The 15th International dsRNA Virus Symposium was held in Porto, Portugal from November 3-7, 2025. This triennial conference, previously held in Banff, Alberta, Canada in 2022, brought together a global community of dsRNA virologists to describe and discuss advances in the field over the last three years. Emerging themes across dsRNA viruses include continued study of biomolecular condensates (by liquid-liquid phase separation) in the formation of viral replication complexes; structures of viral proteins and their effect on function; mechanisms of genome recombination and reassortment that result in the epidemiological diversity of subsets of dsRNA viruses; and the diverse host cell responses to infection that influence pathogenesis. The field continues to be greatly facilitated by the broader development and implementation of reverse genetics systems to study these viruses. The keynote address, entitled "The Odyssey of the HIV-1 Capsid: From Assembly to Nuclear Entry," was delivered by Peijun Zhang, Professor of Structural Biology at Oxford University, and described the use of sophisticated imaging techniques to study various stages of virus replication in host cells. The Jean Cohen Memorial Lecture at this meeting, entitled "The Magnificent Reovirus Replication Factories," was given by Terence Dermody, Vira I. Heinz Distinguished Professor and Chair of Pediatrics at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Dr. Dermody presented recent unpublished data on the role of reovirus non-structural proteins in scaffolding replication complexes and the implications of these mechanisms for the efficient translation of nonpolyadenylated RNAs.
Virtual ward (VW) is a hospital-led alternative to inpatient care enabled by technology where patients are looked after in their usual residence. Such a service may not be familiar to many. This survey aims to explore the views and acceptability of VW among hospitalised patients. This study was conducted among patients aged ≥18 years admitted to medical wards of a tertiary hospital in Malaysia. The survey questions were adapted from existing questionnaires and piloted before use. Participants were provided with a clinical vignette and description of a VW service before completing the questionnaire. It collated data on respondents' demographics, admission details, VW acceptability and their views on VW-related telehealth. The next of kin or main caregiver provided responses if the person was unable to participate. Responses were collected from 120 participants (95 patients, 25 caregivers), of which 108 respondents (90.0%) agreed to be managed by a VW service if such a service was available and able to meet their needs. Being at home, supported by family members, and the ability to maintain independence were the most common reasons cited for its acceptance. Among those unwilling, participants preferred to have the medical and nursing team close by. In terms of telehealth readiness, 95% of patients have internet access, and 97.5% possess the appropriate devices for video consultation. However, only 20% of patients have utilised online video consultations before to seek medical advice. The majority of people surveyed were willing to accept a virtual ward service. The findings provide useful information towards the planning of virtual ward programmes in Malaysia.
Accurate and efficient dose calculation is essential for online adaptive planning in proton therapy. Deep learning (DL) has shown promising dose prediction results for pencil beam scanning proton therapy (PBSPT) in recent years, but existing DL-based dose prediction methods still suffer from limited generalizability and an inability to effectively handle outlier clinical cases. This may lead to inaccurate dose delivery to targets or excessive irradiation to organs at risk (OARs), thereby compromising the safety and efficacy of online adaptive proton therapy. To design a physics-aware and generalizable AI-based PBSPT dose prediction method that incorporates underlying physics to enhance generalizability, particularly in handling outlier clinical cases. This study analyzed PBSPT plans of 103 prostate (93 for training and 10 for testing) and 78 lung cancer patients (68 for training and 10 for testing) from our institution, with each case comprising CT images and structure sets. Using the doses generated by our Monte Carlo-based dose engine as the reference standard, we compared three methods: the region of interest (ROI)-based method, the beam mask and sliding window method, and the proposed noisy probing dose method, which rapidly generates a low-statistics dose via uniformly weighted spots on an expanded spot-placement target volume without optimization. To evaluate the generalizability of these methods to rare treatment planning scenarios, 12 cases with uncommon beam angles or prescription doses were used to assess their performance, which was evaluated using dose-volume