesis, which guarantees sustainability, effectiveness, and low environmental impact. Beyond the pharmaceutical industry, triazoles are essential to next-generation material science, helping to create anticorrosion coatings, biosensors, and high-performance solar cells. Their incorporation into organic electronics and nanotechnology has led to revolutionary breakthroughs in several industries by greatly enhancing energy storage systems, protective coatings, and sensor sensitivity. As studies continue, combining artificial intelligence and environmentally friendly synthesis techniques broadens the range of triazole applications, confirming their position as essential facilitators of scientific and technological advancement. These advancements not only streamline the creation of triazole derivatives but also expand the scope of their applications, propelling research and development across multiple domains.
Targeted drug delivery systems effectively solve the problem of off-target toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs by combining chemotherapeutic drugs with antibodies or peptides, thereby promoting drug targeting to the tumor site and bringing further hope for cancer treatment. The development of stimulus-responsive smart linkage technologies has led to the emergence of drug conjugates. Linkage technologies play a crucial role in the design, synthesis, and in vivo circulation of drug conjugates, as they determine the release of cytotoxic drugs from the conjugates and their subsequent therapeutic efficacy. This article reviews some of the smart linkage strategies used in designing drug conjugates, with a focus on the tumor microenvironment and exogenous stimuli as conditions influencing controlled drug release. This review introduces linker classifications and cleavage mechanisms, discusses modular linkers that promote the efficient synthesis of conjugates, and discusses the differences between linkage strategies. Furthermore, this article focuses on the implementation of self-assembly in drug conjugates, which is currently of great interest. Related concepts are introduced and relevant examples of their applications are provided. Furthermore, a comprehensive discourse is presented on the challenges that may arise in the research and clinical implementation of diverse linkage strategies, along with the associated enhancement measures. Finally, the factors that should be considered when designing linkage strategies for drug conjugates are summarized, offering strategies and ideas for scientists involved in drug conjugate research. It is particularly noteworthy that appropriate linkage strategies allow for the intracellular release of drugs after internalization of the conjugates, thereby maximizing their tumor cell-killing effect.
Phytosphingosine, a type of sphingolipids, has gained significant attention due to their diverse biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and immunomodulatory properties. These bioactive lipids, predominantly found in plant sources, play crucial roles in cellular signaling and membrane structure. In recent years, the chemical synthesis of phytosphingosine and other sphingolipids have become a major focus in organic chemistry due to the increasing demand for these molecules in pharmacological research and drug development. The synthesis of sphingosine has been extensively reported and is relatively straightforward to implement. However, the synthesis of phytosphingosine is more complex due to the presence of additional chiral centers, leading to a greater diversity of synthetic methods. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in synthetic methodologies for phytosphingosine and its analogs, including asymmetric synthesis and total synthesis using chiral auxiliaries and catalysts. By summarizing recent chemical synthesis advancements, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers interested in the biological activities and synthetic aspects of phytosphingosine and other sphingolipids.
The development of cost-effective, high-accuracy MXene-based electrode devices is a promising approach for monitoring brain activity. The high conductivity and controllable surface chemistry make MXenes viable for neural stimulation and recording applications. In this review article of MXene integration into neural devices, we analyze the role of MXenes in advancing next-generation brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). High-resolution neural interfaces can be studied through cognitive rehabilitation investigations that examine real-time signal decoding capabilities and feedback systems in these devices. In addition to a summary of recent experimental findings from in vitro and in vivo models, the article also discusses engineering strategies for optimizing MXene-based systems for neural applications. The clinical implementation of future technologies must address challenges related to material stability and compatibility with biological tissues, as well as device miniaturization requirements. This investigation aims to evaluate MXenes as transformative materials that could drive breakthroughs in neural interface technology while advancing brain-machine interface functionality.
Acyl and aroyl hydrazones are hydrazine derivatives with unique structural variations and multiple applications in various disciplines, including medicinal chemistry, materials, and agrochemicals research. The presence of numerous reactive sites in acyl hydrazones established it as a privileged structure class in organic chemistry and, hence, serve as an important intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceutically significant compounds. The intrinsic nature of the acylhydrazone group leads to various dynamic processes, including conformational, configurational, and tautomeric interconversions. Their dynamic behavior in organic frameworks is mainly attributed to hindered rotation around the imine C=N bond and -CONH- amide bond. It is crucial to comprehend the geometrical and conformational behavior of hydrazone derivatives in order to understand their structural attributes, reactivity, and interactions with other molecules. This review article provides an in-depth and up-to-date examination of the geometrical and conformational properties of acyl and aroyl hydrazones showcasing chronological progression of advancements in N-acyl/aroyl hydrazones (NAHs) over time spanning from 1955 to 2025. The insights gained from this analysis will be a helpful resource for researchers and chemists working on designing and developing new compounds with improved characteristics for various applications in chemistry and medicine.
Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound from Curcuma longa, has many biological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective properties. However, its use in food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical systems is limited owing to poor water solubility, chemical instability, fast metabolism, and very low oral bioavailability. To address these issues, various formulation strategies have been created. Microencapsulation is one of the most effective methods for improving the stability, bioaccessibility, and controlled release of curcumin. At the same time, computational tools such as molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations have become more important for understanding curcumin-carrier interactions and predicting formulation stability at the molecular level. Although both experimental encapsulation techniques and in silico modeling are well-established, research in these areas often occurs separately, leading to fragmented understanding of curcumin delivery systems. This review offers a detailed analysis of curcumin research by connecting its physicochemical properties and degradation pathways with microencapsulation strategies and computational modeling. Key encapsulation techniques such as spray drying, ionotropic gelation, complex coacervation, and nanostructured delivery systems are examined in terms of their mechanisms, benefits, drawbacks, and uses. Additionally, recent progress in molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations is discussed to emphasize their growing role in helping choose carriers and design formulations. By linking formulation science with predictions at the molecular level, this review presents a framework to promote the development of effective, stable, and bioavailable curcumin-based delivery systems for food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical purposes.
This review systematically analyzes recent advances in transition metal-catalyzed carbene and nitrene insertion into unactivated aliphatic C(sp3)-H bonds through inner-sphere mechanisms, offering a critical synthesis of mechanistic insights and synthetic applications from 2016 to 2024. By contrasting inner- and outer-sphere pathways, we elucidate how metal-substrate coordination governs regioselectivity, catalyst design, and substrate compatibility. Key discussions focus on breakthroughs in Rh(III), Pd(II), Co(III), Ir(III), and Ni(II) catalytic systems, emphasizing their distinct electronic and steric control strategies for directing C-H activation and migratory insertion. Notable achievements include the functionalization of sterically hindered substrates, enantioselective aminations via chiral ligand engineering, and cascade transformations enabled by metal-mediated β-elimination. We highlight emerging trends in sustainable catalysis using earth-abundant metals (e.g., Co, Ni), while addressing persistent challenges such as directing group dependency, catalyst deactivation, and limited substrate scope. The review further proposes strategic frameworks for future innovation, including (1) computational ligand optimization to enhance regiochemical control, (2) transient directing group strategies for native functional group tolerance, and (3) bifunctional catalyst design to differentiate electronically equivalent C-H bonds. By bridging mechanistic understanding with practical synthetic goals, this work establishes a roadmap for advancing precision C(sp3)-H functionalization in complex molecule synthesis and industrial applications.
Photocatalytic technologies are essential for addressing energy and environmental challenges. Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have emerged as promising photocatalysts owing to their adjustable bandgaps, high efficiency, and broad visible-light absorption capabilities. However, despite their potential, MHPs encounter obstacles that impede their effective use. These challenges include the necessity to maintain stability in aqueous and oxygen-rich environments as well as at elevated temperatures. Moreover, issues such as electron-hole recombination and limited oxidation activity during photocatalytic processes present significant hurdles that must be overcome for the successful application of MHPs. This review addresses the latest advancements in the application of MHPs for photocatalytic tasks, such as hydrogen production, carbon dioxide reduction, degradation of organic contaminants, and removal of nitrogen oxides. The first part of the review addresses the basic principles of photocatalysis, the crystalline structures, coordination environments, and distinguishing features of MHP photocatalysts. A range of strategies has been investigated to improve the performance of MHP photocatalysts and address challenges such as low stability, excessive charge recombination, and limited active sites. These strategies involve controlling morphology, forming heterojunctions, modifying surfaces or interfaces, and encapsulating the materials. The paper further examines the ongoing challenges and future prospects of MHP photocatalysts, highlighting their promising potential and significant role in a wide range of photocatalytic applications. Highlights Structures, properties, coordination environments, and basic principles of metal halide perovskite photocatalysts. Comprehensive summary of efficient photocatalytic strategies activity and stability of metal halide perovskites. Current progresses in the photocatalytic H2 generation, CO2 reduction, organics degradation, and NOx remediation. Current challenges and future prospective of metal halide perovskite as efficient photocatalysts.
