This review explores the applications and challenges of machine learning (ML) in Paralympic and adaptive sports, focusing on performance profiling, injury prediction, movement analysis, and assistive technology development. A comprehensive search of six electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar) was conducted, identifying 17 studies that applied ML in Paralympic and adaptive sports. Each study was evaluated for quality using the Prediction model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST). ML applications were found across four key areas: performance profiling, classification, movement analysis, and assistive technology. While advancements have been made in areas like para-swimming and wheelchair sports tracking, challenges remain due to small sample sizes, data heterogeneity, and the need for domain-specific adaptations to address the unique biomechanics and equipment used by athletes with disabilities. The application of ML in Paralympic sports has the potential to significantly enhance performance analysis and injury prevention. However, current models require further refinement to account for the diversity of impairments, equipment variations, and movement strategies in adaptive sports. Future research should focus on developing robust, interpretable ML models that are adaptable to the unique needs of Paralympic athletes. Improved validation practices and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential to ensure the translation of ML innovations into practical, real-world applications that support athletes' performance and well-being. This systematic review explores the applications and challenges of machine learning (ML) in Paralympic and adaptive sports, focusing on performance profiling, injury prediction, movement analysis, and assistive technology development.ML applications have been applied in areas like para-swimming and wheelchair sports tracking; however, challenges remain due to small sample sizes, data heterogeneity, and the need for domain-specific adaptations to address the unique biomechanics and equipment used by athletes with disabilities.The findings support that ML applications in Paralympic sports have the potential to significantly enhance performance analysis and injury prevention in athletes with disabilities. However, current models require further refinement to account for the diversity of impairments, equipment variations, and movement strategies in adaptive sports.Future research should focus on developing robust, interpretable ML models that are adaptable to the unique needs of Paralympic athletes. Improved validation practices and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential to ensure the translation of ML innovations into practical, real-world applications that support athletes’ performance and well-being.
Advances in running footwear technology, particularly carbon-fibre plates and highly resilient midsole foams, have been proposed to enhance running economy and performance. However, evidence remains heterogeneous and context-dependent.PurposeThis systematic review synthesised empirical evidence on the biomechanical, physiological, and performance effects of emerging footwear technologies. A PRISMA-guided search identified 14 experimental studies examining footwear effects on running economy, biomechanics, and physiological responses. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using a modified approach based on the Cochrane Risk of Bias framework, adapted to accommodate the diversity of study designs included in this review, including randomized, non-randomized, and biomechanical simulation studies. Fourteen studies were included. Carbon-fibre plate shoes with resilient midsole foams improved running economy by 2.6-4.2%, with some models reducing metabolic cost by ~ 4% and improving running economy during prolonged running by 2-6%, while increasing lactate-threshold speed by 0.5-0.6 km·h⁻¹ and reducing heart rate (~ 4-5%) and blood lactate (~ 0.3-0.5 mmol·L⁻¹). Biomechanical adaptations included reduced joint work, altered stride mechanics, and improved energy return, whereas maximalist cushioning increased impact loading by 10.7% and loading rate by 12.3%, and carbon-fibre insoles showed no significant performance or metabolic benefits. Modern running footwear technologies can enhance running economy and endurance performance through complex interactions between cushioning properties, plate stiffness, and shoe geometry. Nevertheless, the biomechanical and physiological effects of these technologies are context-dependent. Future research should investigate long-term adaptations, injury risk implications, and individualized footwear design to optimize performance while minimizing injury risk.
Sports injuries are a significant concern for both professional and recreational athletes, influencing performance, longevity, and rehabilitation outcomes. While external factors such as biomechanics and workload management have been extensively studied, emerging research highlights the role of genetic predispositions in injury susceptibility. This systematic review and meta-analysis consolidated findings from 24 studies examining the association between genetic polymorphisms and sports-related injuries, with a focus on musculoskeletal tissue integrity, muscle function, and inflammatory response. The analysis identified key genetic markers, including COL1A1, COL5A1, and ACTN3, associated with ligament and tendon injuries, as well as the impact of cytokine gene variants (IL-6, TNF-α) on recovery processes. The pooled odds ratio suggested a significantly increased risk of injury among individuals carrying specific genetic variants. Subgroup analyses further revealed gene-specific effects on the injury type and athlete classification. Despite these insights, gene-environment interactions and methodological variability remain challenges in fully elucidating genetic contributions to injury risk. The findings underscore the potential for personalized injury prevention strategies based on genetic screening, enhancing both sports performance and rehabilitation efficiency.