histogram (DVH) indices, 3D Gamma passing rates (3%/2 mm/10%), and Dice coefficients for dose agreement, while prediction times were measured to gauge model efficiency. The proposed noisy probing dose method consistently outperformed the ROI-based and beam mask baselines across all evaluated metrics, with more accurate dose agreement and superior generalizability. For DVH indices, the noisy probing dose method achieved the smallest deviation in clinical target volume (CTV) dose coverage: in prostate cancer, CTV D98 deviation was reduced by 45% (from 0.53 ± 0.22 Gy [RBE] for ROI-based) and 29% (from 0.41 ± 0.28 Gy [RBE] for beam mask) to 0.29 ± 0.06 Gy [RBE]; in lung cancer, similar improvements were observed, with CTV D98 deviations reduced to 0.34 ± 0.12 Gy [RBE]. The 3D Gamma passing rates improved to 99.65% ± 1.15% for prostate targets and 97.04% ± 1.17% for lung targets. The dice coefficients of the 90% iso-dose lines were also the highest with the noisy probing dose method (prostate: 0.983 ± 0.005; lung: 0.967 ± 0.01). For the 12 outlier cases, the noisy probing dose method maintained superior generalizability, yielding higher 3D Gamma passing rates (prostate targets: 96.79% ± 0.83%, OARs: 94.29% ± 1.01%; lung targets: 93.38% ± 1.34%, OARs: 93.95% ± 1.32%), demonstrating robust generalizability to rare clinical scenarios. The dose predictions for all testing cases were completed within 0.3 seconds. A novel noisy probing dose method was proposed for PBSPT dose prediction in prostate and lung cancer patients. By embedding more proton-specific physics, this method demonstrated an improvement in the generalizability of dose prediction.
Prolonged exposure (PE) is an evidence-based treatment for PTSD. However, the imaginal exposure portion of PE can be distressing for patients, and despite many service members reporting multiple traumatic events, traditional PE focuses solely on the most distressing event. This article evaluates a modified version of PE that considers the need for distress-reduction in trauma-focused treatments. We compared distress during two methods of imaginal exposure: (1) standard exposure, where participants focused on their most distressing event; and (2) graduated exposure, where participants focused on their top three most distressing events, from third most distressing to most distressing. Mean peak subjective units of distress scores (SUDS) were compared across groups. Participants were 199 active duty personnel and veterans (79.9% men; mean age 38.5 years). There was a significant overall effect of group on peak SUDS, F(3,359) = 12.46, p < .001. Participants receiving standard exposure reported an average peak SUDS of 88.1/100 (SD = 13.4), compared to 75.2 (SD = 22.5) for graduated imaginal exposure participant's most distressing event. Participants in the graduated group also reported significantly lower peak SUDS for their second (M = 72.23, SD = 20.6; t(183) = 5.49, p < .001, d = .81) and third most distressing events (M = 74.63, SD = 21.1; t(183) = 466, p < .001, d = .69) compared to mean SUDS rating for the standard exposure group. Incorporating a graduated approach appears to mitigate average peak distress from participating in the imaginal exposure component of PE.Trial registration These data were collected as part of a larger, randomized clinical trial that was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier NCT03529435).
What is this summary about?Rimegepant is a new medicine that can be used to prevent migraine attacks or stop a migraine attack that has already started. Many people with migraine have tried a type of medicine called a ‘triptan’ to stop an attack that has already started. Some people find triptans to work well for the treatment of migraine. This summary describes findings from a study that looked to see if rimegepant could stop a migraine attack in people who have found triptans not to provide enough symptom relief, to cause bothersome side effects, or are not recommended to use triptans because of other conditions they have or medicines they take.What were the main results?People in this study took rimegepant or a placebo to treat a single migraine attack that caused them moderate or severe pain. People who took rimegepant had more relief from migraine pain and other symptoms than people who took the placebo. They were also more able to do their daily activities normally. Fewer people who took rimegepant needed to take additional medicines to treat their migraine pain and other symptoms than people who took the placebo. Similar proportions of people who took rimegepant or the placebo reported side effects.What do the results mean?Researchers found rimegepant can relieve the pain and other symptoms of a migraine attack in people who have found triptans not to provide enough symptom relief, to cause bothersome side effects, or are not recommended to use triptans.Clinical trial number: NCT05509400.
