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The concept of mental health, given its polysemic nature and its imprecise borders, benefits from a historical perspective to be better understood. What today is broadly understood by “mental health” can have its origins tracked back to developments in public health, in clinical psychiatry and in other branches of knowledge. Although references to mental health as a state can be found in the English language well before the 20th century, technical references to mental health as a field or discipline are not found before 1946. During that year, the International Health Conference, held in New York, decided to establish the World Health Organization (WHO) and a Mental Health Association was founded in London. Before that date, found are references to the corresponding concept of “mental hygiene”, which first appeared in the English literature in 1843, in a book entitled Mental hygiene or an examination of the intellect and passions designed to illustrate their influence on health and duration of life 1. Moreover, in 1849, “healthy mental and physical development of the citizen” had already been included as the first objective of public health in a draft law submitted to the Berlin Society of Physicians and Surgeons 2. In 1948, the WHO was created and in the same year the first International Congress on Mental Health took place in London. At the second session of the WHO's Expert Committee on Mental Health (September 11–16, 1950), “mental health” and “mental hygiene” were defined as follows 3: “Mental hygiene refers to all the activities and techniques which encourage and maintain mental health. Mental health is a condition, subject to fluctuations due to biological and social factors, which enables the individual to achieve a satisfactory synthesis of his own potentially conflicting, instinctive drives; to form and maintain harmonious relations with others; and to participate in constructive changes in his social and physical environment.” However, a clear and widely accepted definition of mental health as a discipline was (and is) still missing. Significantly, the Dorland's Medical Dictionary does not carry an entry on mental health, whereas the Campbell's Dictionary of Psychiatry gives it two meanings: first, as a synonym of mental hygiene and second, as a state of psychological wellbeing. The Oxford English Dictionary defines mental hygiene as a set of measures to preserve mental health, and later refers to mental health as a state. These lexicographic concepts nonetheless, more and more mental health is employed in the sense of a discipline (e.g., sections/divisions in health ministries or secretaries, or departments in universities), with an almost perfect replacement of mental hygiene. In addition, given this polysemic nature of mental health, its delimitation in relation to psychiatry (understood as the medical specialty concerned with the study, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders or diseases) is not always clear. There is a more or less widespread effort to set mental health at least aside from psychiatry and at most as an overarching concept with encompasses psychiatry. The origin of the mental hygiene movement can be attributed to the work of Clifford Beers in the USA. In 1908 he published A mind that found itself 4, a book based on his personal experience of admissions to three mental hospitals. The book had a great repercussion and in the same year a Mental Hygiene Society was established in Connecticut. The term “mental hygiene” had been suggested to Beers by Adolf Meyer 5 and enjoyed a quick popularity thanks to the creation in 1909 of the National Commission of Mental Hygiene. From 1919 onwards, the internationalization of activities of this Commission led to the establishment of some national associations concerned with mental hygiene: in France 6 and South Africa 7 in 1920, in Italy 8 and Hungary 9 in 1924. From these national associations the International Committee on Mental Hygiene was created and later superseded by the World Federation of Mental Health. The mental hygiene movement, in its origins and reflecting Beers’ experience in mental hospitals, was primarily and basically concerned with the improvement of the care of people with mental disorders. In Beers’ own words: “When the National Committee was organized, in 1909, its chief concern was to humanize the care of the insane: to eradicate the abuses, brutalities and neglect from which the mentally sick have traditionally suffered.” 4. It was at a later stage that the Committee enlarged its program to include the “milder forms of mental disability” and a greater concern with preventive work. The rationale behind this shift was the belief that “mental disorders frequently have their beginnings in childhood and youth and that preventive measures are most effective in early life”, and that environmental conditions and modes of living produce mental ill health. By 1937, the US National Committee for Mental Hygiene stated that it sought to achieve its purposes by: a) promoting early diagnosis and treatment; b) developing adequate hospitalization; c) stimulating research; d) securing public understanding and support of psychiatric and mental hygiene activities; e) instructing individuals and groups in the personal application of mental hygiene principles; and f) cooperating with governmental and private agencies whose work touches at any point the field of mental hygiene. Thus, the mental hygiene movement had initially a para-psychiatric nature, directing its efforts towards the improvement of psychiatric care. The inclusion of preventive activities among its interests did not distinguish it from psychiatry: the movement aimed at maximizing what was accepted and proposed by the most advanced psychiatrists of the epoch in the USA, most of whom followed a psychoanalytical orientation. According to the group which launched it, the mental hygiene movement “visualized, not a single patient, but a whole community; and it considered each member of that community as an individual whose mental and emotional status was determined by definite causative factors and whose compelling need was for prevention rather than cure. The Mental Hygiene Movement, then, bears the same relation to psychiatry that the public-health movement, of which it forms a part, bears to medicine in general. It is an organized community response to a recognized community need.” 4. On the other hand, it was also stated that: “At the present time both psychiatrists and mental hygienists are more than ever conscious that their objectives are in fact identical and that each group needs the other for the fulfilment of their common task.” 4. From its very beginning, the WHO has always had an administrative section specially dedicated to mental health, as an answer to requests from its Member States. The first Report of the WHO's Director General 10, in its English version, refers to an administrative section called “Mental Health”. However, the French version of the same report calls it “Hygiène Mentale”. Well until the 1960s we find hygiène as the French translation of health in some WHO publications and in some instances we find also mental hygiene used interchangeably with mental health in the English version of some documents. The volume no. 9 of the WHO's series Public Health Papers was published in 1961 in English with the title Teaching of Psychiatry and Mental Health 11, in 1962 in French with the title L'enseignement de la Psychiatrie et de l'Hygiène Mentale 12 and in 1963 in Spanish with the title Enseñanza de la Psiquiatria y de la Salud Mental 13. In the preamble to the WHO Constitutions, it was stated that “health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” 14, a now widely quoted definition. This definition is clearly a holistic one, intended to overcome the old dichotomies of body vs. mind and physical vs. psychic. It is also a pragmatic one, insofar as it incorporates into medicine a social dimension, gradually developed in Europe during the 19th century. It should be noted that mental, in WHO's definition of health (as well as physical and social) refers to dimensions of a state and not to a specific domain or discipline. Therefore, according to this concept, it is incongruous to refer to physical health, mental health or social health. Should one wish to specify a particular dimension, the most appropriate noun to designate it should be wellbeing and not health (e.g., mental wellbeing or social wellbeing). This negligent use of the word health seems to have been also in operation when mental hygiene (a social movement, or a domain of activity) was replaced by mental health (originally intended to designate a state and later transformed in a particular domain or field of activity). The First International Congress of Mental Health was organized in London by the British National Association for Mental Hygiene from 16 to 21 August, 1948. Starting as an International Conference on Mental Hygiene, it ended with a series of recommendations on mental health. Throughout the proceedings of the conference, hygiene and health, qualifying mental, are used interchangeably, sometimes in the same paragraph, without any clear conceptual distinction. However, in the 17 pages of the recommendations of the conference, hygiene is very sparingly used. At the end of the congress, the International Committee on Mental Hygiene was superseded by the World Federation for Mental Health. In addition to the wording employed in the proceedings of that congress, gradually replacing hygiene by health, some of its recommendations were also influential at other levels. An example is recommendation 6 to the WHO that “as soon as practicable, an advisory expert committee be established, composed of professional personnel in the field of mental health and human relations”. The conference had been convened under the theme “Mental Health and World Citizenship”. From a conceptual point of view, nevertheless, and perhaps reflecting an immediately post-war situation, discussions over world citizenship prevailed over those on mental health. Only one concept of mental health was put forward, by J.C. Flugel, Chairman of the Conference's Programme Committee: “Mental health is regarded as a condition which permits the optimal development, physical, intellectual and emotional, of the individual, so far as this is compatible with that of other individuals.” 15. Echoing concerns about the absence, or rather limited number of, participants from places such as Far East, South America and the Soviet Union, the hope was expressed that “mental health as understood in Western countries [is not] necessarily at variance with the sense in which it is understood in other countries” 15. In a more detailed way, some delegates elaborated on what was summarized as the “four levels of mental health work: custodial, therapeutic, preventive and positive” 15. It is not difficult to see a considerable overlapping between this proposal and the one already implemented by the mental hygiene movement. At the closing session, O.L. Forel, Lecturer in Psychiatry at the University of Geneva, answering to criticisms that mental hygiene, as understood in that conference, went beyond the medical and scientific framework, made a clearly political (in Plato's sense) statement by saying that: “I dare hope to be your interpreter in expressing our pride that so many scientists came here not at all to develop their respective sciences, but to have them at men's service” 15. Reading through the proceedings of this congress gives one a feeling of the tensions between a pragmatic approach, developed by the mental hygiene movement (basically defended by delegates from the USA), and a more politically-oriented approach, proposed by other participants, perhaps translating the experiences of some delegates from European countries, which had severely suffered from the war. In the end this latter approach prevailed, with the transformation of the mental hygiene movement into the mental health movement. Perhaps as a reflection of this basically political movement, in 1949 the National Institute of Mental Health started its activities in the USA. After half a century of the mental health, and almost a century of the mental hygiene movements, some developments can be perceived. On a more general level, the WHO's very concept of health has been recently questioned; formulated half a century ago, it is no longer felt by some as much appropriate to the current situation 16,17. On the whole, mental health continues to be used both to designate a state, a dimension of health — an essential element in the definition of health — and to refer to the movement derived from the mental hygiene movement, corresponding to the application of psychiatry to groups, communities and societies, rather than on an individual basis, as is the case with clinical psychiatry. However, mental health is, quite unfortunately, still viewed by many as a discipline, either as a synonym of psychiatry, or as one of its complementary fields. A recent trend has been the addition of the qualifier public to either mental health or to psychiatry, as it can be seen in a WHO document entitled Public mental health 18, or in a journal named Psiquiatría Pública, published in Spain since 1989. This is very much in line with the concept of mental health as a movement rather than a discipline. In 2001, the WHO dedicated its annual report (The World Health Report - Mental health: new knowledge, new hope) to mental health 19. In that same year, the theme of the World Health Day was Stop Exclusion — Dare to Care, a quite clear political statement, that I am sure would have immensely pleased Clifford Beers. In the message from the WHO Director-General that opens that report, Gro H. Brundtland summarizes the three main knowledge areas covered by the document: a) effectiveness of prevention and treatment, b) service planning and provision, and c) policies to break down stigma and discrimination and adequate funds for prevention and treatment. If one allows for the semantic variations between the beginnings of the 20th and the 21st centuries, the same concerns of the origins of the mental hygiene movement, discussed earlier on, can be found in the mental health content of the World Health Report. Perhaps the biggest difference between these two political platforms is the emphasis on the improvement of hospital care in the former (the only form of treatment available by then), and the contemporary emphasis on distancing mental health from psychiatric hospitals and placing it in the community. However, one must admit that, unfortunately, what was high in Beers’ agenda in 1909, namely, an improvement in the standards of mental health care and an eradication of the abuses to which people with mental disorders are usually subject, is still a major concern of the most progressive and advanced agenda of people interested in the promotion of mental health around the world. The constructive comments provided on an earlier version of this paper by I. Levav and B. Saraceno are gratefully acknowledged by the author.

