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Season of birth has long been associated with variation in the timing of sexual maturation. However, the specific prenatal environmental mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. We aimed to examine the association between prenatal maternal sunshine exposure and age at menarche, accounting for season of birth and relevant biological and socioeconomic factors. The study included 1,635 Polish female university students aged 19-25 years. Age at menarche was retrospectively reported. Prenatal sunshine exposure was estimated using national meteorological data on average monthly sunshine duration in Poland and calculated separately for each trimester of pregnancy. Generalized linear models assessed associations between trimester-specific sunshine exposure, season of birth, and age at menarche, with progressive adjustment for birthweight, parental education, urbanization level, number of siblings, and birth order. Sequential multiple regression analyses evaluated independent trimester effects. The mean age at menarche was 12.70 ± 1.17 years. In unadjusted analyses, summer and autumn birth were associated with earlier menarche; however, these associations were fully attenuated after adjusting for prenatal sunshine exposure. Higher maternal sunshine exposure during the second trimester was consistently and robustly associated with earlier menarche across all models (e.g. for the final model β=-0.145, 95% CI -0.21, -0.08; adj. R2 = 0.256). Prenatal maternal sunshine exposure, particularly during the second trimester of pregnancy, is a significant predictor of age at menarche independent of season of birth. These findings strongly support the role of gestational sunlight exposure - likely reflecting maternal vitamin D status - in the developmental programming of female pubertal timing.

Seasonal variation in metabolic risk may be associated with meteorological factors, with potential implications for the prevention and control of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, evidence on these patterns in large populations remains limited. This study included 2,913,636 health checkup records from insured adults aged 35-74 years in Fukushima, Japan, between April 2012 and March 2022. Descriptive time-series analyses were conducted to examine seasonal variation in MetS prevalence and metabolic components. Generalised estimating equation models were used to assess associations of season with MetS status and metabolic components, while generalised additive models were applied to evaluate non-linear associations between meteorological factors and MetS status. Overall, 26.3% of men and 8.9% of women had MetS. Compared with spring, after adjustment for meteorological factors, the odds of having MetS were 3% and 7% higher in autumn and winter in men, and 7% and 7% higher in women, respectively. Lower temperatures were associated with higher odds of having MetS in both sexes. Sunshine duration showed sex-specific associations: both shorter and longer sunshine duration were associated with lower odds of having MetS in men, whereas longer sunshine duration was associated with higher odds of having MetS in women. Waist circumference was significantly associated with temperature in women but not in men, and showed an approximately linear association with sunshine duration in men and a J-shaped association in women. Non-linear associations between meteorological factors and other metabolic components were also observed in both sexes. In particular, temperature was inversely associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, moderately associated with fasting plasma glucose, and showed an approximately U-shaped association with triglycerides. MetS status and metabolic components showed seasonal variation and were associated with meteorological conditions, particularly ambient temperature. These findings may help inform seasonal strategies for metabolic risk prevention and control.

COVID-19 remains a leading infectious cause of death and hospitalisation globally. Coinfections with SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogens may result in more severe illness, however the prevalence of coinfection in Australia is unknown. This Australian study aimed to determine the prevalence and microbiology of respiratory and bloodstream coinfections, antimicrobial use, and outcomes in hospitalised patients with moderate to severe COVID-19. This was a retrospective cohort study of adult patients with moderate to severe COVID-19, admitted at the Sunshine Coast University Hospital from February to July 2022. Data regarding patient characteristics, comorbidities, microbiological results, hospital length of stay, intensive care unit admission, and mortality were compared between the coinfection and no-coinfection groups. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with coinfection. Coinfection was documented in 23 (12%) of the 190 patients admitted with moderate-severe COVID-19. Bacterial infections were the most common (54% of coinfection episodes), followed by fungal (32%), and viral (14%). Antibiotics were prescribed for 74% of patients, for a median duration of 6 days (IQR 4-8 days). Patients with coinfection had a median length of stay of 9 days (IQR: 4-19.5) compared to 6 days in the no-coinfection group (IQR: 3-9; p = 0.047). There was no mortality difference between the two groups. Patients admitted to intensive care had higher odds of coinfection compared to patients not admitted to intensive care (OR 3.39, 95% CI 1.19-9.66, p = 0.02). Severe COVID-19 and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent were also associated with coinfection. The causal nature of these relationships requires further interrogation. The prevalence of respiratory and bloodstream coinfection was low in our cohort of hospitalised COVID-19 patients. Despite non-standardised microbiological testing, antibiotic use was disproportionately high. Further work is required to define risk factors and improve diagnosis of COVID-19-associated coinfection, to better inform antimicrobial stewardship.