BackgroundPost-traumatic headache (PTH) is typically described as migraine- or tension-type-like and treated based on presentation. However, the actual presentations of PTH are not well characterized. The aim of this study is to provide a phenotypic characterization of persistent PTH and co-occurring neurological symptoms from a previously completed clinical trial and characterize PTH treatment utilization.MethodsThis study is a secondary analysis of veterans (N = 193) recruited to participate in a randomized clinical trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy, cognitive processing therapy, or treatment as usual for PTH. Descriptive statistics were examined across characteristics of PTH, including age, gender, neurobehavioral symptoms, headache-related disability, pain characteristics, pain locations, accompanying symptoms, and aura symptoms and treatment utilization.ResultsThe median presentation of PTH in this study was a headache with severe pain, lasting about 4 h, and with about 13 headache episodes per month. About half the participants reported a pulsating quality and/or nausea that accompanied head pain. Most characteristics were uncorrelated to each other. The majority of participants used medication to treat persistent PTH. Neurostimulation was the most common non-pharmacological treatment.ConclusionsThe results of this study show that characteristics associated with migraine are more frequently reported with PTH. Correlations among the migraine characteristics were moderate overall, and there was notable variability among reported characteristics of PTH. Treatment utilization for PTH was not associated with current neurobehavioral symptoms and included both pharmacological and non-pharmacological options.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02419131.
This study investigated executive functioning in patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) in the chronic phase of the illness. Relationships between Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) scores and clinical outcomes-including AE subtype, time since disease onset, and scores on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Clinical Assessment Scale in Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE)-were also examined. Sixty-six AE patients (50% female, Mage=55.71, SDage=17.26) from the Australian Autoimmune Encephalitis Consortium Project completed BRIEF-A questionnaires, time-matched to their CASE and/or mRS scores within six months. On average, assessments occurred 12 months post-onset. Median CASE and mRS scores were 2, with 66.67% of patients having mRS ≤2. Self- and informant-reported BRIEF-A scores were significantly elevated across domains, indicating substantial executive dysfunction, particularly in Emotional Control and Working Memory, where patients reported worse outcomes than informants. Patients with seronegative AE reported the most severe dysfunction, especially in emotional and behavioural regulation. Psychiatric comorbidities and seizures were associated with poorer executive functioning, while disease duration showed no significant impact. Dichotomising mRS at ≤1 vs. >1 better captured executive dysfunction, with patients in the >1 group showing significantly greater executive dysfunction than those classified as mRS >2. mRS scores significantly predicted executive dysfunction (28-43% variance); the inclusion of the CASE score did not improve these models. AE patients in the chronic stage of the illness exhibit significant executive dysfunction. Combining self- and informant reports offers a comprehensive approach to assess executive dysfunction and guide personalised treatment strategies.
This post hoc subgroup analysis was conducted using pooled data from three US-based clinical trials to compare efficacy and safety of rimegepant 75 mg versus placebo in acute migraine in adults who are Black or African American. Migraine, characterized by recurring moderate-to-severe unilateral head pain, affects approximately 13% of the population and in the United States affects Black or African American and White populations at similar rates. Despite this, there is stark underrepresentation of Black or African American patients in clinical trials. Rimegepant, an oral small molecule calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor blocker or antagonist, is approved for acute migraine treatment in the United States; however, treatment has not previously been analyzed in Black or African American adults. Using pooled data from three US-based, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03235479; NCT03237845; NCT03461757), efficacy analyses were conducted on a modified intent-to-treat population including all participants who received study medication, had a migraine attack of moderate or severe pain intensity at the time of dosing, and provided ≥1 efficacy datapoint after receiving study treatment. Trials were conducted July 2017 to January 2018 (NCT03235479, NCT03237845) or February 2018 to October 2018 (NCT03461757). The coprimary