Sports-related core muscle injuries are a common cause of acute and chronic groin and lower abdominal pain in athletes, particularly in activities involving cutting, kicking, and rotational movements. These injuries encompass a broad spectrum of musculoskeletal pathology affecting the abdominal wall, pelvis, and proximal thigh, frequently with overlapping clinical presentations that complicate diagnosis and management. Variability in terminology and injury classification further contributes to diagnostic complexity, underscoring the importance of precise and consistent imaging characterization. Accurate imaging evaluation plays a central role in defining the location, extent, and pattern of injury, informing clinical decision-making and supporting return-to-play planning. This article reviews the imaging features of sports-related core muscle injuries with emphasis on relevant anatomy, biomechanics, and a structured, anatomy-based imaging approach. Management considerations relevant to each injury pattern are discussed within the corresponding sections. Specific injury patterns discussed include side strains, hip pointers, rectus abdominis strains, and acute adductor-related core muscle injuries. By integrating detailed anatomic knowledge with injury mechanisms and characteristic imaging appearances, this review provides a practical framework to support consistent, clinically meaningful interpretation of core muscle injuries and effective communication with referring clinicians involved in the care of athletes.
Sports-related muscle injuries represent a major challenge in both recreational and professional sports, accounting for a substantial proportion of time-loss injuries and frequently leading to recurrent episodes. The aim of this narrative review was to analyze the biomechanical and neuromuscular mechanisms involved in the occurrence of muscle injuries and to synthesize evidence-based prevention strategies reported in the scientific literature. The literature search was conducted in the Web of Science database using the keyword "muscle injury prevention", focusing on studies published between 2010 and 2025. The analyzed literature indicates that muscle injuries are strongly associated with eccentric contractions at long muscle lengths, neuromuscular fatigue, strength imbalances, impaired lumbopelvic stability, and inadequate load management. Preventive strategies based on biomechanical principles, particularly eccentric strength training, neuromuscular training programs, and core stability exercises, have demonstrated consistent effectiveness in reducing injury incidence and recurrence rates across multiple sports disciplines. In addition, emerging technological approaches, including wearable sensors and machine learning models, show promising potential for injury risk prediction and individualized prevention strategies.
Artificial ACL graft design often emphasizes replicating native nonlinear behavior; however, the relative biomechanical contributions of graft stiffness and toe-region nonlinearity under functional loading remain unclear, limiting guidance for graft selection and tensioning. A dynamically validated lower-limb finite element-musculoskeletal model simulated walking, stair ascent, and stand-to-sit activities. The model incorporated anatomically detailed 3D representations of ligaments, cartilage, menisci, and patellofemoral contact, driven by motion capture data. Artificial ACL grafts with stiffness levels of 75, 125, 175, and 300 N/mm were evaluated using linear and nonlinear material formulations, isolating toe-region nonlinearity under low-strain conditions. Graft stiffness showed a stronger influence on knee biomechanics than material nonlinearity. Increasing stiffness elevated ACL forces and induced measurable changes in tibial rotation and contact center translation, while its effect on global joint loading remained limited. Differences between linear and nonlinear models were detectable only during low-load phases and remained small. Grafts within 75-175 N/mm produced consistent joint responses, whereas higher stiffness (300 N/mm) increased ACL stress and kinematic deviations. Within this computational framework and functional activities, graft stiffness plays a more influential role than toe-region nonlinearity. When stiffness is controlled, the contribution of toe-region nonlinearity appears limited under low-strain conditions. These findings represent mechanistic insights from modeling and require further experimental and clinical validation.