Physical activity (PA) is essential for physical and mental health, yet remains insufficient across populations. Environmental factors, such as air pollution (AP), are increasingly recognized as dynamic influences on daily PA behavior. This study investigated within-person relationships between AP (particulate matter PM₁₀) and device-based PA (step counts) over 14 days in a sample of 693 adults living in an industrial region in the Czech Republic (9702 daily observations; 47.2% women; Mage = 38.78, SD = 12.28). The sample was recruited using non-probabilistic quota sampling. Using multilevel Bayesian modeling, we found that on days when PM₁₀ was higher than a participant's average across the 14 days, step counts were lower (b = -0.027; 95% CI = [-0.047, -0.006]), while controlling for the effects of temperature, sunshine, and precipitation. Specifically, a 1-SD increase in PM₁₀ was linked to 361 fewer steps. Self-reported AP monitoring tendency did not moderate the within-person relationship between AP and step counts (b = -0.003; 95% CI = [-0.044, 0.038]). Findings highlight the importance of capturing short-term environmental exposures in PA research and underscore the public health relevance of behavioral adaptation under conditions shaped by climate change, including AP. Results may inform individual-level digital interventions focused on adaptive behavior change as well as policy-level urban planning strategies that promote PA under varying environmental conditions.

The National Volume-Based Procurement (NVBP) policy was implemented in China in 2018 to address escalating pharmaceutical expenditures. This study aimed to describe long-term price trends, regional variations in bid-winning drug prices, and supply stability during the 2018-2024 implementation period. Data were obtained from the Shanghai Sunshine Pharmaceutical Procurement Platform and the Comprehensive Service Platform for NVBP. Price trends of bid-winning and alternative drugs were analyzed using monthly procurement data for Batches 1-7, excluding the insulin-specific sixth batch.Laspeyres, Paasche, and Fisher price indices were calculated using January 2018 as a common index anchor to standardize long-term price comparisons, rather than as a batch-specific pre-policy baseline. Regional disparities in bid-winning drug prices were examined using official bid-winning results for Batches 1-5 and Batches 7-10, with purchasing power parity indices estimated by the national product dummy method. Supply shortages were measured as monthly regional order-delivery gaps during the first post-implementation year of each included batch and classified into five severity levels. Bid-winning drugs showed substantial price declines after implementation, with Laspeyres, Paasche, and Fisher indices decreasing by approximately 55%-85%, 60%-85%, and 50%-80%, respectively. Prices remained stable at low levels without obvious rebound. Alternative drugs showed smaller and more fluctuating declines of approximately 5%-40%, 5%-40%, and 10%-40%, respectively. Supplementary interrupted time-series analysis of the Fisher index showed significant negative immediate level changes for bid-winning drugs across all included batches, whereas alternative drugs showed smaller and less consistent immediate changes. Regional PPP point estimates were generally lower in economically developed regions than in the western region, although many individual batch-region comparisons were not statistically significant. First-year supply shortages ranged from approximately 17% to 33% across batches. Lower-priced drugs were more frequently observed in higher shortage-severity categories, with drugs priced below 0.5 CNY accounting for 77.6% of severe shortages. This nationwide descriptive study documented sharp and sustained price declines for bid-winning drugs, smaller and heterogeneous declines for alternative drugs, persistent regional price disparities, and supply shortages under China's NVBP. These findings suggest a policy tension between price reduction, regional equity, and supply security.If these descriptive associations reflect underlying procurement mechanisms, future policy refinements may consider regional price-differential monitoring, dynamic price-adjustment mechanisms for extremely low-priced drugs, supply guarantee requirements, and reward-penalty mechanisms for procurement participants.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) doped with rare-earth elements such as neodymium (Nd) demonstrate improved optical, catalytic, and biomedical functionalities, making them promising for multifunctional applications. However, investigations into these properties in green-synthesized Nd-doped ZnO NPs are still limited. Thus, this study aimed to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate the environmental and biomedical potentials of pure and Nd-doped ZnO NPs using Psidium guajava (P. guajava) leaf extract (PGLE). Pure and Nd-doped ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using PGLE. Their structural, morphological, and optical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Photocatalytic performance was assessed through methylene blue degradation under sunlight, while cytotoxicity and apoptosis were evaluated in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells using acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining. XRD and HRTEM analyses confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO and revealed a notable reduction in particle size with Nd doping. Raman spectra and PL results indicated that Nd incorporation enhanced defect states and influenced luminescence properties. XPS verified successful Nd substitution, introducing lattice strain and defect sites. Photocatalytic studies showed ~ 99% methylene blue degradation within 150 min, with strong reusability. Cytotoxic assays revealed lower cell viability for Nd-ZnO (22%) compared to pure ZnO (24%), with AO/EB staining confirming apoptosis as the primary mode of cell death. Nd doping into ZnO lattices enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, improving photocatalytic efficiency and anticancer activity. The green synthesis using P. guajava leaf extract demonstrates a sustainable route for developing multifunctional Nd-ZnO-based nanomaterials for environmental and biomedical applications.

Magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (MIONPs) have shown potential in mitigating abiotic stresses, including UV-B radiation. However, their role in alleviating UV-B-induced damage in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) has not yet been reported. This study evaluated the effects of seed priming with MIONPs (0, 1000, and 1500 ppm) on growth and photosynthetic performance of radish plants exposed to different UV-B intensities (no UV-B (UV0), moderate UV-B (UV1), and high UV-B (UV2)) for 15 days. MIONP pretreatment significantly increased plant height and leaf area compared with untreated plants across all UV-B treatments. Treated plants also showed higher total chlorophyll, carotenoid, and anthocyanin contents under both ambient and UV-B conditions. MIONPs reduced flavonoid levels and decreased the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2, and proline. UV-B stress increased antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)) in untreated plants, whereas MIONPs priming moderated these responses. Furthermore, MIONPs improved photosynthetic efficiency by enhancing the quantum yield of photosystem I (PSI) and II (PSII) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). In PSI parameters, donor-side limitation (ΦND) increased, whereas acceptor-side limitation (ΦNA) decreased, alongside changes in PSI redox components (P700ox, PCox, and Fdred). Overall, MIONP seed pretreatment effectively mitigates UV-B stress and represents a promising strategy for sustainable crop production.

Soft actuators for flexible electronics and soft robotics have garnered significant interest, while achieving rapid actuation, mechanical robustness, and self-healing capacity within a single system remains challenging. Here we disclosed an interfacial supramolecular strategy by incorporating polydopamine (PDA) decorated Liquid metal (EGaIn) microdroplets into an aqueous polyurethane (WPU) matrix to construct a dynamic supramolecular interface. The formation of multiple hydrogen bonds and metal-catechol coordination markedly enhances interfacial adhesion and energy dissipation without sacrificing chain mobility. Consequently, the WLMP film achieves complete crack closure and mechanical recovery within 12 h at room temperature, demonstrating autonomous self-healing. Moreover, the composites exhibit excellent strength (7.6 MPa), low modulus (3.03 MPa), high stretchability (1054.2%), and notch resistance. Furthermore, the broadband light absorption of PDA endows the composite with outstanding photothermal performance (96.2 °C in 240 s) under simulated sunlight irradiation at 100 mW cm-2, enabling NIR-driven actuators with rapid response and sophisticated biomimetic movement (0.5 and 1 W cm-2). The proposed strategy has opened new avenues for the development of highly integrated, stimuli-responsive soft materials.