efficacy endpoints of each trial were freedom from pain (score 0 = none on a 4-point pain scale) and freedom from most bothersome symptom (MBS) at 2 h post dose. Safety was assessed through reported on-treatment adverse events, defined as events occurring on or after treatment was received. Analyses were performed in the Black or African American population, in the White population, and in the overall pooled study population (including Black or African American, White, Asian, American Indian or Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and multiple races). Overall, 3551 treated participants were in the pooled population; 696 (19.6%) were Black or African American; 2700 (76.0%) were White. In the Black or African American population, rimegepant showed improvements versus placebo in the two coprimary endpoints. For pain freedom 2 h post dose, the stratified risk was 24.4% (88/359) for rimegepant and 18.2% (59/323) for placebo in Black or African American participants; risk difference was 6.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.1, 12.3; p = 0.047). For MBS freedom 2 h post dose, the stratified risk was 43.1% (155/359) for rimegepant and 35.5% (115/323) for placebo in Black or African American participants; risk difference was 7.6% (95% CI: 0.3, 14.9; p = 0.041). The risk difference was similar in White participants: 7.9% (95% CI: 5.2, 10.6; p < 0.001) for pain freedom 2 h post dose and 9.9% (95% CI: 6.5, 13.4; p < 0.001) for MBS freedom 2 h post dose. Adverse event rates among Black or African American participants treated with rimegepant were 10.7% (39/365) and 7.9% (26/331) in participants receiving placebo. This pooled analysis showed rimegepant 75 mg was effective and well tolerated for migraine treatment in Black or African American adult participants. Migraine affects Black or African American people at a similar rate as White people; however, medical studies for migraine therapies often do not include many Black or African American people. We conducted this analysis using data from three separate studies of the drug rimegepant (a drug approved for treating acute migraine) to see how safe and effective it is for Black or African American people. This analysis shows that rimegepant is better than placebo (a tablet that contains no drug) in improving migraine pain and other related symptoms in Black or African American people with migraine.
The eponymous term Gβγ protein has given way to a more nuanced view of 60 different possible combinations of the 5 Gβ and 12 Gγ subunits and their effects on cellular signaling profiles. Beyond this increased appreciation of their diversity per se, we now know that distinct Gβγ combinations may play roles beyond the regulation of cell surface effectors following G protein-coupled receptor activation and release from G protein heterotrimers. Gβγ subunits operate in multiple subcellular compartments. In this review, we focus on Gβγ-mediated events in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria and particularly highlight Gβγ roles in the nucleus.
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NRG Oncology/Alliance LU005 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03811002) tested the addition of atezolizumab to concurrent chemoradiation (CRT) in this open-label, phase III international trial. Patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC), stage Tx-IV, N0-3, and M0 with Eastern Cooperative Group performance status (PS) 0-2 received one cycle of chemotherapy (platinum/etoposide) before study registration and were randomly assigned to CRT alone versus CRT plus concurrent and adjuvant atezolizumab, 1,200 mg once daily, every 3 weeks until investigator-assessed progression or intolerable side effects for a maximum of 17 cycles. Patients were stratified by choice of chemotherapy (cisplatin v carboplatin), radiation fractionation schedule (66 Gy once daily v 45 Gy twice daily), sex, and PS (0/1 v 2). The primary end point was overall survival (OS). Secondary end points included investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate, local control, and distant-metastasis-free survival (DMFS). patients were randomly assigned from May 2019 to December 2023. The median OS was 36.1 months (95% CI, 28.1 to 42.5) for the CRT-alone arm and 31.1 months (95% CI, 28.5 to 44.7) for the CRT + atezolizumab arm, respectively (hazard ratio [HR], 1.03 [95% CI, 0.80 to 1.32]). The median PFS was 11.4 months (95% CI, 10.3 to 13.2) for the CRT-alone arm and 12.1 months (95% CI, 10.9 to 15.2) for the CRT + atezolizumab arm, respectively (HR, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.79 to 1.22]). The median DMFS was 13.0 months (95% CI, 11.3 to 18.2) for the CRT-alone arm and 16.8 months (95% CI, 12.1 to 21.6) for the CRT + atezolizumab arm (HR, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.76 to 1.21]). No unexpected safety signals with concurrent atezolizumab were observed. Concurrent and adjuvant atezolizumab with chemoradiation did not improve survival in patients with LS-SCLC.
