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Research on autobiographical memory (AM) in anorexia nervosa (AN) has largely focused on quantitative aspects such as specificity, while qualitative investigations of thematic patterns remain limited. This study aimed to compare the content of cued AMs between individuals with AN and healthy controls (HCs) using a qualitative approach. Sixty-three adults (AN = 43; HC = 20) completed a computerised written version of the Autobiographical Memory Test, generating memories in response to six-self- or moral-disgust-related cue-words. A total of 189 AMs (AN = 129; HC = 60) were coded using a conventional qualitative content analysis. Fourteen codes were constructed from the data, two of which were excluded from theme development. Three overarching themes were identified: (1) relational wounds - the role of others, (2) relational vigilance, and (3) identity disturbance. AMs reflecting iatrogenic harm, body mistrust, betrayal, impact of interpersonal experiences, moral self-evaluation, shame, and feelings of wrongness or being different were unique to, or more frequent in, the AN group than HCs. Across themes, individuals with AN exhibited more intense, enduring, and unresolved relational and self-related difficulties, whereas HCs described similar experiences in a more situational, flexible, and adaptive manner. A qualitative exploration of the content of cued AMs from people with AN is a novel approach to understanding its phenomenology. In this study, interpersonal and self-related mistrust were prominent features of AMs in people with AN. Understanding these qualitative differences in AM content may inform interventions aimed at restoring relational trust and self-acceptance.

We compare suicidal behavior outcomes for adolescents who select "no response" on Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ) items in the emergency department (ED) with those of adolescents who screen negative or positive. The multisite Emergency Department Screen for Teens at Risk for Suicide (ED-STARS) study prospectively enrolled adolescents at ED visits, randomizing a subset to follow-up of six-month duration. Participants and parents/guardians completed mental health surveys during the ED encounter and (if applicable) at 3- and 6-month. Risk group was assigned based on ED ASQ score (positive, negative, or nonresponse). Primary outcomes were suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and mental health service use within 6 months. There were 6411 participants assigned to an ASQ group; 2296 participated in follow-up. Nonresponse was associated with intermediate risk for suicidal ideation (nonresponse group adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.14 [95% CI 1.33-3.41]; positive group 4.35 [2.93-6.51]), attempt (nonresponse group adjusted OR 2.82 [0.97-8.41]; positive group 5.35 [2.25-14.33]), and mental health care receipt (nonresponse group unadjusted OR 3.42 [1.56-7.59]; positive group 9.88 [5.60-17.79]). Youth choosing nonresponse on suicide screening questions may be at elevated risk for suicidal ideation and behavior; ED clinicians should not default to treating these youth as negative screens.

Although the prevalence of affective comorbidities with eating disorders (ED) has been well established, the three-way relation between ED, depression, and anxiety symptoms has not been explored in an intensive adolescent treatment setting. This study analyzed data from a sample of teenage girls with anorexia nervosa in higher levels of care (n = 457) to assess the relations between changes in ED symptoms, depression, and anxiety over the course of ED treatment. This study demonstrated that improvements in depression and anxiety are significantly associated with improvement in ED symptoms. Findings support the importance of routine assessments for depression and anxiety among adolescents with anorexia nervosa in higher levels of care and a transdiagnostic approach to treatment that addresses shared underlying mechanisms. Future research that aims to uncover mediators and moderators of these relations is warranted to enhance clinical efforts.

This Response addresses methodological and conceptual issues raised in a Letter to the Editor concerning our recently published network analysis of autism characteristics and anxiety symptoms in autistic children and youth. We clarify concerns related to potential conceptual overlap between autistic characteristics and anxiety-related symptoms and address questions concerning the multinational nature of the dataset. We also summarize sensitivity and stability analyses showing that the identified bridge nodes are robust to variation in regularization parameters and operational definitions. Together, these clarifications support the interpretation of the reported network findings.