This study aims to investigate the prevalence of serum vitamin D deficiency in the Xining, Qinghai Province (elevation 2260&#xa0;m, oxygen partial pressure 16.10&#xa0;kPa, 36&#xb0;13'-37&#xb0;28'N) and to explore the correlation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and inflammatory markers. A total of 2,080 subjects were enrolled, serum 25(OH)D, and inflammatory markers-including procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and C reactive protein (CRP) -were measured. According to serum 25(OH)D concentrations, participants were divided into three groups: vitamin D sufficiency (>&#x2009;30 ng/mL), insufficiency (20-30 ng/mL), and deficiency (<&#x2009;20 ng/mL). Spearman correlation analysis, partial correlation analysis and Logistic regression analysis were performed. The mean 25(OH)D concentration was 13.99&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;7.20 ng/mL, with the proportions of vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency and sufficiency being 83.65%, 13.65% and 2.70%, respectively. The levels of PCT, IL-6 and CRP in the deficiency group were significantly higher than those in the other two groups (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). The vitamin D deficiency was higher in females than in males (87.95% vs. 77.47%, P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). The 25(OH)D level peaked in summer and reached the lowest level in winter (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05), while no significant intergroup difference was observed across different age groups. PCT, IL-6 and CRP were significantly negatively correlated with 25(OH)D (r=-0.674, -0.533, -0.292, P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01), and these correlations remained significant after adjustment for confounding factors (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01). Logistic regression analysis revealed that female gender (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;4.043), PCT (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;2491.808), IL-6 (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.903) and CRP (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.608) were independent risk factors for vitamin D deficiency (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01). Residents in high-altitude Xining suffer from severe vitamin D deficiency correlated with heightened inflammation. Female sex and elevated inflammatory biomarkers independently increase deficiency risk, and seasonal sunlight regulates 25(OH)D levels. Gender- and season-specific vitamin D supplementation could mitigate inflammatory load in highland residents.

Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly normalising in nursing education. However, evidence regarding their impact on critical thinking-a cornerstone of safe clinical practice-remains inconsistent. Current syntheses have largely focused on student satisfaction and general utility, leaving the specific instructional mechanisms that cultivate this competency unexplored. This mixed-methods systematic review aims to identify effective pedagogical strategies for fostering critical thinking, providing evidence-based guidance to safeguard clinical competency in an artificial intelligence-integrated workforce. This review will follow a convergent segregated mixed-methods design in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology. A systematic search will be conducted across CINAHL, ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Scopus supplemented by grey literature sources (ProQuest Dissertations, MedRxiv). The search will be limited to English-language studies published from January 2023 to June 2026. Eligible studies will include undergraduate nursing students exposed to structured LLM-based pedagogical interventions. Methodological quality will be appraised using design-specific JBI Critical Appraisal Checklists. Outcomes will be classified using a modified Kirkpatrick framework to distinguish objective competence from subjective confidence. Quantitative data will be synthesised narratively following Synthesis Without Meta-analysis guidelines, and qualitative data thematically. Streams will be integrated using a Joint Display Analysis to generate meta-inferences on effective instructional design. Finally, confidence in the cumulative evidence will be assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and GRADE-Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research. As a systematic review of existing literature, this study does not require ethical approval. Findings will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication, conference presentations and a visual guide for educators.