The Effect of Finasteride on the Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Microvessel Density: A Possible Mechanism for Decreased Prostatic Bleeding in Treated Patients

The Journal of Urology2003-01-01作者：Gyan Pareek, Maria Shevchuk, Noel A. Armenakas

No AccessJournal of UrologyCLINICAL UROLOGY: Original Articles1 Jan 2003The Effect of Finasteride on the Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Microvessel Density: A Possible Mechanism for Decreased Prostatic Bleeding in Treated Patients GYAN PAREEK, MARIA SHEVCHUK, NOEL A. ARMENAKAS, LJILJANA VASJOVIC, DAVID A. HOCHBERG, JAY B. BASILLOTE, and JOHN A. FRACCHIA GYAN PAREEKGYAN PAREEK , MARIA SHEVCHUKMARIA SHEVCHUK , NOEL A. ARMENAKASNOEL A. ARMENAKAS , LJILJANA VASJOVICLJILJANA VASJOVIC , DAVID A. HOCHBERGDAVID A. HOCHBERG , JAY B. BASILLOTEJAY B. BASILLOTE , and JOHN A. FRACCHIAJOHN A. FRACCHIA View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64025-6AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract Purpose: Several studies have confirmed the benefit of finasteride in limiting hematuria from benign prostatic hyperplasia. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent stimulator of angiogenesis, and microvessel density have been independently evaluated in the mechanism of decreased bleeding observed in patients treated with finasteride. We evaluated the expression of VEGF and suburethral prostatic microvessel density in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia treated with finasteride. Materials and Methods: The study included 24 patients undergoing prostatic surgery for benign disease, of whom 12 were given finasteride for a minimum of 6 weeks before surgery and the remaining 12 served as controls. Sections from the prostatic urothelium and hyperplastic prostate were individually stained for CD34 specific for nascent blood vessels and VEGF. Analysis of each specimen was performed in a blinded fashion. Microvessel density was calculated by counting the number of positively stained blood vessels on 10 consecutive, nonoverlapping, high power fields within the suburethral and hyperplastic prostate compartments. VEGF expression was examined by immunohistochemistry. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using Student's t test. Results: Prostatic suburethral VEGF expression and microvessel density were significantly lower in the finasteride group compared to controls (p <0.05). Differences in VEGF expression and microvessel density at the level of the hyperplastic prostate were not found to be significantly different between the 2 groups. Conclusions: Decreased expression of VEGF by finasteride inhibits angiogenesis and significantly decreases microvessel density in prostatic suburethral tissue. This sequential relationship provides histochemical insight into the mechanism by which finasteride reduces prostatic urethral bleeding. 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Escudero J, Alcina E, de Campos M, Benlloch F, Ballester F and Vidal E (2009) Eficacia de la fotovaporización prostática con láser verde en el tratamiento de la hiperplasia prostática en pacientes en tratamiento con inhibidores de la 5-alfa-reductasaActas Urológicas Españolas, 10.1016/S0210-4806(09)72898-0, VOL. 33, NO. 9, (988-993), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2009. Kravchick S, Cytron S, Mamonov A, Peled R and Linov L (2009) Effect of Short-term Dutasteride Therapy on Prostate Vascularity in Patients With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Pilot StudyUrology, 10.1016/j.urology.2008.08.461, VOL. 73, NO. 6, (1274-1278), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2009. Hyun J, Cho K, Han D, Kim J and Chang Y (2009) The Effect of Finasteride on Microvessel Density and Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and 5α-Reductase in Prostatic HyperplasiaKorean Journal of Urology, 10.4111/kju.2009.50.10.947, VOL. 50, NO. 10, (947), . 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NO. 4, Online publication date: J and E Combination Therapy for the Management of Benign Prostatic VOL. 22, NO. 11, . G, N, L, A, R, C, D and D (2018) of Urology, VOL. NO. 4 Part 1, Online publication date: J and A The role of as in of the Urology Reports, VOL. 5, NO. 4, Online publication date: J, J, M, D and S A study to the and of finasteride for International, VOL. NO. D, J, F, Roehrborn C and R Does Finasteride the of the Prostate and Cancer Prostate VOL. 2, NO. 4, Online publication date: G, M, N, M and J (2015) The Effect of on Angiogenesis and Cellular in of the VOL. 4, NO. 1, Online publication date: J and A The role of as in of the Prostate Reports, VOL. 2, NO. 1, Online publication date: J and N How and role has International, VOL. NO. 1, Online publication date: 2003 by American Urological Association, growth Author GYAN PAREEK for Department of New York, New by MARIA SHEVCHUK by NOEL A. ARMENAKAS by LJILJANA VASJOVIC by DAVID A. HOCHBERG by JAY B. BASILLOTE by JOHN A. 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Molecular Biology Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Internal Medicine