Professional societies recommend pediatric genetic testing only when results may impact medical management in childhood. However, with increasing access to genetic information in various settings, young people's responses to learning pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) genetic results remain understudied. The Engaging Adolescents in Decisions about Return of Genomic Research Results clinical trial enrolled 483 adolescents and young adults (ages 13-21) who made decisions about whether to undergo prospective genomic screening to learn their personal results related to 32 sets of treatable, preventable, and adult-onset conditions and carrier traits. Participants (n=15) who received P/LP results were invited to participate in an interview at least three months after receiving their results. Eleven individuals (ages 14-19) participated in an interview. Most interviewees accurately recalled their P/LP results and reported satisfaction with learning personal genetic information, despite experiencing short-lived anxiety and confusion. While participants had knowledge of relevant risk reduction and screening measures, most viewed their genetic test results as a future consideration. Several participants' family members underwent cascade testing after learning the young person's results. Reactions to or risk-reducing behaviors taken since learning results did not differ between disease categories associated with the result. In support of a growing body of empirical research engaging young people in genetic testing decisions and outcomes, our findings suggest that young people who choose to learn genetic information about themselves understand the implications and potential actionability of P/LP results and actively incorporate results into their and family members' lives.

There are age and sex differences in the processing of social reward, although the basis for these differences is not well established. We previously found greater social motivation at P50 (postpubertal adolescence) than at P70 (adulthood), and that female rats showed greater social motivation than male rats. Thus, we investigated whether gonadal hormones may contribute to age and sex differences in social reward motivation. Rats underwent either gonadectomy or sham surgery at P41 (adolescent group) or P69 (adult group) and began testing in the operant conditioning paradigm 5 days later. When trained on a fixed ratio of one, gonadectomized rats had a greater social preference relative to control rats, irrespective of sex and age. When tested on a progressive ratio (effort required to access social reward continually increased), adolescents were more motivated than were adults, irrespective of sex or gonadal status. However, resistance to extinction was evident in gonadectomized rats relative to control rats, irrespective of sex and age. Thus, the results provide evidence that gonadal hormones influence social preference, although not social motivation. Ongoing maturation, rather than puberty, is responsible for age-related changes in social reward motivation, and the presence of gonadal hormones independently influences the preference for a social partner.

Turner syndrome (TS) is associated with delayed puberty, abnormal breast development, and increased risk of certain diseases. The purpose of this article is to present the current state of breast development assessment in TS patients, focusing on the use of ultrasound (US), mammography, and MRI, regarding their utility in monitoring changes in women with TS. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases like PubMed and Medline. There are currently no specific recommendations for breast US in TS patients, and because no conclusive US classification of breast development with distinctive sonographic features in the breast has been established, breast US in women with TS remains a diagnostic challenge. Proposed US scales for breast development in adolescent girls and fibroglandular tissue evaluation in men with gynecomastia are suggested as potential tools for monitoring breast development in women with Turner syndrome. Further research is highlighted as crucial to improving diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Acute kidney injury and metabolic derangements are common after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), yet their potential contribution to urinary stone formation is rarely described. Critically ill patients may develop lithogenic conditions related to tubular injury, oliguria, prolonged immobilization, catabolism, infection, and alterations in urinary solute handling. We report the case of a 13-year-old girl with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing induction chemotherapy who developed Pseudomonas septic shock requiring prolonged extracorporeal support with venoarterial ECMO followed by venovenous ECMO. Her course was further complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome, bilateral pneumothoraces, and prolonged intensive care unit hospitalization. During recovery, computed tomography revealed bilateral renal and ureteral calculi with moderate left hydroureteronephrosis. Despite significant stone burden, the patient remained clinically stable without urinary tract infection, preserved renal function, and gradual radiographic improvement. Because of ongoing chemotherapy, immunosuppression, pulmonary risk, and fluctuating procedural candidacy, management required repeated multidisciplinary reassessment involving pediatric urology, oncology, pulmonology, nephrology, and the patient's family. Initial decompression and staged ureteroscopic intervention were considered; however, serial imaging demonstrated partial spontaneous migration of calculi, allowing temporary conservative management with tamsulosin and close surveillance. Persistent left-sided impaction and limited further migration ultimately supported definitive bilateral ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy and short-term stenting once medically optimized. This case highlights the complex balance between surgical urgency and systemic risk in post-ECMO patients with urolithiasis. It also raises the possibility that ECMO-related renal injury and critical illness physiology may contribute to the formation of low-density or matrix-type stones. Individualized multidisciplinary decision-making is essential in medically fragile patients.