This Review describes the burden of cardiovascular disease across Indigenous populations and contextualizes the potential drivers and contributors to inequalities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. The focus is on Indigenous populations across Aotearoa New Zealand, Australia, Canada and the USA, including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, American Indian, Alaska Native, Canadian First Nations, Inuit, M&#xe9;tis, M&#x101;ori, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander peoples. Available data show that cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of premature and excess disease burden for Indigenous populations, characterized by excess mortality, morbidity and related health-care utilization. Inequities emerge early in the life course, in adolescence and young adulthood. However, the availability of data from Indigenous populations in each country is severely limited, highlighting the need for comprehensive research and collection of administrative data to enable surveillance, monitor secular trends in inequality, and identify targets for policy and health-system reform. This Review posits the complex interplay between determinants of cardiovascular disease, incorporating intergenerational socioeconomic disadvantage, structural discrimination and racism, and the way in which colonization increases exposure to risks, contributing to the erosion of cultural strengths and cardioprotective factors. These determinants represent key targets for preventative and promotive action to improve and sustain the cardiovascular wellbeing of Indigenous populations.

To improve the diagnosis and treatment of urolithiasis in the conditions of the Far North. The study included 136 patients in whom stone analysis after surgical treatment was done. The patients underwent examination and treatment at Salekhard District Clinical Hospital and Outpatient Department No. 4 of University Clinical Hospital No. 2, Sechenov University. The mean age of the patients was 47.6+/-11 years. There were 89 men (65.4%) and 47 women (34.6%). Before surgical intervention, stones were located in a calyx in 31 patients (22.8%), in the renal pelvis in 28 (20.6%), in the upper third of the ureter in 17 (12.5%), in the middle third in 9 (6.6%), and in the lower third of the ureter in 51 patients (37.5%). Indications for surgery included frequent episodes of renal colic, hematuria, and chronic calculous pyelonephritis. Preoperatively, 29 patients (21.3%) had recurrent stone formation, whereas in 107 patients (78.7%) the stone was detected for the first time. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) was performed in 24 patients (17.6%), ureteroscopy with lithotripsy in 74 (54.4%), and percutaneous nephrolithotomy in 38 (27.9%). The mineral composition of the stones was characterized by diversity and variability in frequency. In 28 patients (20.6%), the stone consisted of two types of minerals, whereas in 108 (79.4%) it consisted of three types of minerals in different proportions. During the 24-month follow-up period after surgery, no recurrence of stone formation was observed in 45 patients (33.1%), whereas recurrence was diagnosed in 91 patients (66.9%). Cluster analysis identified four groups of observations that differed in sample size. Cluster 0 was characterized by a high whewellite content (65.612+/-12.456) with moderate variability of this parameter. The weddellite level in this group was intermediate (31.729+/-13.551), also with variable values. The key feature of this cluster was the complete absence of postoperative recurrence of urolithiasis: the recurrence rate was 0.000+/-0.000. Cluster 1 showed the highest whewellite content among all groups (68.798+/-11.669). At the same time, the weddellite level in this cluster was lower than in cluster 0 and amounted to 24.218+/-10.583. The most concerning characteristic of this group was the 100% rate of postoperative urolithiasis recurrence (1.000+/-0.000). Cluster 2 demonstrated the lowest whewellite content among the first three clusters (42.177+/-16.461), but at the same time had the highest weddellite level (47.983+/-21.185). In addition, this group showed an increased uric acid content (40.078), exceeding the corresponding values in the other clusters. The risk of urolithiasis recurrence in this group was extremely high: the mean value was 0.971+/-0.171, corresponding to a recurrence probability of 97.1%. Cluster 3 represented a distinct subgroup, the smallest one, with only 4 observations, and was characterized by a zero standard deviation. Its distinguishing feature was a markedly elevated level of uric acid dihydrate (30.000), which was 2-2.5 times higher than in the other groups. At the same time, the ammonium urate content (20.000) in this subgroup was lower than in the remaining patients. The course of urolithiasis is determined by the mineral composition of stones. The four-cluster model clearly demonstrated that the probability of recurrence after surgical treatment is associated with the ratio of mineral components within the calculi. Adaptation of these strategies to the harsh conditions of the Far North is of particular importance. Limited sunlight exposure, extreme temperatures, restricted access to fresh foods, and the remoteness of populated areas require careful control of hydration status, correction of vitamin D deficiency, implementation of telemedicine support, and consideration of local dietary traditions when developing dietary recommendations.