Social capital

The World Bank eBooks1999-09-30作者：Partha Dasgupta, Ismail Serageldin

No AccessStand Alone Books1 Feb 2013Social capitalA multifaceted perspectiveAuthors/Editors: Partha Dasgupta and Ismail SerageldinPartha Dasgupta and Ismail Serageldinhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-4562-1SectionsAboutPDF (10.5 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:Social capital has quickly entered the common vernacular of our discussions about the "connectedness" of citizens to their community. It remains, however, a concept that is not easily defined. This is the impetus for this book, which presents theoretical and empirical studies of social capital by a roster of leading sociologists, economists, and political scientists. It is an outgrowth of a workshop held at the World Bank in April, 1997, which was devoted to exploring the concept of social capital through a multi-disciplinary forum. Twenty-one authors contributed to this collection, described by the editors as "a reasoned account of our current understanding of the concept." While the book is divided into sections of theoretical and empirical articles, some essays combine the two approaches. Some authors identify social capital with features of social organizations such as trust. Others think of it as an aggregate of behavioral norms. Some view it as social networks, and yet others think of it as a combination of them all. This multi-faceted treatment helps to explain why the literature on social capital has been so rich and fast-moving. FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited byExploring the Role of Socio-Cultural Factors on the Development of Human Capital in Multi-Ethnic RegionsSustainability, Vol.15, No.2130 October 2023Measuring household social capital in rural Vietnam using MIMIC approachCogent Economics & Finance, Vol.11, No.223 October 2023Global Digital Peripheries: The Social Capital Profile of Low‐Adopter CountriesSocial Inclusion, Vol.11, No.326 July 2023Surviving together: social cohesion and Covid-19 infections and mortality across the worldCritical Public Health, Vol.1118 July 2023Evaluating Collective Action for Effective Land Policy Reform in Developing Country Contexts: The Construction and Validation of Dimensions and IndicatorsLand, Vol.12, No.712 July 2023The dark side of social capital: a contextual perspectiveThe Annals of Regional Science, Vol.70, No.327 April 2022On intangible cultural capitalVoprosy Ekonomiki, No.55 May 2023Economic, social, and cultural capital and ESQ in academic achievement: A comparison of Afghan and Iranian studentsFrontiers in Psychology, Vol.1413 February 2023The Measurement of Social Capital in America: A ReassessmentSocial Indicators Research, Vol.165, No.18 October 2022The civic crime of corruption: Citizen networks and public sector bribery in the non-democraciesTheoretical Criminology, Vol.26, No.45 June 2022Asimilasi Sosial Kelompok Migran di Bekasi, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaJurnal Sains Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Masyarakat [JSKPM], Vol.6, No.431 July 2022Disentangling the impact of a multiple-component project on SDG dimensions: The case of durum wheat value chain development in Oromia (Ethiopia)World Development, Vol.153NEW DIGITAL PRACTICES AS AN EXTERNAL EFFECT OF SOCIAL CAPITALSociety and Security Insights, Vol.4, No.431 December 2021Tolerance and Compromise in Social NetworksJournal of Political Economy, Vol.130, No.1Social capital as a factor of territorial communities' sustainable development: behavioral aspectSocio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, No.1(153)Social Capital, Trust, and Economic Growth8 March 2022Disentangling Social Capital – Understanding the Effect of Bonding and Bridging on Urban Activity ParticipationSSRN Electronic Journal, Vol.59Sobriety, Social Capital, and Village Network StructuresSSRN Electronic Journal, Vol.44Impacts of sustainability and resilience research on risk governance, management and educationSustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, Vol.6, No.626 May 2019Social capital and the business models of financial cooperatives: Evidence from Japanese Shinkin banksFinancial Accountability & Management, Vol.37, No.427 January 2021SOCIAL CAPITAL REVISITED: CONCEPT AND MEASUREMENTSosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol.24, No.324 October 2021AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÜLKELERİNDE SOSYAL SERMAYE VE KONJONKTÜREL DALGALANMALAR İLİŞKİSİNİN ANALİZİErciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, No.5931 August 2021Combining topic models with bipartite blockmodelling to uncover the multifaceted nature of social capitalPLOS ONE, Vol.16, No.618 June 2021Social Capital and Large-Scale Agricultural Investments: An Experimental InvestigationThe Economic Journal, Vol.131, No.63312 May 2020Social Capital Framework for Iranian Audit FirmsIranian journal of Value and Behavioral Accounting, Vol.5, No.101 February 2021How Broad a Meaning Can "Capital" Acquire? Towards the Rigorous Comprehension of CapitalVirgil Madgearu Review of Economic Studies and Research, Vol.13, No.210 December 2020L'évolution de la fonction Supply Chain au sein de la gouvernance d'entreprise au prisme de « l'ambidextrie organisationnelle »Projectics / Proyéctica / Projectique, Vol.n°26, No.2Cooperation and Conflict in Segregated PopulationsSocial Science Computer Review, Vol.38, No.43 January 2019PUBLIC SECTOR REFORMS AND CONTEMPORARY REFORM CHALLENGES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA / Public Sector Reforms And Contemporary Reform Challenges To Sustainable Development In AfricaUluslararası Ekonomi İşletme ve Politika Dergisi, Vol.3, No.223 October 2019It Takes a Village: UN Peace Operations and Social Networks in Postconflict EnvironmentsPolitics & Gender, Vol.2730 July 2019Social Capital, an "Asset" for Community Tourism in EcuadorEvaluating the Asset Transfer Model in Facilitating Sustainable Livelihoods in Rural MalawiECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, No.1Can Socially Responsible Firms Survive Competition? An Analysis of Corporate Employee Matching Grant Schemes*Review of Finance, Vol.23, No.17 June 2017Exploring Linking Social Capital in Economic DevelopmentOptimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, Vol.6, No.115 January 2019Introduction12 February 2019Extended Concepts of Social Positioning26 June 2019Social Capital and Subjective Well-Being25 June 2019Measuring Social CapitalFamily Social Capital, Family Social Bonds, and Juvenile DelinquencyAmerican Behavioral Scientist, Vol.62, No.1110 July 20181990'lardan Günümüze Türkiye'de Sosyal Sermaye ve Sivil Toplum: Bölgeler Arası bir KarşılaştırmaAkdeniz Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi30 September 2018Understanding the dynamics between supervisor‐follower social capital, work engagement, and employees' creative work involvementCanadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration, Vol.35, No.21 December 2016Cooperativas, capital social y emprendimiento: Una perspectiva teóricaREVESCO. Revista de Estudios Cooperativos, Vol.1283 April 2018Social capital and fiscal performance in India during 1991-2012International Journal of Social Economics, Vol.45, No.1Human capital as socio-economic phenomenon of the innovation society: prerequisites of formation, essence and structureSHS Web of Conferences, Vol.5514 November 2018Association between maternal social capital and infant complementary feeding practices in rural EthiopiaMaternal & Child Nutrition, Vol.14, No.117 July 201718. Short food supply chains and shared value on the multifunctional farm: an analysis of determinants18 December 2017An anthropological reading of the policies of international development: export competitiveness as a conjunctural case studyDialectical Anthropology, Vol.41, No.211 May 2017Bowling Together: Mobilization of Collective Action by Environmental NGOsNonprofit Policy Forum, Vol.8, No.122 March 2017Introduction11 November 2017Understanding Digital Capital Within a User's Digital Technology Ecosystem11 November 2017Compliance, Global Ethos and Corporate Wisdom: Values Strategies as an Increasingly Critical Competitive Advantage6 January 2017Persistence of Jhum Cultivation: Social Capital and Labour Market2 September 2015Social Cohesion and Economic Growth: An Empirical InvestigationAustralian Economic Review, Vol.48, No.41 December 2015Trust and prosocial behaviour in a process of state capacity building: the case of the Palestinian territoriesJournal of Institutional Economics, Vol.11, No.0416 December 2014Getting Black Men to Undergo Prostate Cancer ScreeningAmerican Journal of Men's Health, Vol.9, No.512 August 2014Group-based Microcredit & Emergent Inequality in Social Capital: Why Socio-religious Composition MattersQualitative Sociology, Vol.38, No.28 April 2015Technology, values and sustainable developmentA lexitimidade social dos campos de golf andaluces mediante prácticas ambientais e a súa relación co desempeño: un estudo lonxitudinalRevista Galega de Economía, Vol.23, No.218 March 2015Steering healthcare service delivery: a regulatory perspectiveInternational Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, Vol.28, No.2Prolegomenon to a Structural Human Ecology of Human Well-BeingSociology of Development, Vol.1, No.1Bancarización y empoderamiento femeninoRevista Desarrollo y Sociedad, No.75CORRELATION ANALYSIS WITH THE MEASUREMENT OF THE RESIDENTS' SOCIAL CAPITAL BY RESOURCE GENERATOR AND THE EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY: A CASE STUDY OF ICHIHARA CITYJournal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. G (Environmental Research), Vol.71, No.6Relationale Korruption in der VR China. Institutionelle Grundlagen und ihre (Dys)Funktionalität für wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und WachstumLimits to Knowledge: Indigenous Peoples, NGOs, and the Moral Economy in the Eastern Amazon of BrazilConservation and Society, Vol.12, No.3Relational corruption in the PR China. Institutional foundations and its (Dys)-functionality for economic development and growthZeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft, Vol.7, No.S119 July 2013The processes of social capital and employee creativity: empirical evidence from intraorganizational networksThe International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol.24, No.20A confianza xeral en Galicia: unha aproximación á evolución do capital social e dos seus