The Malabar red snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) is a high-value tropical marine species receiving growing attention for aquaculture development in Singapore and Southeast Asia. At present, seed production relies primarily on uncontrolled mass spawning in sea cages, a practice that lacks consistency, biosecurity and control of genetic contributions. A clear understanding of gonadal sex differentiation is essential for designing effective sex control strategies and establishing selective breeding programmes. However, the progression of gonadal development from initial differentiation through to sexual maturity in L. malabaricus remains poorly characterized. In this study, a comprehensive histological investigation of gonadal differentiation was conducted by tracking individuals from 1 to 445 days post-hatch (dph). Gonads first appeared as undifferentiated structures at 14 dph, located between the swim bladder and intestine. The onset of ovarian differentiation was observed at 77 dph, marked by ovarian cavity formation, while testicular differentiation commenced at 128 dph, indicated by the development of lobular testis structures. Oogenesis was initiated by 169 dph, marked by the first observation of oogonia, and progressed to the chromatin nucleolus oocyte stage by 249 dph. Spermatogenesis was first evident at 249 dph, based on the appearance of lobular organization and spermatogonia, and further progressed by 353 dph, when spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa were observed. These observations establish the first developmental timeline of gonadal sex differentiation in L. malabaricus, identifying key morphological features that distinguish early-stage ovaries from testes. Importantly, our study also revealed a highly skewed sex ratio in a harvest-size cohort from a commercial farm, with females comprising over 85% of the population. Given the species is considered gonochoristic, this finding raises concerns about potential influences from environmental factors, hatchery practices or genetic bottlenecks, and highlights the need for further investigation under controlled conditions. Together, these findings provide essential biological benchmarks for identifying the timing of sex differentiation and suggest that the optimal windows for sex manipulation occur around 60 dph to promote testicular development and approximately 110 dph to promote ovarian development. This work lays the foundation for future sex control techniques and contributes valuable knowledge toward the development of selective breeding programmes and sustainable seed production in this emerging aquaculture species.
Translation initiation in eukaryotic cells is usually driven by recognition of a 5' cap and a 3' poly(A) tail, which cooperate through interactions with eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) and poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) to promote mRNA circularization and efficient ribosome recruitment. However, many viral RNAs lack one or both of these canonical features and must use alternative strategies to access the host translational machinery. Diverse mechanisms are used to bypass cap dependence, including internal ribosome entry sites that recruit ribosomal subunits with variable requirements for canonical initiation factors as well as viral protein genome-linked strategies that functionally substitute for the cap by engaging components of the eIF4F complex. For viral mRNAs lacking poly(A) tails, translation can be supported by long-range RNA-RNA interactions that mediate 5'-3' communication and viral or host proteins that replace PABP to facilitate closed-loop formation. Emerging examples, including host protein ATXN2L during reovirus infection, illustrate how viruses use or mimic cellular factors to promote selective translation. Collectively, these strategies reveal fundamental principles of mRNA circularization and translational control, highlighting the dynamic interplay between viral and host machinery in regulating protein synthesis.
Visual discomfort or visual stress is an uncomfortable subjective experience that occurs in response to specific visual stimuli. It affects a large proportion of the population to various degrees, disproportionately impacting those with heightened sensory sensitivities, particularly neurodivergent individuals. We argue that this might stem from a mismatch between the statistical properties of visual stimuli in human-made environments and those in natural environments that the visual system can process efficiently. We discuss the inefficiency with which images with certain spatial, chromatic and temporal characteristics are processed by the visual system and propose a cerebral mechanism to account for the discomfort they induce. The mechanism offers a potential explanation for the large individual differences in susceptibility to discomfort. We highlight two avenues for intervention: (1) environmental modifications aimed at reducing the prevalence of visually stressing stimuli in urban settings, and (2) individual-level strategies, such as personalised optical treatments. Addressing these challenges requires an interdisciplinary effort bridging neuroscience, vision science, interior and urban design and typography to create visually accessible and inclusive environments.