Phytochromes are red/far-red light photoreceptors that regulate diverse aspects of plant photomorphogenesis. Among angiosperm phytochromes, phytochrome C (phyC) is the least well characterized, despite its conservation across monocots and dicots. Previous studies have suggested that phyC exhibits absorption properties distinct from those of phyA and phyB, but the physiological significance of these differences has remained unclear. Here, we show that the photosensory module of phyC exhibits a hypsochromically shifted Pr absorption maximum that is conserved across monocots and dicots. This spectral property is primarily determined by the GAF domain rather than by individual amino acid substitutions. Physiological analyses revealed that phyC contributes to the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation under red light conditions lacking shorter wavelength components, whereas its contribution is limited under white light conditions. These findings indicate that the hypsochromic shift in phyC provides a complementary mechanism for phytochrome signaling under specific light environments. Spectral overlap analysis further indicated that the hypsochromically shifted Pr absorption of phyC enhances photon capture under both direct sunlight and leaf-filtered light, although the magnitude of this effect is modest. Together, these findings indicate that the conserved hypsochromic shift in Pr absorption of phyC provides a complementary, context-dependent mechanism for phytochrome signaling, particularly under light environments in which phyB-mediated responses are less effective.

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) emerging psychoactive substances increasingly detected in aquatic environments, though their occurrence is often limited by low environmental concentrations and rapid in situ transformation. In this study, EDMB-PINACA was selected as a representative SC to investigate its phototransformation behavior in pure and lake water. The results showed that EDMB-PINACA underwent rapid photodegradation with a half-life of 2.33 days under natural sunlight. Under simulated sunlight, a total of ten phototransformation intermediates were identified using liquid chromatography coupled with Q-Exactive Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis confirmed the generation of hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anion radicals during irradiation, which contributed to the degradation process. Fukui function analysis identified the pyrazole ring, intraring C-N bond, and amide nitrogen as the primary reactive sites, supporting the proposed transformation pathways. Consequently, ester hydrolysis, N-dealkylation, desaturation, ketone formation, hydroxylation, and dihydroxylation were identified as dominant transformation pathways. Structurally related SCs, including ADB-BUTINACA and MDMB-4en-PINACA, exhibited similar photochemical behaviors and bond-cleavage patterns, indicating the broader applicability of the proposed transformation framework. These findings provide systematic insights into the photochemical fate of EDMB-PINACA and support the inclusion of transformation products in environmental monitoring and risk assessment of SCs in aquatic systems.

Solar-driven low-temperature reverse water-gas shift offers a sustainable route for CO2 conversion yet suffers from insufficient efficiency and unclear reaction mechanisms. Herein, we demonstrate that light drives the surface charge redistribution of a Pt cluster/CeO2 catalyst, unlocking synergistic dual pathways for enhanced CO production. Using light as the sole energy input (2.27&#xa0;W/cm2), the catalyst surface reaches a localized temperature of &#x223c;309&#xb0;C while the reactor environment remains at only &#x223c;54&#xb0;C. In a continuous-flow system with cold inlet gases, this catalyst achieves a CO production rate of 846.9 mmol gcat -1 h-1, outperforming conventional thermal systems. Remarkably, comparable performance is achieved using natural sunlight alone, even under outdoor ambient temperature of -21&#xb0;C. Mechanistic studies reveal that light-driven interfacial charge redistribution constructs the nonequilibrium Pt&#x3b4;+-OV-Ce3+ structure, which promotes CO2 activation, triggering the carboxylate pathway and enhancing the formate route, giving rise to a cooperative effect that significantly accelerates the overall reaction. This stands in stark contrast to the single formate route that dominates conventional thermal catalysis. This work establishes light as a dynamic regulator for engineering catalytic sites, offering a promising strategy for efficient solar energy conversion.