determinantesRevista Galega de Economía, Vol.22, No.11 January 1970Retaining the thin blue lineInternational Journal of Social Economics, Vol.40, No.5Dual order systems and SMEs' growth: three longitudinal cases from ChinaChinese Management Studies, Vol.7, No.1Social Capital and Shocks Coping Strategies8 December 2012Heterodox economics bypassing market fundamentalism using SIFEOn the Horizon, Vol.20, No.3Geographic Map of Sustainability in Italian Local SystemsRegional Studies, Vol.46, No.3Partnering with universities: a good choice for nanotechnology start-up firms?Small Business Economics, Vol.38, No.210 December 2009References25 September 2015Indigenous Welfare and Community-Based Social Development: Lessons from African InnovationsJournal of Community Practice, Vol.20, No.1-2Boom or Bust? Population Dynamics in Natural Resource-Dependent Counties9 September 2011The relationship between stress, strain and social capitalPolicing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Vol.34, No.3The Political and Economic Consequences of DecentralizationEnvironment and Planning C: Government and Policy, Vol.29, No.21 January 2011Le capital social « individuel », les réseaux « sociaux » et leurs liens avec le jeu économiqueRevue d'économie du développement, Vol.Vol. 18, No.4Une question de confiance : capital social et développement économiqueRevue d'économie du développement, Vol.Vol. 18, No.4Social Capital and the Equilibrium Number of EntrepreneursSSRN Electronic JournalSeeds of Distrust: Conflict in UgandaSSRN Electronic JournalAge, generation und social capitalA Tale of Two Scales: Evaluating the Relationship Among Life Satisfaction, Social Capital, Income, and the Natural Environment at Individual and Neighborhood Levels in Metropolitan BaltimoreEnvironment and Behavior, Vol.43, No.13 September 2009Sport business and social capital: a contradiction in terms?Sport in Society, Vol.13, No.91 December 2010La participation associative en France : une analyse longitudinaleÉconomie & prévision, Vol.n° 192, No.1Migration, Livelihood and Well-being: Evidence from Indian City SlumsUrban Studies, Vol.47, No.78 February 2010Capital social y desempeño económico. Un análisis para ArgentinaEstudios económicos, Vol.27, No.541 June 2010Differentiating Trust in Rural Decision-making, Drawing on an English Case StudySociologia Ruralis, Vol.50, No.224 December 2009References22 March 2012COMMUNITY ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG LOWER CASTES IN INDIA: A GRASSROOTS CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT UNDER CONDITIONS OF ADVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL UNCERTAINTYJournal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, Vol.14, No.04Social Entrepreneurship and Economic Development in Silicon ValleyNonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol.38, No.513 November 2008Estimating the Willingness to Pay for the Benefit of AES Using the Contingent Valuation MethodJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research, Vol.1, No.2Soziale Entwicklung. Die Rolle der Sozialen ArbeitMicrofoundations of Social CapitalSSRN Electronic JournalSocial Capital, Human Capital and the Community Mechanism: Toward a Conceptual Framework for EconomistsThe Journal of Development Studies, Vol.45, No.116 December 2008Multiple gossip statements and their effect on reputation and trustworthinessProceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol.275, No.165029 July 2008Measuring the Returns to Networking and the Accumulation of Social Capital: Any Evidence of Bonding, Bridging, or Linking?The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol.67, No.55 December 2008Innovation in social enterprise: achieving a user participation modelSocial Enterprise Journal, Vol.4, No.3The role of social capital in enhancing factor productivity: Does its erosion depress per capita GDP?The Journal of Socio-Economics, Vol.37, No.4Sustainable development and participatory practices in community forestry: the case of FUNDECOR in Costa RicaLocal Environment, Vol.13, No.4Does Land Property Structure Affect Local Development Patterns? Evidence from a Greek Tourist AreaUrban Studies, Vol.45, No.41 April 2008The Evolution of Trust in Non-Simultaneous Exchange SituationsRationality and Society, Vol.20, No.11 February 2008Debating Social Development: Strategies for Social DevelopmentSSRN Electronic JournalSocial Capital and Natural Resource ManagementThe Journal of Environment & Development, Vol.16, No.424 July 2016How to construct a robust measure of social capital: Two contributionsJournal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, Vol.9, No.37 August 2007Four Wrongs Can Make a Right: From Stocks of Social Capital to Competing Ways of LifePolitics & Policy, Vol.35, No.37 August 2007Economic Progress, Social Regress?Journal of Public Economic Theory, Vol.9, No.3The Perfidy of ModeratismInternational Review of Sociology, Vol.17, No.1Beyond social capital: A critical approachReview of Social Economy, Vol.65, No.1Unpacking social capital in Economic Development: How social relations matterReview of Social Economy, Vol.65, No.1THE EMERGENCE OF INSTITUTIONALISED SOCIAL DIALOGUE IN SOUTH AFRICASouth African Journal of Economics, Vol.75, No.123 April 2007Mitigating the Shadow of Conflict - The Role of Social and Human Capital for the Reduction of ConflictsSSRN Electronic JournalConceptual Issues: Harnessing and Guiding Social CapitalL'éthique du mayélé : les fins et les moyens de la "débrouille" dans la filière maraîchère de KinshasaMondes en développement, Vol.n° 137, No.1L'hypothèse du capital social une application à la finance et au développementRevue Tiers Monde, Vol.190, No.2Determinants of Trust and CooperationInternational Journal of Rural Management, Vol.2, No.224 July 2016Social Capital in EuropeActa Sociologica, Vol.49, No.230 June 2016Explaining labour productivity differentials across Italian regions: the role of socio‐economic structure and factor endowments*Papers in Regional Science, Vol.85, No.24 October 2006The Divergence of Institutional Change as a Style-Theoretic PhenomenonSSRN Electronic JournalEconomics and Social Interaction, Vol.415 December 2009Capabilities, Culture and Social StructureReview of Social Economy, Vol.63, No.1Individual Determinants of Participation in Community Development in IndonesiaEnvironment and Planning C: Government and Policy, Vol.23, No.130 November 2016The social capital of European welfare states: the crowding out hypothesis revisitedJournal of European Social Policy, Vol.15, No.129 June 2016Der Dritte Sektor im aktuellen DiskursSecurities Markets and Social Capital Integration in Africa: Risks and Policy OptionsSSRN Electronic JournalGlobalisierung der Wirtschaft und internationale KooperationenIntroductionArea Studies/Asian StudiesAnthropologyEconomicsEconomics/Philosophy of SciencePhilosophy and Critical RealismSociologySociology and EconomicsHistoryPolitical Science/Political TheoryEconomics and Critical RealismProcess and Temporality in SociologyPhilosophy and Standpoint TheoryPsychoanalysis as CritiqueSociology of ScienceMaking Sense in and of Political ScienceBeing UndisciplinedConclusionReferencesSacred and Secular5 September 2012Trust in AgencyJournal of Economics & Management Strategy, Vol.13, No.321 July 2004Tax evasion in transition: Outcome of an institutional clash? Testing Feige's conjecture in AlbaniaEuropean Economic Review, Vol.48, No.4Exploring Social Capital Debates at the World BankJournal of Development Studies, Vol.40, No.5Social economics and social capitalInternational Journal of Social Economics, Vol.31, No.3Social capital: a building‐block in creating a better global futureForesight, Vol.6, No.1Building Social Cohesion in Latin America and the CaribbeanSSRN Electronic JournalExploitation and Cooperation in NetworksSSRN Electronic JournalBook ReviewsDevelopment and Change, Vol.34, No.5Part III: Wider Social Impacts: 10. Assessing the "Wider" Social Impacts of Microfinance Services: Concepts, Methods, FindingsIDS Bulletin, Vol.34, No.4Trust in countries in transition: empirical evidence from agricultureInternational Journal of Social Economics, Vol.30, No.10Subjects and Boundaries: Contesting Social Capital-Based PoliciesJournal of Economic Issues, Vol.37, No.24 January 2016Singing alone? The contribution of cultural capital to social cohesion and sustainable communitiesInternational Journal of Cultural Policy, Vol.9, No.1Sociaal kapitaal, vertrouwen en ontwikkelingSociologie, Vol.50, No.1Kaufen oder Tauschen? Reziprozität und rationales Handeln bei Tauschvorgängen unter Freunden und in Internet-TauschbörsenInterpersonal trust and voluntary associations: examining three approachesThe British Journal of Sociology, Vol.53, No.315 December 2003Distrust as a hindrance to democratic governance in South KoreaAsian Journal of Political Science, Vol.10, No.1Hard and Soft Networks for Urban CompetitivenessUrban Studies, Vol.39, No.5-62 July 2016Valuing Social Resources or Capitalizing on Them? Limits to Pro-poor Urban Governance in Nine Cities of the SouthInternational Planning Studies, Vol.6, No.4Reforms in Health and Social Care in Europe: The Challenge to PolicyCherche capital social, désespérémentCritique internationale, Vol.12, No.3Population and Resources: An Exploration of Reproductive and Environmental ExternalitiesPopulation and Development Review, Vol.26, No.427 January 2004Generational transfers and the generational bargainJournal of International Development, Vol.12, No.41 January 2000Reproductive externalities and fertility behaviourEuropean Economic Review, Vol.44, No.4-6Measuring the Performance of Voluntary OrganizationsPublic Management: An International Journal of Research and Theory, Vol.2, No.128 July 2006Uses of Social Capital in Russia: Modern, Pre-modern, and Anti-modernPost-Soviet Affairs, Vol.16, No.115 May 2013The Value of Individual and Community Social ResourcesSocial Networks and CommunitiesVergleichende Sozialkapitalforschung View Published: September 1999ISBN: 978-0-8213-4562-7 Copyright & Permissions Related TopicsCulture & DevelopmentPublic Sector DevelopmentSocial Development KeywordsSOCIAL CAPITALECONOMIC GROWTHSOCIAL NORMSSOCIAL STRUCTURECOMMUNITY RELATIONSHUMAN CAPITALCORRUPTIONORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESSORGANIZATIONAL PROCESS MODELSSOCIAL NETWORKSINFORMAL ORGANIZATIONSHUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENTPERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT PDF DownloadLoading ...