Estimating population sizes of adolescents who identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) is important for addressing health needs and disparities. Most states have Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBS) among high school students, but not all include an item about sexual identity. This study's aim was to estimate the percentages of students identifying as LGB stratified by sex, age, and race and ethnicity where state data is incomplete. States where 2021 YRBS data are not available are outside the scope of this study. We developed two random forests trained separately for each sex and evaluated the models' performance in predicting percentages of respondents identifying as LGB by state and demographic strata. We then estimated percentages for states that did not include or have responses to the LGB identity question available in 2021. The random forests outperformed benchmark comparison models based on a simple logistic regression approach. Estimates of students who identify as LGB across demographic strata and states ranged 5%-30%. The estimated percentages for states that did not ask students about sexual identity fell within the same range. Our approach to deriving state-level estimates of LGB students by sex, race and ethnicity, and age performs well and can be used to inform efforts to improve health and well-being of LGB youth.

Keratoconus (KC) is an adolescent-onset vision-impairing corneal disorder with incompletely elucidated pathogenesis. This study aims to elucidate the regulatory role of NEDD8 in the Hippo-YAP signaling pathway and its influence on the corneal pathology, thereby providing a theoretical basis for mechanistic studies and targeted therapy of KC. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of central corneas was performed to identify differentially expressed molecules and signaling pathways in KC. Then the expression changes and correlations of key regulatory molecules were validated at both the transcriptional and protein levels. We subjected HTK cells to mechanical stretch and used gain- or loss-of-function assays to demonstrate the regulatory role of key signaling pathways. In addition, ligand-receptor interaction analysis was performed to decipher aberrant immune-stromal cell crosstalk in KC. NEDD8 was significantly upregulated in KC corneal stromal cells, with decreased MST1/LATS1 expression and increased YAP1 nuclear translocation. In vitro experiments indicated that mechanical stretch may inhibit the Hippo pathway by upregulating NEDD8, thereby reducing YAP1 phosphorylation and enhancing its transcriptional activity. We detected signs of elevated inflammation and dysregulated stromal-immune ligand-receptor pairs in KC samples. Overexpression of NEDD8 and YAP1 significantly increased inflammatory cytokine levels in HTK cells, whereas NEDD8 inhibitor treatment suppressed the mechanical stretch-triggered inflammatory responses. Collectively, our study revealed that NEDD8 may promote KC progression by mediating mechanical signal transduction through regulation of the Hippo-YAP pathway. These findings highlight NEDD8 as a promising therapeutic target for KC and provide novel mechanistic insights into its molecular pathogenesis.

This longitudinal panel study aims to investigate the relationships between short/long-term benefits and costs of internet gaming and internet gaming disorder (IGD) in adolescents. First-year high school students with a convenience sampling were recruited from four high schools in central China, and 1032 (56% boys) finished baseline and one-year follow-up surveys. The percentage of IGD was 14.8% at T1 and 13.9% at T2. Cross-lagged structural equation modeling showed that higher levels of IGD symptoms predicted more perceived short- and long-term costs of gaming, while perceptions of short- and long-term costs or benefits did not significantly predict IGD symptoms. These findings suggest experiencing actual negative consequences of internet gaming could enhance perceived costs. Prospective associations between cognitive perceptions and IGD are highlighted and the implications for interventions are discussed.