Advanced footwear technologies (AFT) are popular for their potential performance benefits, though concerns about injury risks persist. Among various AFT features, sole thickness is particularly debated, especially after World Athletics imposed a 40 mm limit to prevent unfair competitive advantages. However, the effects of sole thickness on running biomechanics and economy are not well understood, particularly because sole thickness often co-varies with other shoe characteristics in shoe designs. This review examines the effects of sole thickness on spatiotemporal variables, kinematics, kinetics, and running economy. The review focuses on studies in which sole thickness was the primary variable of interest. A systematic literature search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies included original research on running with participants of all expertise levels, analyzing spatiotemporal variables, kinematics, kinetics, or running economy. Fourteen studies met the criteria, mostly focusing on male recreational or experienced runners. Thicker soles were linked to increased stance time, while other spatiotemporal parameters remained unchanged. Significant effects were seen in ankle kinematics, with more dorsiflexion at initial contact with thicker soles, though knee and hip movements were less affected. Thicker soles increased peak eversion in the frontal plane. No consistent trends emerged for joint kinetics, stiffness, or center of mass movement. Vertical ground reaction force (GRF) peaks remained largely unchanged, but loading rates generally decreased with thicker soles. Only one study assessed running economy, with no significant effects. Overall, the certainty of evidence across outcomes was low to very low due to methodological heterogeneity and limited study numbers. Thicker soles were largely linked to longer stance times and lower GRF loading rates. Future research should comprehensively report shoe characteristics, include more diverse populations (e.g., female runners, forefoot strikers), and expand investigations to underexplored aspects such as muscle activity and movement coordination.
Sever disease is a common condition in growing children, which causes activity-related heel pain. To contribute to the limited evidence on the topic, this study aimed to describe the morphological and walking biomechanical differences (spatiotemporal parameters and ground reaction forces (GRF)) between children with and without Sever disease, and to investigate the relationship between these variables to determine the implications of structural impairments on walking biomechanics. Participants were divided into Sever (n = 20; 10.74 ± 1.93 years) and control (n = 14; 11.21 ± 2.08 years) groups. Ultrasound measures (thickness, cross-sectional area, echogenicity) of the Achilles tendon (AT), plantar fascia (PF) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) were studied. A set of biomechanical measures was acquired during walking at 5 km·h-1 on a monitorized treadmill, including spatiotemporal parameters and GRF. The study included inter-subject comparisons, adjusted linear modelling with covariates, and within-group correlational analyses, as well as intra-subject assessment. Data analysis was conducted using Python 3.10.10. Children with Sever disease presented a significantly thicker AT (p = 0.014; ES=0.4) and thinner PF (p = 0.024; ES=0.6) compared to controls. Moreover, the intrasubject comparison in Sever subjects revealed that the affected foot exhibited higher impact (p = 0.001; ES=1.2) and braking forces (p = 0.003; ES=1.7) compared to the unaffected foot. Children with Sever disease present morphological changes in the AT and PF, as well as biomechanical adaptations while walking. This study identifies key features associated to Sever disease which may be useful for prevention, early detection and appropriate management of the condition.
Biomechanics continues to represent a fundamental pillar for understanding human movement, athletic performance, injury mechanisms, and rehabilitation processes [...].
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Systematic video analysis of events is a widely applied method for examining the mechanisms and underlying causes of sports injuries. Yet, the use of multiple raters poses a considerable challenge, as achieving high inter-rater reliability in video-based assessments is inherently difficult. This study evaluated the inter- and intra-rater reliability of video analysis for identifying events leading to potential injuries in winter sports, focusing on snowboard cross (SBX) and ski cross (SX). A team of four (4) raters reviewed the video footage. 644 situations were reviewed, categorized by parameters such as crash type, course trajectory, and competitor behaviour. A standardized process was established for training the raters to classify defined situations as Crash (CR), Time of no return (TNR), Rank Shift (RS), Out of balance (OOB), Contact (CT), Avoided Contact (ACT). Inter-rater reliability was assessed using Fleiss' Kappa and Cronbach's Alpha, while Cohen's Kappa was used to evaluate intra-rater reliability. Categories with distinct, easily identifiable outcomes, such as time of no return and crash, exhibited high inter-rater reliability. Only minor differences exist in the literal interpretation of the values for inter-rater reliability between Cronbach's Alpha and Fleiss' Kappa. Categories with more nuanced interpretation, such as out-of-balance situations and athlete contact, showed moderate reliability. In contrast, categories like avoided contact showed lower reliability values Intra-rater reliability ranges from fair to moderate across all raters. Clearly identifiable events such as CR and TNR were recognized perfectly, while the other categories show a more ambiguous pattern. This study advances the field of sports analysis by proposing a standardized methodology for video analysis in sports with high injury incidence, specifically SBX and SX. Categories with very clear definitions of situations were identified with high inter-rater reliability (CR TNR). Others were classified with moderate accuracy across raters (RS, OOB, CT), whereas some categories could not be reliably distinguished (ACT), even following structured training. The same pattern could also be observed in the intra-rater reliability. This method allows for a higher volume of cases to be reliably analysed, which could inform more robust injury prevention strategies.