Sociology and Political Science

Adolescence and Gender Equality in Health

Journal of Adolescent Health2019-12-19作者：Margaret E. Greene, George Patton

Puberty brings profound shifts in identity and sense of self. The external manifestations of sexual maturity propel a young adolescent into a different set of roles and expectations. Puberty also triggers a different engagement with peers and the external world [[1]Blakemore S.-J. Mills K.L. Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?.Annu Rev Psychol. 2014; 65: 187-207Crossref PubMed Scopus (851) Google Scholar,[2]Goddings A.-L. Mills K. Clasen L. et al.Longitudinal MRI to assess effect of puberty on subcortical brain development: An observational study.The Lancet. 2014; 383: S52Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Google Scholar], leading to the adoption of values and aspirations a young person takes forward into adult life. Central to those values are gender norms and the sense of what it is to be a woman or man in a given culture. Gender norms are the often unspoken rules that determine attributes and behaviors that are valued and accepted for men, women, and gender minorities [[3]Heise L. Greene M.E. Opper N. et al.Gender inequality and restrictive gender norms: Framing the challenges to health.The Lancet. 2019; 393: 2440-2454Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (310) Google Scholar]. They guide many life changing choices in adolescence and beyond. For girls, norms around leaving school, early marriage, and parenthood have profound effects on health and development that continue into adulthood and the next generation. In too many places, inequitable gender norms mean that a girl may not have a choice in these life altering decisions. For boys, norms likewise determine school and work decisions and how they transition into their adult sexual roles, with lasting effects on their health and well-being. The implications of gender norms adopted in adolescence extend well beyond reproductive health and are reflected in the different health trajectories of boys and girls. For boys, injuries and injury deaths from homicide and accidents rise sharply across adolescence [[3]Heise L. Greene M.E. Opper N. et al.Gender inequality and restrictive gender norms: Framing the challenges to health.The Lancet. 2019; 393: 2440-2454Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (310) Google Scholar]. Although rates of adolescent self-harm and suicide attempts tend to be higher in girls, deaths from suicide are, in most places, higher among young men [[4]Mokdad A.H. Forouzanfar M.H. Daoud F. et al.Global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors for young people's health during 1990–2013: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013.The Lancet. 2016; 387: 2383-2401Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (573) Google Scholar]. Substance use disorders and risks linked to alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use are also almost everywhere higher in young men. One consequence is that from mid-adolescence onward, boys die at higher rates than girls; in contrast, girls and women generally have higher levels of health-related disability and lower subjective well-being [[5]Lindahl-Jacobsen R. Hanson H.A. Oksuzyan A. et al.The male–female health-survival paradox and sex differences in cohort life expectancy in Utah, Denmark, and Sweden 1850–1910.Ann Epidemiol. 2013; 23: 161-166Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar]. These sex differences in premature death, disease burden, and health risk vary across time and by place and to a large extent reflect the prevalent gender norms [[3]Heise L. Greene M.E. Opper N. et al.Gender inequality and restrictive gender norms: Framing the challenges to health.The Lancet. 2019; 393: 2440-2454Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (310) Google Scholar]. For girls, gender norms that emphasize girls' sexual and reproductive capacity at the expense of education, agency, and capabilities should be one target for prevention. Adolescence is a time of particular vulnerability for many mental disorders that occur much more in girls, including eating disorders, depression, and anxiety [[6]Kessler R.C. Amminger G.P. Aguilar-Gaxiola S. et al.Age of onset of mental disorders: A review of recent literature.Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007; 20: 359-364Crossref PubMed Scopus (1765) Google Scholar]. Male gender norms characterized by a need to prove themselves and dominate women and minority groups of men (e.g., those with different sexual orientations or masculine identities) similarly predict a range of health hazards related to injury, violence, and substance use in addition to violence against others including women and girls [[7]Connell R. Gender and power: Society, the person, and sexual politics. Polity Press in association with B. Blackwell, Cambridge, UK1987Google Scholar]. Gender norms adopted in adolescence reflect and reinforce inequitable hierarchies, whose consequences ripple forward across the life course, with health effects later in life for those young people as well as for the children of the next generation. For these reasons, adolescents should be at the forefront of research and policy action for more equitable gender norms. In girls, research on the effects of gender norms on adolescent health has often focused on reproductive health and, in sub-Saharan Africa, vulnerability to HIV. In boys, the work has focused more on alcohol consumption and demonstrations of physical prowess through fighting and dangerous driving [[8]Patton G.C. Darmstadt G.L. Petroni S. Sawyer S.M. A gender lens on the health and well-being of young males.J Adolesc Health. 2018; 62: S6-S8Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (20) Google Scholar,[9]Ragonese C. Shand T. Barker G. Masculine norms and men's health: Making the connections. Promundo-US, Washington, DC2019: 121https://promundoglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Masculine-Norms-Mens-Health-Report_007_Web.pdfGoogle Scholar]. In that context, the series of papers presented in this supplement sheds new light on the determinants of gender norms in the adolescent years, their consequences for different aspects of health, and the potential for taking action to shift norms. Meinhart et al. [[10]Meinhart M. Seff I. Darmstadt G.L. et al.Attitudinal acceptance of intimate partner violence among adolescents and young adults in Nigeria and Tanzania: An exploration into target reference groups and affiliation of authorship.J Adolesc Health. 2020; 66: S3-S8Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (6) Google Scholar] examine the effects of peers, marital status, and educational attainment on attitudes toward tolerance of intimate partner violence in Tanzania and Nigeria. Marriage among adolescent girls and young women is associated with a greater tolerance of intimate partner violence, although they were not able to determine the direction of causality. Parents play a central role in shaping gender-related attitudes among children, illustrated in Brazil by Abdalla et al. [[11]Abdalla S. Buffarini R. Weber A.M. et al.Parent-related normative perceptions of adolescents and later weight control behavior: Longitudinal analysis of cohort data from Brazil.J Adolesc Health. 2020; 66: S9-S16Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (12) Google Scholar], where adolescent girls were particularly susceptible to parental views: children's perception of their parents' opinion of their weight at age 11 years predicted weight control attempts at age 18 years for girls but not boys. Urbanization and Western acculturation around thinner ideal bodies have contributed to girls' greater inclination to try to lose weight. Cohen et al. [[12]Cohen E. Richter L.M. Chidumwa G. et al.Relationships between maternal factors and weight loss attempts among urban male and female adolescents living in Soweto-Johannesburg, South Africa.J Adolesc Health. 2020; 66: S17-S24Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (7) Google Scholar] found that although the sons of heavier mothers in South Africa were less likely to try to lose weight, there was no association between mothers' body mass index and daughters' weight loss attempts, suggesting a generational shift among women to ideals of thinness. Chae et al. [[13]Chae S. Haberland N. McCarthy K.J. et al.The influence of schooling on the stability and mutability of gender attitudes: Findings from a longitudinal study of adolescent girls in Zambia.J Adolesc Health. 