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In Japan, linyphiid spiders are relatively common inhabitants of caves and other hypogean habitats. However, their taxonomy, distribution, and sometimes even their occurrence in subterranean environments, remain poorly studied for most species. To help partially fill this knowledge gap, herein we present new taxonomic and faunistic data on Japanese cave-dwelling linyphiid species. Particularly, we report the genus Anguliphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 for the first time in Japan. We provide new subterranean records, redescriptions, and detailed images of diagnostic characters for poorly known species belonging to the genera Arcuphantes Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943; Nihonella Ballarin & Yamasaki, 2021; Micrargus Dahl, 1886; and Porrhomma Simon, 1884, including the first description of the previously unknown males of Arcuphantes ashifuensis and A. longissimus. Additionally, we describe three newly discovered cave-dwelling species: Arcuphantes iseensissp. nov. (male, female), Nihonella tanikawaisp. nov. (male, female), and Porrhomma niimiensissp. nov. (female). To further support the validity of the newly described species and facilitate future identifications and research on the Japanese cave-dwelling spider fauna, we provide DNA barcodes for the species discussed and perform molecular phylogenetic and/or pairwise distance analyses for the genera Arcuphantes, Nihonella, Micrargus, and Porrhomma.

Inspired by the β-sheet nanocrystals in natural spider silk, we develop a high-damping polycrystalline-phase liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) fiber enabled by a semi-interpenetrating network. Continuous large-scale fabrication of this crosslinked system is realized using a unique channel-confinement strategy. By innovatively designing the end-group molecular structures of linear polymers, we precisely regulate the liquid-crystal phases within the semi-interpenetrating network fibers. Four distinct liquid-crystal phases are constructed, mimicking the β-sheet nanocrystals of spider silk to enable efficient energy dissipation. The resulting fibers exhibit a high elastic modulus of 47.6 MPa, outstanding toughness of 60.4 MJ m-3, a high dissipation coefficient of 88.6%, an ultra-broad damping temperature window, a wide damping frequency range, and a strong actuation stress. When woven into damping nets for impact buffering, the nets exhibit a tunable memory recovery time and an exceptionally low dynamic rebound ratio of 5.9%, enabling efficient impact-energy adsorption and secure capture. Overall, this work overcomes the long-standing trade-off among mechanical, actuation performance, and damping capacity of LCEs, and provides a universal strategy for elastomer-based damper design and precise liquid crystal phase control, opening new opportunities for applications in elastomer dampers, artificial muscles, and soft robotic systems.