(1) Background: Postoperative anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction often involves quadriceps strength asymmetry, leading to abnormal lower limb biomechanics during running. While previous studies have examined the relationship between isokinetic strength and walking or jumping, the association between running, a key criterion for return to sport, and lower limb biomechanics remains unclear, particularly regarding isokinetic strength asymmetry at different angular velocities. (2) Methods: Isokinetic quadriceps strength, running kinematic, and kinetic data were collected from 39 ACLR individuals. Paired t-tests compared bilateral differences, and Pearson correlation analysis assessed associations between biomechanical parameters and muscle strength. (3) Results: The injured leg showed significantly weaker Qc at 60°/s, 180°/s, and 300°/s (p < 0.05). Compared to the uninjured leg, the injured leg demonstrated a significantly greater hip flexion angle at initial contact (p < 0.05); the injured leg exhibited significantly reduced knee flexion angle at the time of peak vertical ground reaction force and peak knee flexion angle (p < 0.05); the injured leg exhibited significantly reduced knee flexion moment at PVGRF, peak knee flexion moment, peak knee extension moment (p < 0.05). Both the 60°/s Qc and Qe showed moderate negative correlations with knee flexion angles, and 180°/s Qc correlated with knee flexion moment at PVGRF (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: ACLR patients show quadriceps strength asymmetry and abnormal sagittal knee and hip biomechanics during running. Strength symmetry moderately correlates with knee kinematics and kinetics in a velocity-dependent manner. Rehabilitation should focus on multi-speed and eccentric training with neuromuscular and hip-knee coordination exercises to optimize movement and support safe return to sports.
Simultaneous anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), and medial collateral ligament (MCL) tears represent a severe form of multiligament knee injury (MLKI). This combination of injuries often results from high-energy trauma and leads to gross instability, impaired joint biomechanics, and long-term degenerative changes if not addressed appropriately. Untreated or improperly treated MLKIs may result in chronic pain, instability, and early onset osteoarthritis. Combined ACL, PCL, and MCL reconstruction is indicated in patients with complete tears of all 3 ligaments confirmed on physical examination, stress radiography, and magnetic resonance imaging, typically presenting with marked instability in both the anterior-posterior plane and to valgus stress. Early surgical intervention is often recommended in active individuals and in cases of knee dislocation, where spontaneous reduction may obscure the extent of concomitant ligament tears. The technique described was used to surgically reconstruct the ACL, PCL, and MCL, and repair the medial meniscus. A central-third bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft was used for the arthroscopic ACL reconstruction, and a double bundle PCL reconstruction used Achilles and tibialis anterior tendon allografts. The medial meniscal repair was also performed arthroscopically. The MCL was reconstructed open using autografts of the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. Clinical outcomes after simultaneous reconstruction of the ACL, PCL, and MCL have demonstrated significant improvements in subjective stability, return to sports, and pain reduction. Patients with multiligament injuries treated within 3 weeks have been reported to have improved outcomes compared with those who delay surgery. Anatomic reconstruction of concomitant ACL, PCL, and MCL tears is an effective technique for restoring knee stability and function in the setting of multiligament knee trauma. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical for optimal outcomes. Single-stage reconstruction allows for efficient restoration of native biomechanics while minimizing the risk of instability, osteoarthritis, and chronic pain. The author(s) attests that consent has been obtained from any patient(s) appearing in this publication. If the individual may be identifiable, the author(s) has included a statement of release or other written form of approval from the patient(s) with this submission for publication.
This study presents and validates a dataset designed to evaluate the accuracy of a smartphone application for measuring vertical jump time. A total of 550 trials were recorded, with jump flight time simultaneously measured by a smartphone (Android) and a reference wearable accelerometer (BioPlux). Two predictive models, Least Squares (LSQ) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), were trained to estimate BioPlux flight time from smartphone readings. The LSQ model achieved a mean error of 0.43% and a mean absolute error of 5.32%, while the MLP model obtained 1.2% and 5.36%, respectively. Both models showed low average percentage error relative to the reference system. This work provides a robust dataset and modeling framework for evaluating low-cost, mobile-based movement assessment tools, with applications in neurology, rehabilitation, and sports biomechanics.