2020; 66: S25-S33Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (7) Google Scholar] explored in Zambia the role that schooling might play in changing girls' gender norms. A girl's school attendance in urban areas reinforced norms emerging from the comparatively progressive environment, whereas in rural areas, it served as a “liberalizing influence” in more conservative settings. An article by Nagata et al. [[14]Nagata J.M. Domingue B.W. Darmstadt G.L. et al.Gender norms and weight control behaviors in U.S. adolescents: A prospective cohort study (1994–2002).J Adolesc Health. 2020; 66: S34-S41Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (21) Google Scholar] illustrates the powerful effects of gender norms on body image in the U.S. A greater alignment of an individual's gender norms with the dominant views of same-sex peers was associated with greater weight loss attempts in girls and weight gain attempts in boys. The analysis by Falconi et al. [[15]Falconi A.M. Weber A.M. Cullen M.R. et al.Shifts in women's paid employment participation during the World War II era and later life health.J Adolesc Health. 2020; 66: S42-S50Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (4) Google Scholar] illustrates the malleability of gender norms and their long-term consequences by examining women's employment opportunities during World War II (WWII). Those women who took the opportunity to work intermittently during WWII and then remained in the labor force post-WWII had lower mortality across their lifetimes. Buffarini et al.'s [[16]Buffarini R. Abdalla S. Weber A.M. et al.The intersectionality of gender and wealth in adolescent health and behavioral outcomes in Brazil: The 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort.J Adolesc Health. 2020; 66: S51-S57Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (7) Google Scholar] cohort study illustrates how the effects of inequitable gender norms are greatest on the most disadvantaged. Girls from low-income families fared the worst on outcomes of smoking, weight, violence, happiness, and mental health. This supplement takes a welcome step forward in understanding the emergence and consequences of gender norms among adolescents. Yet, the articles also illustrate our limited investment in norms research. A common feature of the articles is the use of measures defined and data collected for other purposes. Many other aspects of adolescent health risks are likely to be linked to gender norms. Petroni et al. [[17]Petroni S. Patel V. Patton G. Why is suicide the leading killer of older adolescent girls?.The Lancet. 2015; 386: 2031-2032Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar], for example, recently noted the links with suicide and self-harm, now, astoundingly, the major global cause of death in adolescent girls. Kapungu et al. [[18]Kapungu C. Petroni S. Allen N.B. et al.Gendered influences on adolescent mental health in low-income and middle-income countries: Recommendations from an expert convening.Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2018; 2: 85-86Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar] took the analysis further and made recommendations about the value of a gender lens in adolescent mental health research, prevention and service delivery, and mental health policy. Through the inclusion of gender equity in the Sustainable Development Goals, the health needs of young women and girls have achieved greater prominence with targets around violence against women, universal access to education and sexual and reproductive health care, and equal political and economic participation [[19]Gates M.F. Putting women and girls at the center of development.Science. 2014; 345: 1273-1275Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar,[20]Langer A. Meleis A. Knaul F.M. et al.Women and health: The key for sustainable development.The Lancet. 2015; 386: 1165-1210Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (218) Google Scholar]. Where such targets have been pursued, they have been accompanied by striking gains in maternal health for girls and young women, and often, the benefits extend to their children [[21]Woetzel J. The power of parity: How advancing women's equality can add $12 trillion to global growth. eSocialSciences, 2015Google Scholar]. Although girls and young women have been the major focus of attention, that agenda remains far from complete. Indeed, technological change, including the rise of social media, may have introduced new risks related to the focus on physical appearance in seeking a gender ideal. For boys and young men, work on gender norms has just begun. They have much to contribute to achieving gender equality: the benefits for their own health and well-being in doing so are likely to be great. Gender Norms and Weight Control Behaviors in U.S. Adolescents: A Prospective Cohort Study (1994–2002)Journal of Adolescent HealthVol. 66Issue 1PreviewThe aim of this article was to determine the relationship between gender norms and weight control behaviors in U.S. adolescents. Full-Text PDF Open AccessThe Influence of Schooling on the Stability and Mutability of Gender Attitudes: Findings From a Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Girls in ZambiaJournal of Adolescent HealthVol. 66Issue 1PreviewInequitable gender norms are thought to harm lifelong health and well-being. We explore the process of gender attitude change and the role of schooling in shifting or reinforcing gender norms among adolescent girls in Zambia. Full-Text PDF Open AccessParent-Related Normative Perceptions of Adolescents and Later Weight Control Behavior: Longitudinal Analysis of Cohort Data From BrazilJournal of Adolescent HealthVol. 66Issue 1PreviewBody image–related norms can be imposed by parents and can shape adolescents' body satisfaction in consequential ways, yet evidence on long-term effects is scarce. Longitudinal data from a country with strong body image focus provided a unique opportunity to investigate long-term influences of normative parent-related perceptions. Full-Text PDF Open AccessShifts in Women's Paid Employment Participation During the World War II Era and Later Life HealthJournal of Adolescent HealthVol. 66Issue 1PreviewThe greatest proportional increase in female labor force participation of the 20th century occurred post–World War II (WWII) when shifts in policy and growth in service and clerical work spurred an influx of women into the labor force. Research has yet to demonstrate how variation in women's employment participation during this era related to their later life health. We examined how shifts in women's employment patterns during the WWII era influenced their disease and mortality risk. Full-Text PDF Open AccessAttitudinal Acceptance of Intimate Partner Violence Among Adolescents and Young Adults in Nigeria and Tanzania: An Exploration Into Target Reference GroupsJournal of Adolescent HealthVol. 66Issue 1PreviewAttitudinal programming for the prevention of intimate partner violence (IPV) among adolescents and young adults often focuses on whom to target based on gender or age; yet other pivotal junctures may relate to when to intervene, such as critical events (e.g., marriage). Using data from the nationally representative Violence Against Children Survey in Nigeria and Tanzania, this study examines the gendered association of acceptance of IPV across 3 reference groups—age, marital status, and education attainment—for male and female adolescents and young adults. Full-Text PDF Open AccessThe Intersectionality of Gender and Wealth in Adolescent Health and Behavioral Outcomes in Brazil: The 1993 Pelotas Birth CohortJournal of Adolescent HealthVol. 66Issue 1PreviewBrazilian society is characterized by deep socioeconomic inequalities. Using data from a population-based birth cohort, we explored how the intersectionality of family income and gender may affect adolescent health and behavioral outcomes. Full-Text PDF Open AccessRelationships Between Maternal Factors and Weight Loss Attempts Among Urban Male and Female Adolescents Living in Soweto, Johannesburg, South AfricaJournal of Adolescent HealthVol. 66Issue 1PreviewSouth Africa is undergoing rapid urban transition favoring ideals of thinness, which increases eating disorders risk for female adolescents, whereas older women continue to uphold corpulence as a female cultural value. This study aimed to assess the potential conflicting relationship between urban male and female adolescents' weight loss attempts (WLA) and maternal body image norms within households. Full-Text PDF Open Access