The members of the trachelid spider genus Trachelas L. Koch, 1872 are taxonomically revisited in the Americas, and the fauna from southern South America is revised. The new genus Neochelas is diagnosed and described to accommodate these species, as well as six new species and 61 transferred species, making Neochelas the most diverse genus of trachelids with 67 nominal taxa. Four species are redescribed: N. robustus (Keyserling, 1891) comb. nov., N. rugosus (Keyserling, 1891) comb. nov., N. submissus (Gertsch, 1942) comb. nov., and N. vitiosus (Keyserling, 1891) comb. nov.; the males of N. submissus are described for the first time. Six new species are described from Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay: N. amambay sp. nov., N. cerroleonsp. nov., N. calilegua sp. nov., N. gualambasp. nov., N. iguazu sp. nov., and N. itapua sp. nov.Neochelas niger (Mello-Leitão, 1922) comb. nov. and Neochelas tridentatus (Mello-Leitão, 1947) comb. nov. are transferred from Trachelas and considered nomina dubia due to insufficient descriptions and descriptions based on immature specimens; their types are illustrated here. The remaining new combinations proposed (from Trachelas to Neochelas) are the following: Neochelas amacayacu (Sherwood & Arzuza Buelvas, 2025), Neochelas anomalus (Taczanowski, 1874), Neochelas barroanus (Chamberlin, 1925), Neochelas bicolor (Keyserling, 1887), Neochelas bispinosus (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899), Neochelas borinquensis (Gertsch, 1942), Neochelas bravidus (Chickering, 1973), Neochelas bulbosus (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899), Neochelas cadulus (Chickering, 1973), Neochelas cambridgei (Kraus, 1955), Neochelas contractus (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas crassus (Rivera-Quiroz & Alvarez-Padilla, 2015), Neochelas daubei (Schmidt, 1971), Neochelas depressus (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas digitus (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas dilatus (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas ductonada (Rivera-Quiroz & Alvarez-Padilla, 2015), Neochelas ecudobus (Chickering, 1973), Neochelas erectus (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas femoralis (Simon, 1898), Neochelas fuscus (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas giganteus (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas gloriamarielae (Chamé-Vázquez & Chamé-Vázquez, 2025), Neochelas hamatus (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas hassleri (Gertsch, 1942), Neochelas huachucanus (Gertsch, 1942), Neochelas inclinatus (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas jamaicensis (Gertsch, 1942), Neochelas lanceolatus (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899), Neochelas latus (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas mexicanus (Banks, 1898), Neochelas mombachensis (Leister & Miller, 2015), Neochelas mulcetus (Chickering, 1973), Neochelas oculus (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas odoreus (Rivera-Quiroz & Alvarez-Padilla, 2015), Neochelas organatus (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas pacificus (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935), Neochelas panamanus (Chickering, 1937), Neochelas parallelus (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas planus (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas prominens (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas quadridens (Kraus, 1955), Neochelas rotundus (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas santaemartae (Schmidt, 1971), Neochelas similis (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899), Neochelas sinuosus (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas speciosus (Banks, 1898), Neochelas spicus (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas spinulatus (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899), Neochelas spirifer (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899), Neochelas tomaculus (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas tranquillus (Hentz, 1847), Neochelas transversus (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899), Neochelas triangulus (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas trifidus (Platnick & Shadab, 1974), Neochelas truncatulus (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899), and Neochelas volutus (Gertsch, 1935). Finally, we propose the new combination Trachelopachys nigrifemur (Mello-Leitão, 1941) comb. nov., transferred from Trachelas. After this study, we propose that Trachelas does not occur in the Americas. We present a phylogenetic analysis of Trachelidae based on six genetic markers, confirming the monophyly of Neochelas and showing that it is not closely related to Trachelas sensu stricto.

A new genus is proposed to include its type species Tentacula nordestinagen. et sp. nov., from the Brazilian Caatinga Dominion. This freyine jumping spider is distinguished by a baroque-ornamented, tentacle-like ventral branch of the retrolateral tibial apophysis, a thin, recurved, tapering dorsal tibial apophysis on the male palps, and, in females, by the position of the accessory pockets. This species is described based on males and females with detailed illustrations, and a distribution map is provided. We also discuss its potential affinities within Freyina, copulatory mechanics and ecological associations with moist microhabitats in an otherwise semi-arid region.

A new genus, Desertosagen. nov., is established to accommodate six Middle Asian species of burrowing wolf spiders, of which four are diagnosed and described as new: D. karamolasp. nov. (male, female, SE Kazakhstan), D. kuraminsp. nov. (female, SE Uzbekistan), D. ozernoyisp. nov. (male, female, SE Kazakhstan), D. zyuzini sp. nov. (male, female, SE Kazakhstan). Two new combinations are proposed: Desertosa kuryk (Esyunin & Efimik, 2025), comb. nov. and D.uzbekistanica (Logunov, 2023), comb. nov.; both ex Lycosa Latreille, 1804. The localities of all Desertosa species are mapped, and an identification key is provided as well. A brief synopsis of the fauna and diversity of the fossorial Lycosidae of Middles Asia is given.

Three new species of the primitively segmented spider genus Songthela Ono, 2000 are described from Guizhou, China: S. chunguangsp. nov. (♂♀), S. congjiangsp. nov. (♂♀), and S. jinxingsp. nov. (♂♀). All three species are assigned to the multidentata-group based on morphology of the male palps and female genitalia. Detailed diagnoses, descriptions, photographs and a distribution map are provided. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences of the holotypes are also presented to facilitate future identification and molecular studies.