Ankle injuries can be detrimental due to their long- recovery times. A walking boot (WB) is the most prescribed treatment. However, they disrupt gait biomechanics, increasing the metabolic cost of walking and the risk of further injuries. Does using a hip exosuit minimize the adverse effects of wearing a WB, improving gait spatio-temporal parameters, and reduce energy expenditure? We investigated the effects of a passive hip exosuit and enforced exploration training in users wearing a WB. Subjects wore a WB to simulate the effects of ankle injuries during recovery. The results indicate the benefits of wearing the hip exosuit and training. Metabolic cost reductions of 6.2 ± 1.5% (p < 0.001) between the post training and pre-training and 3.5 ± 2.8% (p = 0.03) between the post training and no exosuit conditions were found. Training with the exosuit resulted in positive gait modifications in patients with ankle injuries associated with gait retraining. The effects of enforced exploration training in gait kinematics wearing the exosuit resulted in an increased maximum hip flexion of 6.04 ± 3.56° and 6.59 ± 5.16° for the boot and free leg, respectively, compared to not wearing the exosuit. Spatiotemporal parameter modifications were adopted after training, resulting in metabolic reductions. Some subjects varied their step frequency, while others varied their step length and width. The outcomes from this study show the potential benefits that hip exosuits could have in clinical sports rehabilitation of ankle injuries wearing a WB.
Background/Objectives: Wearable activity monitors and sensor-based devices are increasingly used to quantify mobility, load, and recovery in orthopaedic patients, yet clinicians lack practical guidance on selection, implementation, and interpretation. This qualitative expert consensus study synthesized real-world experiences from leaders in orthopaedics, rehabilitation, biomechanics, and digital health who implemented wearables at scale. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 experts (64% response rate) recruited via hybrid purposive and snowball sampling. Participants included orthopaedic surgeons and research scientists with 124 cumulative years of wearable experience across over 9000 monitored patients. Interviews addressed device selection, clinical workflow, data management, and adoption barriers. Data were charted into a structured extraction matrix and analyzed using Inductive Thematic Analysis and a Framework Approach, reported per COREQ guidelines. Results: Experts utilized diverse sensor platforms across arthroplasty, trauma, spine, and sports medicine. Four key themes emerged: (1) device selection prioritized usability and patient compliance over technical sophistication; (2) workflow required defined team roles to manage data volume and avoid clinical burden; (3) patient engagement favored simplified, actionable feedback amid divergent views on data transparency; (4) future outlook anticipated AI-driven proactive risk prediction. Conclusions: No single wearable suits all orthopaedic practices; success hinges on aligning sensor placement with clinical questions, rigorous data quality checks, and integration into care plans. This study offers a practical checklist and roadmap for point-of-care adoption.
Official match outcomes may be associated with acute psychological responses in youth athletes, particularly in team sports characterized by high emotional and interpersonal demands. To examine acute psychological responses in male youth volleyball athletes during official matches in a national-level competition, focusing on associations with match outcome (win vs. loss), playing status (starter vs. substitute), and assessment moment (pre- vs. post-match). Fourteen male athletes (mean age 16.5 ± 0.82 years) from a single Brazilian national-level team were followed across 20 official matches (14 wins and 6 losses). Psychological responses were assessed before and/or after matches using validated instruments: State Anxiety (STAI-IDATE), Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS), Feeling Scale, Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), and Total Quality Recovery (TQR). Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used with an independent working correlation structure and robust (sandwich) standard errors. Fixed effects included match outcome, playing status, assessment moment, and their interactions. Candidate marginal models were compared via Independence Model Criterion under a parsimonious strategy suitable for small samples. Losses were associated with increased post-match state anxiety, tension, depression, anger, and confusion, whereas wins were generally associated with stability or more favorable responses in these dimensions. Affective valence also showed an outcome×moment interaction, declining after losses but remaining relatively stable after wins. Vigor demonstrated a three-way interaction between playing status, outcome, and moment, with substitutes showing a more pronounced decline after losses. Fatigue showed main effects of playing status, match outcome, and moment. Enjoyment was higher in wins than losses and higher in starters than substitutes. Perceived recovery showed a playing status×outcome interaction, with starters reporting higher pre-match recovery before matches that resulted in wins. In this single-team observational sample, acute psychological responses appeared to vary according to match outcome, playing status, and assessment moment. These findings should be interpreted as exploratory associations and may support the practical value of psychological monitoring in youth competitive volleyball.