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis Applied Psychology

Transurethral Holmium Laser Enucleation Versus Transvesical Open Enucleation for Prostate Adenoma Greater Than 100 gm.: A Randomized Prospective Trial of 120 Patients

The Journal of Urology2002-10-01作者：Rainer M. Kuntz, Karin Lehrich

No AccessJournal of UrologyCLINICAL UROLOGY: Original Articles1 Oct 2002Transurethral Holmium Laser Enucleation Versus Transvesical Open Enucleation for Prostate Adenoma Greater Than 100 gm.: A Randomized Prospective Trial of 120 Patients Rainer M. Kuntz and Karin Lehrich Rainer M. KuntzRainer M. Kuntz More articles by this author and Karin LehrichKarin Lehrich More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64475-8AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract Purpose: Prostate adenomas greater than 100 gm. have traditionally been treated with open prostatectomy. This procedure may involve considerable blood loss, morbidity, prolonged hospital stay and recovery time. The high powered holmium:YAG laser can be used endoscopically to enucleate obstructing prostatic tissue in a relatively bloodless manner. The technique of transurethral holmium laser enucleation of the prostate is compared to open prostatectomy for the surgical management of large prostate adenomas in a prospective randomized study. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 urodynamically obstructed patients with a prostate larger than 100 gm. on transrectal ultrasound were randomized to undergo holmium laser enucleation of the prostate or open prostatectomy. All patients were assessed preoperatively and 1, 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Patient baseline characteristics, perioperative data and postoperative outcome were compared. All complications were noted. Results: Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate and open prostatectomy resulted in a similar and significant improvement in American Urological Association symptom scores, peak urinary flow rates and post-void residual urine volumes. Operating time was significantly longer in the holmium group but blood loss was significantly less, and catheterization time and hospital stay were significantly shorter. Effects on continence and potency were similar in both groups but adverse events were less frequent in the holmium group. None of the holmium group patients needed blood transfusions in contrast to 8 patients in the prostatectomy group. Conclusions: Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate and open prostatectomy are equally effective procedures for removal of large prostatic adenomas. Holmium laser enucleation resulted in significantly less perioperative morbidity and may become the endourological alternative to open prostatectomy. References 1 : Holmium laser enucleation for prostate adenoma greater than 100 gm.: comparison to open prostatectomy. J Urol2001; 165: 459. Link, Google Scholar 2 : Laser prostatectomy with the holmium: YAG laser. Tech Urol1995; 1: 217. 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Urology Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine Molecular Biology