Pediatric urolithiasis represents an increasing global health burden, particularly in developing nations. Limited data exist regarding surgical management and outcomes in rural Indian populations. The objective of this study was to analyze the demographic profile, clinical characteristics, surgical interventions, and treatment outcomes of pediatric patients with urolithiasis managed at a rural tertiary care center in North India. This retrospective observational study reviewed records of 46 consecutive pediatric patients (aged ≤18 years) who underwent surgical intervention for urolithiasis at Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, between January 2017 and December 2024. Data on demographics, stone characteristics, surgical procedures, complications, and outcomes were systematically analyzed. The cohort comprised predominantly adolescent males (mean age: 14.2 ± 3.7 years; 76.1% of male), with 100% rural residence. Renal calculi were most common (60.9%), followed by vesical (15.2%) and ureteral stones (10.9%). Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) was the most frequently performed procedure (45.7%), followed by open cystolithotomy (13.0%) and ureteroscopy (10.9%). The overall stone-free rate was 95.7%, with complete clearance in 44 patients. No major intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred. Minor complications (Clavien-Dindo Grade I-II) were observed in 21.7% of cases. The mean hospital stay was 6.8 ± 3.2 days. During a median follow-up of 90 days, no stone recurrence was documented among patients with adequate follow-up (≥3 months). Pediatric urolithiasis in rural India predominantly affects adolescent males, with renal stones being most common. Modern surgical techniques, particularly PCNL, achieve excellent stone clearance with minimal morbidity in resource-limited settings. The findings underscore the need for preventive public health strategies and improved healthcare access in rural populations. Résumé Contexte:La lithiase urinaire pédiatrique représente un problème de santé croissant à l’échelle mondiale, particulièrement dans les pays en développement. Les données concernant la prise en charge chirurgicale et les résultats thérapeutiques dans les populations rurales indiennes restent limitées.Objectif:Analyser le profil démographique, les caractéristiques cliniques, les interventions chirurgicales et les résultats du traitement chez les enfants atteints de lithiase urinaire pris en charge dans un centre tertiaire rural du nord de l’Inde.Matériels et méthodes:Cette étude observationnelle rétrospective a inclus 46 patients pédiatriques consécutifs (âgés de ≤18 ans) ayant bénéficié d’une intervention chirurgicale pour lithiase urinaire à l’Université des Sciences Médicales de l’Uttar Pradesh, Saifai, entre janvier 2017 et décembre 2024. Les données démographiques, les caractéristiques des calculs, les procédures chirurgicales, les complications et les résultats ont été analysés systématiquement.Résultats:La cohorte était composée principalement d’adolescents de sexe masculin (âge moyen : 14,2 ± 3,7 ans ; 76,1 % de garçons), avec une origine rurale dans 100 % des cas. Les calculs rénaux étaient les plus fréquents (60,9 %), suivis des calculs vésicaux (15,2 %) et urétéraux (10,9 %). La néphrolithotomie percutanée (PCNL) était l’intervention la plus réalisée (45,7 %), suivie de la cystolithotomie ouverte (13,0 %) et de l’urétéroscopie (10,9 %). Le taux global d’absence de calcul résiduel était de 95,7 %, avec une clairance complète chez 44 patients. Aucune complication peropératoire ou postopératoire majeure n’a été observée. Des complications mineures (Clavien–Dindo grades I–II) sont survenues dans 21,7 % des cas. La durée moyenne d’hospitalisation était de 6,8 ± 3,2 jours. Au cours d’un suivi médian de 90 jours, aucune récidive lithiasique n’a été observée chez les patients ayant un suivi adéquat (≥3 mois).Conclusion:La lithiase urinaire pédiatrique en milieu rural indien touche principalement les adolescents de sexe masculin, les calculs rénaux étant les plus fréquents. Les techniques chirurgicales modernes, en particulier la PCNL, permettent une excellente clairance lithiasique avec une morbidité minimale dans des contextes à ressources limitées. Ces résultats soulignent la nécessité de stratégies préventives de santé publique et d’un meilleur accès aux soins dans les populations rurales.

A 15-year-old female patient presented with recurrent episodes of hematemesis over six months, with no identifiable source on initial evaluations, including upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and abdominal angiography. Despite a thorough workup for bleeding diatheses, the etiology remained elusive until whole-genome sequencing revealed a homozygous mutation in the ADAMTS2 gene, confirming Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), dermatosparaxis type (dEDS). Although bleeding is more common in vascular EDS, recurrent GI bleeding in this patient likely resulted from vessel wall weakness and defective collagen processing associated with dEDS. Management included celiprolol, vitamin C, multivitamins, and multidisciplinary follow-up. This case underscores the importance of genetic testing in diagnosing atypical connective tissue disorders and highlights a multidisciplinary approach for managing complex cases with recurrent, unexplained bleeding.