High-intensity interval training (HIIT), CrossFit®, strength training, and others, develop athletes' strength, speed, and endurance within a very short period of time, enabling competition at the highest sporting level. At present, they constitute one of the most widely practiced training modalities, used both in competitive and recreational sports. However, excessive intensity of such training sessions provokes substantial muscle damage (rhabdomyolysis) and may lead to renal injury, which in severe cases is diagnosed as acute kidney injury (AKI). This necessitates hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, thereby affecting athletes' health status and limiting their ability to participate in sports activities. The present work is a review of current knowledge on the phenomenon of rhabdomyolysis, its etiological factors, pathomechanisms, and health consequences, accompanied by a concise overview of emerging biomarkers of renal injury. The assessment of these biomarkers following physical exercise may provide new insights into the dynamics of post-exercise changes, indicate the severity and localization of exercise-induced renal damage, and contribute to a deeper understanding of structural kidney injury associated with strenuous physical activity-knowledge that may be applied in the prevention of exertional kidney injuries.
Scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR) is a key metric for evaluating shoulder joint function. Current established methods of SHR analysis involve 3-dimensional (3D) to 2-dimensional (2D) registration, which requires significantly greater resources to generate dynamic positioning data of the humerus and scapula. Dynamic digital radiography (DDR) captures pulsed low-dose radiographs in the plane of the scapular elevation to create a cine loop for analysis. This study aimed to establish the most reliable measurement technique by identifying bony landmarks that minimize measurement error and validate manual SHR measurements on DDR against an established 3D to 2D registration technique. DDRs performed on 22 reverse shoulder arthroplasty shoulders at least 6 months post-operatively were obtained. Manual measurements, including glenohumeral and scapulothoracic angles, were performed on DDRs by 2 authors every 10° of motion from rest to 120° of shoulder elevation. The scapulothoracic angles were measured using either the lateral or medial border of the scapula or scapula spine. Manual measurements were used to calculate SHR across the total range of motion and between various intervals. SHR values were also calculated from a 3D to 2D registration model. Interclass correlations were statistically significant for glenohumeral angles and scapulothoracic angles using the lateral border - 0.989 (P < .001) and 0.955 (P < .001), respectively. Intraclass correlations were statistically significant for the glenohumeral angles (0.999 [P < .001]) and all scapulothoracic angles using the lateral border, medial border, and scapular spine - 0.999 (P < .001), 0.963 (P < .001), and 0.989 (P < .001), respectively. Paired t-tests revealed no significant differences in SHR between manual and 3D to 2D registration measurements across all intervals of shoulder elevation. SHR measurements on DDR images are a simple and valid technique that can be readily incorporated into clinical workflows, where advanced 3D modeling may be impractical due to resource constraints. DDR provides a novel imaging modality to analyze in vivo shoulder biomechanics with comparable accuracy and validity to that of resource-restricted and time-consuming 3D imaging modalities.
Prolonged sedentary behavior and slump sitting posture may impair neuromuscular function; however, acute effects on postural sway and potential differences between athletes and non-athletes remain unclear. Therefore, this study aims to examine the acute effects of prolonged slump sitting on postural sway in female athletes and non-athletes. In this study, 24 females (12 athletes, 12 non-athletes; age 18-30 years) completed balance assessments using the Biodex Balance System, followed by a 30-minute standardized slump sitting protocol. Outcomes included static postural stability test (PST), Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance (mCTSIB), and limits of stability (LOS). Group differences were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Prolonged slump sitting significantly influenced selected postural sway outcomes. Athletes demonstrated greater post-intervention sway compared with non-athletes in the Overall Stability Index (p = 0.01) and the eyes-closed firm-surface mCTSIB condition (p = 0.02). A significant group difference was also observed in static left LOS performance (p = 0.01). In a nutshell, the present study demonstrated that prolonged slump sitting may influence postural sway in female athletes and non-athletes, with specific differences emerging between groups under certain sensory and stability conditions. By highlighting the potential impact of slump sitting on postural stability, this research contributes to the fields of sports science, ergonomics, and rehabilitation, emphasizing the need for strategies that mitigate the negative effects of prolonged sedentary behavior.