Controlling the size of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has been critical in diagnostics, biomolecular sensing, targeted therapy, wastewater treatment, catalysis, and sensing applications. Ultrasmall AuNPs (uAuNPs), with sizes Ranging from 2 to 5 nm, and gold nanoclusters (AuNCs), with sizes less than 2 nm, are often dealt with interchangeably in the literature, making it challenging to review them separately. Although they are grouped in our discussion, their chemical and physical properties differ significantly, partly due to their electronic properties. The distinct optoelectronic properties of uAuNPs and AuNCs are usually not observed in gold metal and nanoparticles of larger sizes. Since small AuNPs tend to aggregate, several routes have been developed to prevent the formation of larger sizes, such as nucleation within porous materials. Controlling the particle size using synthesis methods is challenging, and uAuNPs and AuNCs can be fabricated simultaneously in the same preparation, necessitating separation and additional laboratory efforts. AuNCs can be stabilized by the prevalent soft ligands, such as phosphine and thiolate, unlike uAuNPs, in which a wide range of ligand sets can be used for stabilization. This review is organized around core sections concerning the synthesis, medical and environmental applications, and calculation studies of uAuNPs. It remains valuable to address the current stimulating market growth and potential market constraints when reviewing the expanding applications of AuNPs in the healthcare sector. A significant proportion of the synthesis processes involve the fabrication of uAuNPs and AuNCs in aqueous solutions. An obvious advantage of this work is that we focus on the medical and environmental applications, which often require water-dispersible nanoparticles. Calculation investigations explain the structural dynamics and importance of fine-tuning the size of uAuNPs to impart distinct properties. A notable control in the HOMO-LUMO energy gap, associated with the number of gold atoms, significantly affects their performance in various applications.
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are functional RNA molecules that do not code for proteins. Among these, circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent a recently identified class of endogenous ncRNAs with a pivotal role in gene regulation, alongside short ncRNAs (e.g., microRNAs or miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). CircRNAs are characterized by their single-stranded, covalently closed circular structure, which lacks polyadenylated tails and 5'-3' ends. This unique circular conformation makes them resistant to exonuclease degradation, rendering them more stable than linear RNAs, such as mRNAs in human blood cells, which highlights their potential as biomarkers. Both linear and circular RNAs are derived from pre-mRNA precursors. However, while linear RNAs are produced through conventional splicing, circRNAs are primarily formed through a process known as reverse splicing. CircRNAs can be categorized into five basic types: exon circRNAs, circular intronic RNAs, exon-intron circRNAs, intergenic circRNAs, and fusion circRNAs. These molecules have been shown to significantly influence key hallmarks of cancer, including sustained growth signaling, proliferation, angiogenesis, resistance to apoptosis, unlimited replicative potential, and metastasis. This article will delve into the biogenesis and functions of circRNAs, explore their roles in cancer, and discuss their potential applications as therapeutic options and diagnostic biomarkers.
The potential to conduct palladium-catalyzed Tsuji-Trost reactions in biological systems opens unprecedented opportunities to probe and manipulate cellular processes. However, implementing such transformations remains challenging due to the stringent requirements imposed by biocompatibility. To date, Tsuji-Trost allylation has not yet been successfully demonstrated in living cells, and in vivo applications remain unrealized, primarily due to the presumed incompatibility between traditional organic chemistry and the complex aqueous environments of biological systems. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made in this area over the past two decades. The successful execution of a Tsuji-Trost reaction in aqueous media requires careful consideration of several key factors, including the choice of catalyst, ligand, leaving group, and nucleophile, as well as the influence of water on reactivity and selectivity. In this review, we highlight the latest advancements in biocompatible palladium-catalyzed Tsuji-Trost-type reactions, with a particular focus on deprotection and allylation reactions conducted in aqueous environments and in living systems. Further development of in vivo Tsuji-Trost allylation is expected in the near future.