The Claremont Purpose Scale (CPS) was designed to assess youth purpose, but the English version has not yet undergone rigorous psychometric evaluation among adolescents. Prior validation efforts have also mostly relied on white-majority samples, raising concerns about generalizability. With 587 adolescents (Mage = 16.38 years, range = 13-19), confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) supported correlated three-factor and second-order models equivalently. However, the beyond-the-self dimension had the weakest connections with the overarching purpose construct and other CPS dimensions, and exploratory tests suggested that the correlated three-factor model may have an empirical edge over the second-order configuration. Expected zero-order correlations provided evidence of convergent validity; up to partial scalar invariance across racial-ethnic groups was supported by multigroup CFA; and latent means testing and multigroup structural equation modeling failed to find differences between racial-ethnic groups in purpose level and adjustment associations. Findings are discussed from developmental and cultural perspectives, with implications for future adolescent purpose measurement.

Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-producing Staphylococcus aureus can cause severe necrotising pneumonia in previously healthy individuals. We report the case of a 17-year-old previously well adolescent who presented with a short prodrome of influenza-like symptoms and rapidly deteriorated into severe respiratory failure and septic shock. Despite early escalation of care, broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy, and intensive supportive management, the patient developed bilateral pneumothoraces, refractory hypoxaemia, and multiorgan dysfunction. Blood cultures and respiratory samples confirmed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, with subsequent confirmation of PVL production. This case demonstrates a rapidly progressive clinical course with severe complications and a fatal outcome despite intensive care management.

To evaluate bone mineral density in children and adolescents with beta-thalassemia major. The retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted from October 30 to November 15, 2024, at Peshawar General Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan, and comprised data from January to August 2024 of paediatric betathalassemia major patients aged 2-18 years. Bone mineral density and Z-scores were evaluated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans of the lumbar spine, proximal femur and distal radius. Data was analysed using SPSS 25. Of the 281 patients with mean age 6.92±3.74 years, 176(62.6%) were boys and 105(37.4%) were girls. The mean bone mineral density for proximal femur was 0.59±0.14g/cm², for lumbar spine 0.53±0.14g/cm²and for distal radius 0.35±0.09g/cm². Corresponding Z-scores were -0.41±1.81, -0.48±1.79 and -2.99±1.97 respectively. Low bone mass prevalence was 36(18.9%) at proximal femur, 43(16.4%) at lumbar spine, and 76(62.3%) at distal radius. Age negatively correlated with Z-scores at proximal femur (r=-0.27, p=0.001) and distal radius (r=-0.19, p=0.03). Male subjects had higher bone mineral density and Z-scores at the proximal femur than females(p=0.04). The reduction was significant in bone mineral density, particularly at the distal radius, in paediatric patients with beta-thalassemia major. The negative correlation between age and bone mineral density underscored the importance of early and continuous bone health monitoring in such patients.

Binge alcohol drinking is a recognized cause of peripheral muscle damage, leading to increased creatine kinase levels. However, the potential role of electrolyte and osmolality changes in muscle damage remains unclear. This study investigates the prevalence of muscle damage in adolescents after binge drinking and its association with ethanol, potassium, sodium, calcium, and osmolality levels. A retrospective review of medical records from the Pediatric Emergency Department, Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy, was conducted. The study included 150 adolescents (13.2 to 18.0&#x2009;years of age, female to male ratio 1.03) diagnosed with binge drinking between 2013 and 2023. Exclusion criteria encompassed muscle trauma, crush syndrome, pre-existing conditions, or medications affecting muscle metabolism and electrolyte balance. Muscle damage was defined as creatine kinase levels exceeding 1.5 times the upper limit of normal. Muscle damage was identified in 61 (41%) cases, predominantly in males (female to male ratio 0.24; p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.0001). Ethanol levels (1.87 [1.57-2.30] versus 2.01 [1.61-2.36] g/L; median and interquartile range), potassium (3.6 [3.3-3.9] versus 3.7 [3.5-3.9] mmol/L), sodium (140 [139-142] versus 140 [138-142] mmol/L), total calcium (2.31 [2.27-2.37] versus 2.29 [2.25-2.31]; mmol/L), albumin-adjusted calcium (2.27 [2.22-2.32] versus 2.29 [2.18-2.31]; mmol/L), effective osmolality (286 [283-290] versus 287 [284-290] mosm/kg), and total osmolality (333 [326-342] versus 337 [326-342] mosm/kg) were similar in individuals without and with muscle damage. In adolescents, muscle damage is common after binge alcohol drinking, particularly in males. The pathogenesis appears to be independent of ethanol concentration, electrolyte imbalances, and osmolality changes.