Epididymitis: A Review of 610 cases

The Journal of Urology1966-03-01作者：Bernhard T. Mittemeyer, Kenneth W. Lennox, Anthony A. Borski

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Mar 1966Epididymitis: A Review of 610 cases B.T. Mittemeyer, K.W. Lennox, and A.A. Borski B.T. MittemeyerB.T. Mittemeyer Present address: Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C. More articles by this author , K.W. LennoxK.W. Lennox Present address: U. S. Army Hospital, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. More articles by this author , and A.A. BorskiA.A. Borski Present address: Hg. 4th A. D. Office of the Surgeon, APO, New York 09326. More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)63468-2AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail © 1966 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Shen F, Kapoor J, Moir D and Gyomber D (2022) Testicular infarction and spontaneous scrotal rupture secondary to acute epididymo-orchitisBMJ Case Reports, 10.1136/bcr-2021-247028, VOL. 15, NO. 3, (e247028), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2022. Bonar A, Pramod S, Noegroho B and Mustafa A (2022) Testicular ischemia in patient with acute epididymitis: A rare caseUrology Case Reports, 10.1016/j.eucr.2021.101882, VOL. 40, (101882), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2022. 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Rheumatology Surgery Surgery

Morbidity of Modified Prophylactic Inguinal Lymphadenectomy for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis

The Journal of Urology2002-10-01作者：Timothy R. Coblentz, Dan Theodorescu

No AccessJournal of UrologyCLINICAL UROLOGY: Original Articles1 Oct 2002Morbidity of Modified Prophylactic Inguinal Lymphadenectomy for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis Timothy R. Coblentz and Dan Theodorescu Timothy R. CoblentzTimothy R. Coblentz and Dan TheodorescuDan Theodorescu View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64455-2AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract Purpose: Classic inguinal lymphadenectomy for penile cancer is associated with significant immediate and long-term sequelae limiting its use in the prophylactic setting. Preservation of the saphenous vein has been shown in the gynecological oncology literature to reduce the morbidity of inguinal lymphadenectomy. In addition, saphenous vein sparing coupled with thick skin flaps and limited lymphadenectomy for penile cancer has been associated with minimal morbidity. Reports on saphenous vein preservation in men undergoing inguinal lymphadenectomy are limited and, therefore, we reviewed our experience. Materials and Methods: We reviewed retrospectively 11 patients with stage pT1–T3 cN0 M0 grades I to III carcinoma of the penis or penile urethra who underwent bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy with saphenous vein sparing and thick skin flaps between August 1995 and November 2001. Of the patients 1 underwent simultaneous penectomy and 10 had undergone a partial or total penectomy previously. Short-term and long-term postoperative complications were defined as minor—did not require significant medical intervention and included superficial skin edge sloughing, seroma and lymphocele, and major—skin edge or flap necrosis, wound infection, deep venous thrombosis or leg edema inhibiting return to pretreatment activities. Results: Mean followup was 9 months. The saphenous vein was preserved in 19 groins and ligated in 3. Simultaneous bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed in 5 patients. Nodal disease was found in 5 of 11 (45%) patients on pathological review. Minor short-term complications occurred in 8 of 22 (36%) groins, and major complications included deep venous thrombosis in 1 case and a small myocardial infarction in 1. There was no perioperative mortality. Lower extremity lymphedema requiring more than temporary (less than 6 months) support hose management did not occur in any patient. There were no inguinal recurrences during followup. Conclusions: Inguinal lymphadenectomy with saphenous vein sparing and thick skin flaps appears to offer excellent functional outcome in patients undergoing prophylactic bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy for high risk disease. Early followup indicates that the local recurrence rate does not appear to increase compared to similar patients reported on in the literature treated with the classic dissection technique. 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Surgery Rheumatology Urology

Effectiveness and Complications Associated With 2 Vasectomy Occlusion Techniques

The Journal of Urology2002-12-01作者：Michel Labrecque, Hanif Nazerali, Myrto Mondor

No AccessJournal of UrologyCLINICAL UROLOGY: Original Articles1 Dec 2002Effectiveness and Complications Associated With 2 Vasectomy Occlusion Techniques MICHEL LABRECQUE, HANIF NAZERALI, MYRTO MONDOR, VINCENT FORTIN, and MARLINA NASUTION MICHEL LABRECQUEMICHEL LABRECQUE , HANIF NAZERALIHANIF NAZERALI , MYRTO MONDORMYRTO MONDOR , VINCENT FORTINVINCENT FORTIN , and MARLINA NASUTIONMARLINA NASUTION View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64176-6AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract Purpose: We compared the effectiveness and complications associated with 2 common vasectomy occlusion techniques, namely clipping and excision of a small vas segment and thermal cautery with fascial interposition and an open testicular end. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the computerized records of 3,761 men who underwent initial vasectomy at a single university hospital family planning clinic and at 2 private clinics in the Quebec City, Canada area, including concurrent and historical controls. All procedures were performed by 1 surgeon, who used the scalpel-free technique to expose the vas. Results: The risk of vas occlusion failure in men with at least 1 semen analysis was much greater in the clipping and excision group than in the cautery, interposition and open testicular end group (126 of 1,453 or 8.7% versus 3 of 1,165 or 0.3%, OR 37, 95% CI 12 to 116). Medical consultations for hematoma or infection were more frequent in the cautery group (28 of 1,721 cases or 1.6% versus 10 of 2,040 or 0.5%, OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.6 to 6.9). Consultations for noninfectious pain were similar for the 2 techniques (71 of 1,721 cases or 4.1% versus 72 of 2,040 or 3.5%, OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.8 to 1.6). 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Labrecque M, St-Hilaire K and Turcot L (2005) Delayed vasectomy success in men with a first postvasectomy semen analysis showing motile spermFertility and Sterility, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.10.050, VOL. 83, NO. 5, (1435-1441), Online publication date: 1-May-2005. Chen K, Peng C, Hsieh H and Chiang H (2005) Simply modified no-scalpel vasectomy (percutaneous vasectomy) — a comparative study against the standard no-scalpel vasectomyContraception, 10.1016/j.contraception.2004.07.018, VOL. 71, NO. 2, (153-156), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2005. Sokal D, Irsula B, Hays M, Chen-Mok M and Barone M (2004) Vasectomy by ligation and excision, with or without fascial interposition: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN77781689]BMC Medicine, 10.1186/1741-7015-2-6, VOL. 2, NO. 1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2004. 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Amundsen G and Ramakrishnan K (2004) Vasectomy: A "Seminal" AnalysisSouthern Medical Journal, 10.1097/01.SMJ.0000085766.47775.80, VOL. 97, NO. 1, (54-60), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2004. BARONE M, NAZERALI H, CORTES M, CHEN-MOK M, POLLACK A and SOKAL D (2018) A Prospective Study of Time and Number of Ejaculations to Azoospermia After Vasectomy by Ligation and ExcisionJournal of Urology, VOL. 170, NO. 3, (892-896), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2003. Volume 168Issue 6December 2002Page: 2495-2498 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2002 by American Urological Association, Inc.Keywordstestisvasectomysterilization, sexualinfertility, maleMetrics Author Information MICHEL LABRECQUE More articles by this author HANIF NAZERALI Current address: P. O. Box 11243, Kampala, Uganda. More articles by this author MYRTO MONDOR More articles by this author VINCENT FORTIN More articles by this author MARLINA NASUTION More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

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