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a nonmetalic semiconductor photocatalytic material that has attracted widespread attention in the field of photocatalysis owing to its advantages, including abundant raw material sources, environmental friendliness, good cyclic stability, and ease of structural control. Currently, various methods are available for its preparation, including thermal polymerization, template-assisted synthesis, solvothermal synthesis, and chemical vapor deposition. By adjusting parameters such as pyrolysis temperature and time, the morphology of g-C3N4 can be effectively controlled. However, pure g-C3N4 still faces challenges, including high carrier recombination rates and limited utilization of visible light, resulting in relatively low photocatalytic activity. To overcome these limitations, various modification strategies have been studied extensively and analyzed the pathways for source modification on the basis of this mechanism. It outlines mainstream preparation methods and recent advances in modification research, evaluating the strengths and limitations of different strategies. Drawing on recent case studies, this discussion examines the advantages and constraints of various synthesis approaches, and links modification strategies to their respective application fields. Finally, future research directions for enhancing photocatalytic performance are proposed, aiming to provide theoretical insights and technical support for further research and practical applications of this material in photocatalysis.
Doxorubicin is an anthracycline-class medication with a broad spectrum of antitumor activity, although significant adverse cardiac toxicity limits its use. This dictates the need for its encapsulation in drug delivery systems, as nanoparticles can eliminate cardiac toxicity and enhance tumor uptake. This review focuses on advances in inorganic/polymeric nanocarrier engineering that can (1) provide sites for doxorubicin immobilization, (2) ensure colloidal stability, and (3) allow multifunctional capabilities for synergistic cancer treatment. Focusing mainly on polymeric and polymer-capped inorganic nanomaterials owing to their high control over composition, we describe approaches to obtain nanoparticles for synergistic chemotherapy using doxorubicin in combination with magnetic hyperthermia, photothermal, and photodynamic cancer therapies. In addition, the review outlines selected chemical routes for the synthesis of the macromolecules required for efficient doxorubicin incorporation. The prospects for the use of doxorubicin carriers as theranostics described in this review underscore the need for innovation in carrier design for efficient cancer therapy.
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline, porous polymers with tunable architectures, high surface areas, and robust chemical stability, making them promising platforms for chemical sensing. This review surveys recent advances in luminescent COFs (LCOFs) for the selective detection of hazardous contaminants via fluorescence-based mechanisms, including photo-induced electron transfer and energy transfer. Representative studies discuss ultra-low detection limits for UO22+, Hg2+, and Pb2+, along with rapid response times, high adsorption capacities, and strong recyclability. Sensitivity and selectivity are further enhanced through functionalization strategies such as amidoxime grafting, lanthanide incorporation, and linkage engineering. Beyond actinide sensing, LCOFs have demonstrated effectiveness toward mercury, lead, nitro-aromatic explosives, and biological markers, underscoring their functional versatility. Despite these advances, key challenges persist, including scalable synthesis, structural stability in complex matrices, and integration into deployable sensing devices. Future progress leveraging hybrid material systems, computation-guided design, and portable detection platforms could position LCOFs as transformative tools for environmental monitoring, nuclear safety, and public health protection.
Gases are integral to Earth's climate and ecosystem balance, but human activity has significantly altered atmospheric composition by increasing greenhouse gas emissions. In 2025, carbon dioxide emissions were estimated at around 39-41 billion tons, reflecting a continued increase. Emissions of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide were expected to remain close to 2.5 billion tons, 100 million tons, and 25 million metric tons, respectively. Hydrogen sulfide emissions decreased to 15 million tons compared with the previous year. These numbers underscore the challenge of addressing human-induced climate changes. Sorbents, particularly metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), have been used in literature for their gas sorption applications. Over the past decade, modified frameworks have been explored for their potential in gas sorption by combining the advantages of the different materials involved. The properties of these frameworks can be tailored by using various functional groups, metal ions, and polymer matrices. The structures of MOFs and COFs, their synthesis methods, and gas sorption applications are discussed. In addition, the applications of modified MOFs and COFs in gas sorption and separation (CO2 sorption from flue gas, hydrocarbon separation, separation of hydrocarbons, and iodine capture from nuclear waste), detection (NO2 sensing), and reduction (SO2 to reduced sulfur components) are discussed. It also explores the emerging aspects of enhancing gas sensing and capturing abilities of MOFs and COFs, analyzing their performance under different conditions of temperature, pressure, and relative humidity. The study addresses the challenges faced by existing frameworks and suggests directions for developing better materials.