To analyze differences in taste preferences and dietary characteristics in early childhood according to genetic polymorphisms in taste receptor genes. This study is a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial (ReBEC: RBR-229SCM; U1111-1226-9516) that enrolled infants at 5.5 mo of age and allocated them to different complementary feeding methods in Porto Alegre, Brazil. At 12 mo old, the Food Preferences Questionnaire (FPQ) was applied, and data on dietary characteristics were obtained. Between 12 and 35 mo of age, the Taste Acceptance Test (TAT) was conducted, and oral mucosa samples were collected for the analysis of polymorphisms in sweet and bitter taste receptor genes. Pearson's chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Kruskal-Wallis test were used in data analysis. A total of 96 infants with available data for exposures and outcomes were included in the analysis. The duration of exclusive breastfeeding was associated with TAS1R3(rs35744813) (P = 0.039), TAS1R2(rs9701796) (P = 0.022), and the number of sweet taste-related polymorphisms (P = 0.013). In the FPQ, TAS1R3(rs35744813) was associated with a preference for sour-tasting foods (P = 0.040), and TAS2R16(rs846672) with a preference for umami-flavored foods (P = 0.042). In the TAT, bitter taste reactions were associated with TAS1R2(rs9701796) (P = 0.021), TAS1R3(rs307355) (P = 0.008), and the number of sweet taste-related polymorphisms (P = 0.037). In contrast, sour taste reactions were associated with the number of bitter taste-related polymorphisms (P = 0.048). The study found that genetic polymorphisms were associated with infant food acceptance, leading to differences in food preferences. Future longitudinal and experimental studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which genetic polymorphisms influence infant food acceptance.

Although asthma and obesity are independently associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, whether their co-occurrence is associated with a higher burden of these disorders remains unclear. Using NHIS data from children and adolescents aged 10-17 years with complete BMI and neurodevelopmental data, 42,444 participants were stratified into four categories according to their asthma and obesity status: obesity-related asthma (OA), asthma without obesity (NOA), obesity without asthma (ONA), and neither condition (NC). Compared with the NC group, the adjusted odds ratios for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, learning disability, autism spectrum disorder, and developmental delay were, respectively, 1.84 (95% CI 1.57-2.14), 1.87 (95% CI 1.57-2.22), 2.20 (95% CI 1.57-3.07), and 2.29 (95% CI 1.79-2.94) in the OA group; 1.56 (95% CI 1.40-1.74), 1.51 (95% CI 1.34-1.69), 1.12 (95% CI 0.87-1.43), and 1.50 (95% CI 1.26-1.79) in the NOA group; 1.23 (95% CI 1.10-1.38), 1.32 (95% CI 1.17-1.48), 1.53 (95% CI 1.21-1.93), and 1.31 (95% CI 1.10-1.56) in the ONA group. This study demonstrated a significant association between obesity-related asthma and neurodevelopmental disorders in children. The co-occurrence of obesity and asthma is associated with stronger associations than either condition alone. Our study showed that there was a significant association between obesity-related asthma and neurodevelopmental disorders in children. Our study also suggested that the co-occurrence of obesity and asthma is associated with stronger associations than either condition alone. Our study filled the research gap regarding the association between obesity-related asthma and childhood neurodevelopmental disorders. Our findings highlight the need for further longitudinal studies to examine whether integrated management of obesity and asthma is related to neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. These findings may help identify children with co-occurring obesity and asthma as a subgroup warranting closer developmental assessment.