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Most myelofibrosis (MF) patients treated with ruxolitinib fail to achieve optimal response (i.e., spleen volume reduction  ≥35% [SVR35] and improvement in total symptom score ≥50% [TSS50], and instead experience suboptimal reductions in spleen volume and constitutional symptoms. Maximizing SVR and TSS is critical for MF patients, as both are associated with improved quality of life (QoL) and overall survival (OS). Navtemadlin is a potent, selective, oral MDM2 inhibitor that restores p53 activity, inducing apoptosis of malignant TP53 wild-type (TP53WT) CD34+ MF progenitor cells. In vitro and clinical data demonstrated navtemadlin's synergy with ruxolitinib and disease-modifying potential. POIESIS is a global, randomized, double-blind phase III trial (NCT06479135) evaluating navtemadlin versus placebo as add-on to ruxolitinib in JAK inhibitor-naïve TP53WT MF patients with suboptimal response to ruxolitinib. The study includes a ruxolitinib monotherapy run-in period, followed by randomization of suboptimal responders to add-on navtemadlin or placebo to their stable ruxolitinib dose. Study objectives are to isolate the contribution of add-on navtemadlin by assessing SVR and TSS 24-weeks after randomization from the pre-randomization baseline and to demonstrate that this contribution is clinically meaningful using established SVR and TSS endpoints from the pre-ruxolitinib treatment baseline. Secondary endpoints include progression-free survival, leukemia-free survival, and OS.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT06479135 (ClinicalTrials.gov); EUCT 2023-504724-25-00 (EUClinicalTrials.EU). Myelofibrosis (MF) is a rare blood cancer that affects the bone marrow, causing scarring (fibrosis) and impairing healthy blood cell production. This leads to symptoms, such as fatigue, pain, night-sweats, and an enlarged spleen. Ruxolitinib, a Janus kinase inhibitor (JAKi), is a standard treatment that can reduce spleen size and improve symptoms. However, many MF patients do not respond optimally to ruxolitinib alone, known as a suboptimal response, and continue to experience persistent symptoms and an enlarged spleen. In these cases, adding a new treatment may provide further clinical benefit.Navtemadlin is an investigational treatment that inhibits MDM2, a protein which is overproduced in MF cancer cells. MDM2 blocks the activity of another protein, p53, a tumor suppressor that normally helps remove abnormal cells. By blocking MDM2, navtemadlin restores the ability of p53 to eliminate MF cancer cells.The POIESIS study is a global phase III clinical trial testing whether adding navtemadlin to ruxolitinib improves outcomes in MF patients with a suboptimal response to ruxolitinib alone. POIESIS has two treatment periods. During the first period, patients receive ruxolitinib alone for 18–24 weeks. If their response is suboptimal, patients may be eligible to join the second period, where they are randomly assigned to receive either add-on navtemadlin (Arm 1) or placebo (Arm 2) while continuing ruxolitinib. Navtemadlin efficacy will be assessed by measuring the rates of spleen volume reduction (by MRI/CT scan) and total symptom score improvement (using a daily 7-symptom questionnaire), in each arm, 24 weeks after randomization.
Pathogenic bacteria posed a serious threat to water ecosystems and might even have triggered disease outbreaks. In this study, a carbon-doped polymer carbon nitride (C-PCN) composed of numerous interwoven and stacked ultrathin lamellar units was fabricated via a simple stepwise calcination strategy. Compared with the polymer carbon nitride (PCN), C-PCN exhibited more remarkable photocatalytic performance for the Providencia alcalifaciens (P. alcalifaciens) isolated from a local hospital's waste water. C-PCN with a concentration of 0.4 mg mL-1 killed 7.07 log P. alcalifaciens within 100 min, whereas PCN could only inactivate 2.38 log P. alcaliphilus under the same conditions. Moreover, C-PCN could remove 99.87% antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) QnrS2 within 6 h. We addressed the gap in the existing research on inactivated P. alcalifaciens, and the fragmentation pathway of circular plasmids during photocatalysis reaction was observed via atomic force microscopy (AFM). The incorporation of carbon enhanced the visible light absorption capability of C-PCN and promoted more efficient charge separation. Mechanism investigation revealed that ˙O2 - and ˙OH were the vital reactive oxygen species (ROS) for antibiotic-resistance bacteria (ARB) inactivation and ARG degradation. ROS could induce cell rupture by damaging cellular membranes and disrupt metabolic processes by affecting enzyme activity. Additionally, a small-scale continuous-flow device could inactivate bacteria in hospital wastewater in 2.5 h under natural light irradiation, thus laying a foundation for advanced hospital wastewater treatment.
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