A new species of the spider genus Euagrus Ausserer, 1875 from temperate pine-oak forests in the states of Tlaxcala and Hidalgo, Mexico is described: E. pulque sp. nov. The description of the new species is based on male and female adult specimens. Additionally, Euagrus gus Coyle, 1988 is recorded for the very first time in the state of Tlaxcala. These species have sympatric distributions in La Malinche National Park, Tlaxcala. With this description, the diversity of the genus increases to 23 species, with Mexico harboring the highest diversity with 17 described species.

Obligate kleptoparasitic spiders (Argyrodinae, Theridiidae) live as thieves in the webs of larger hosts. Web size has long stood above all other variables in predicting how many kleptoparasites occupy a given web, best documented in the large orb webs of golden orb-weavers (Nephilidae). Yet no study has asked whether wind-a ubiquitous force acting on every aerial web-also influences kleptoparasite abundance. Prompted by the observation that exposed, wind-buffeted webs of Trichonephila inaurata in the spiny forest of Ifaty, southwestern Madagascar, appeared to carry fewer kleptoparasites than sheltered webs of similar size, we conducted a rapid, intensive survey of 60 webs along two transects in a single afternoon. We quantified wind effect as the maximum lateral sway of the web hub over one minute, controlling for web area. We found a strong negative effect of wind-induced web movement on kleptoparasite number; trumping the positive effect of web size. Wind effect thus emerges as a previously unrecognized axis structuring the distribution of spider kleptoparasites.

Spiders collected individually during short outings at different locations, as well as during a trip to Vashlovani National Park and Chachuna Managed Reserve, were identified, resulting in the recognition of 22 species, of which three are described as new: Harpactea digitata Seropian, sp. nov. (♂, Dedoplistskaro) (Dysderidae), Leptopiloslongiembolus Seropian & Japaridze, sp. nov. (♂, Vashlovani National Park), and Palpimanus obscurus Seropian & Bulbulashvili, sp. nov. (♂♀, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Iran) (Palpimanidae). A female of Synema inexpectatum Seropian, Bulbulashvili, Makharadze & Baznikin, 2024, collected with several males, is described, while the species is recorded for the first time from the Kvemo Kartli region. Furthermore, Bogdocosa kronebergi (Andreeva, 1976), Marinarozelotes adriaticus (Caporiacco, 1951), and Pseudicius palaestinensis Strand, 1915 are recorded in Georgia for the first time. Diagnostic drawings and photographs of preserved specimens are included, along with detailed collecting data.

Updated data on Indian nursery-web spiders of the genera Dendrolycosa Doleschall, 1859, Euprosthenops Pocock, 1897, Hygropoda Thorell, 1895a, Perenethis L. Koch, 1878, and Polyboea Thorell, 1895b are presented here. The following new synonymy is recognised: Dendrolycosabobbiliensis (Reddy & Patel, 1993) syn. nov. is synonymised with D. robusta (Thorell, 1895). The validity of Dendrolycosagitae (Tikader, 1970), D. sahyadriensis Sudhin, Sen & Jäger, 2023, and D. stauntoni Pocock, 1900 is discussed. The possible synonymy of Dendrolycosa sahyadriensis with D.gitae, as well as that of D.gitae with D.spadicaria (Simon, 1897a), and Polyboea zonaformis (Wang, 1993) with P. vulpina Thorell, 1895 are discussed. Euprosthenopsellioti (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877) is redescribed and illustrated based on its type material, and the vulva of the genus is illustrated for the first time. A lectotype is designated for Hygropodagracilis (Thorell, 1891), which is redescribed based on the type and freshly collected material. A new species, Hygropodakannimara Sankaran sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on male and female specimens collected from the southern Indian state of Kerala. Redescriptions of Perenethissindica (Simon, 1897) and P.vulpina based on freshly collected material are provided, and doubt is cast on the possible synonymy of the former species with P. venusta L. Koch, 1878. Finally, discusion about the type locality of Perenethis dentifasciata (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885) is presented.

Four new spider species of the genus Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805, Pholcus baegamsan sp. nov., Pholcus hongcheon sp. nov., Pholcus namhae sp. nov., and Pholcus yeongcheon sp. nov. belonging to the P. phungiformes species group in the family Pholcidae C. L. Koch, 1850, are newly described from South Korea. The new species presented here were hand-collected from rocky areas, such as rock walls and beneath rocks, in mountainous mixed forests.