The ocean is a globally important zone for the photochemical transformation of various organic contaminants. Its unique chemical composition, especially the high concentration of halide ions, can significantly alter the photochemical reactivity and fate of these contaminants. Herein, we systematically investigated the effects of marine constituents on the sunlight-driven photolysis of ambroxol (AMB), an expectorant drug extensively used following COVID-19 pandemic, and assessed its spatiotemporal persistence on a global scale. The results revealed that marine matrix significantly promoted AMB photodegradation in a halide-specific manner, where chloride drove such acceleration via photonucleophilic substitution, while bromide exerted an inhibitory effect. Differing from the pathways in pure water, the marine photolysis of AMB was dominated by photonucleophilic substitution, generating the primary chlorinated product with a substantial formation yield of &#x223c;50.5%. Toxicity evaluation suggested that the halogen exchange reaction reduced the toxicity of the photoproducts, whereas other transformation pathways heightened the environmental risks of AMB. Utilizing the global-scale photolysis model GCSOLAR, this study further indicated that near-surface environmental persistence of AMB was strictly governed by geographic latitude and seasonal dynamics, where environmental half-lives remained minimal (1.24-1.83&#x202f;h) in equatorial zones while rising to 34.77&#x202f;h in high-latitude regions during winter. These findings highlighted the critical role of the marine matrix and global spatiotemporal variations in collectively reshaping the transformation landscape and intensifying the ecological risks of typical emerging contaminants.

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The quality of video content published by oncology media outlets is poorly characterized. We analyzed short form videos discussing oncology trials to determine the methodological rigor of their reporting, whether content invoked shared decision-making principles, and the prevalence of relevant financial conflicts of interest (FCOIs) among speakers. Videos discussing oncology trials published by Oncology Live TV [OncLive TV], Targeted Oncology, and the Video Journal Oncology [VJ Oncology] between January and April 2024 were analyzed. Abstracted data included whether study characteristics, therapy characteristics, treatment recommendations, and shared decision-making principles were discussed. Speakers' general payment data from 2021-2023 were extracted from the U.S. Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services Open Payments database. A majority of the 97 identified videos did not mention inclusion criteria (72%), exclusion criteria (95%), study limitations (81%) and strengths (91%), standard of care (75%), cost (96%), or shared decision-making (91%). Nearly one in five (18%) made specific treatment recommendations, of which only 13% invoked shared decision-making principles. Over half (52%) had speakers who received general payments from an entity with a financial interest in the discussed therapy. Digital coverage of oncology trials has gaps in the transparency, methodological rigor, and disclosure of FCOIs, and rarely includes shared decision-making principles-representing a missed opportunity for outlets to disseminate patient-centered, evidence-based information to their audiences. Clear standards for reporting trial and therapy characteristics and FCOI disclosures among oncology media outlets would promote responsible dissemination of emerging evidence and further their mission to promote evidence-based, and patient-centered care.

Mitochondria adapt their structure through fusion and fission, yet how their morphology and cristae architecture change as cells differentiate remains unclear. The human placenta is a valuable model for studying mitochondrial diversity within a single tissue. As epithelial trophoblast cells of the placenta differentiate, their accompanying mitochondria morphologically and functionally transform. We use array tomography to characterise mitochondrial volume and network complexity. Cryo-electron tomography reveals two distinct subpopulations of mitochondria within preparations enriched for progenitor cytotrophoblasts, and a singular, homogeneous population in the differentiated syncytiotrophoblast. We showcase the 3D topology of individual cristae through a standardised metric of "curvedness". Proteomic analysis of isolated mitochondria identifies reduced levels of proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics and cristae organisation complexes in the syncytiotrophoblast, accompanied by variations in electron transport chain subunits, ATP synthase, and supercomplex components. This study highlights the advantages of combining multimodal imaging with proteomic analyses, to elucidate the process of mitochondrial morphology and cristae architecture remodelling as cells differentiate.