The two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae, is a major global agricultural pest that has developed resistance to nearly all acaricides used for its control. This study evaluated the toxicity of bisulflufen, a novel phenyl trifluoroethyl thioether acaricide, against the TSSM. Bisulflufen exhibited high toxicity across all developmental stages of the TSSM, with peak activity observed at 72 h post-application compared with 24 and 48 h. In a laboratory-maintained susceptible strain, the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) values of bisulflufen at 48 h were 9.61 mg L-1 for female adults (determined as baseline susceptibility), 10.17 mg L-1 for nymphs, and 0.58 mg L-1 for eggs (based on hatch inhibition). Temperatures ranging from 15 to 30 °C did not significantly affect the toxicity of bisulflufen at 48 h. Seven field populations collected across China remained susceptible to bisulflufen (LC₅₀ = 7.34-13.67 mg L-1). However, these populations exhibited high levels of resistance to two commonly used acaricides, cyetpyrafen and bifenazate, with resistance ratios of 1260.5-4898.1-fold and 5.0-671.6-fold, respectively. Field trials demonstrated that 15% bisulflufen SC applied at 150, 100, and 75 mg L-1 effectively controlled the TSSM, achieving efficacies exceeding 99.09% 3 to 14 days post-treatment. The baseline susceptibility of TSSM female adults to bisulflufen, established using a laboratory susceptible population, yielded an LC₅₀ of 9.61 mg L-1. Bisulflufen exhibits high intrinsic toxicity and excellent field efficacy against the TSSM, making it a promising tool for managing populations resistant to commonly used acaricides. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Three species of the spider family Theridiosomatidae Simon, 1881 were identified from Qizimeishan National Nature Reserve, Hubei Province, China, and are presented here. They are Ogulnius barbandrewsi Miller, Griswold & Yin, 2009 (new provincial record), and two new species herein described based on males and females: Theridiosoma subdiwangsp. nov. and T. xiaoshuiense sp. nov. Photos of all three species, along with diagnoses and descriptions of the two new species are provided.

Soft actuators can contribute to the movement of soft robots by generating mechanical force. Among the various types of soft actuators, fiber actuators are particularly advantageous due to their untethered, flexible, shape-configurable, and lightweight properties. Herein, we propose single-fiber actuators with programmable water-driven actuation ability. This design is based on the intrinsic hierarchical structure of keratin, including rich reversible hydrogen bonds and reversible conformational changes in the secondary structure (α-helix and β-sheet). The fiber actuators exhibit two responsive modes similar to those of spider silk: a supercontraction response upon the first time of wetting and a cyclic contraction-extension response during hydration-dehydration cycles. This intrinsic water responsiveness enables the keratin fibers to generate significant energy actuation compared to natural muscles and outperforms liquid crystal elastomer and composite actuators. The discovery of this dual-mode responsiveness in keratin fibers will enhance the value of keratin and inspire the design of biobased soft actuators.

Only three species of jumping spiders have been recorded from Central African Republic (C.A.R.) to date. The present study is based on materials collected between 2005 and 2012 in southwest C.A.R. Eighty-six species were collected, among them twenty-one are described as new to science: Detalik improcerussp. nov. (♀), Evarcha fuscasp. nov. (♂), Finger obscurussp. nov. (♀), Habrocestum mbokisp. nov. (♂♀), Icius ombellasp. nov. (♀), Icius similarissp. nov. (♂♀), Langelurillus consobrinussp. nov. (♂), Malizna levissp. nov. (♀), Malloneta mirandasp. nov. (♂), Phintella pusillasp. nov. (♀), Pochyta bayangasp. nov. (♀), Pochyta ceibasp. nov. (♂), Pseudicius formosussp. nov. (♀), Schenkelia nocturnasp. nov. (♂), Tarne annoyerisp. nov. (♂), Thiratoscirtus arbustorumsp. nov. (♂♀), Thiratoscirtus cognatussp. nov. (♂), Thiratoscirtus iucundussp. nov. (♀), Thiratoscirtus molongosp. nov. (♀), Tomomingi blickisp. nov. (♂♀) and Vicirionessa pulchellasp. nov. (♀). Ugandinella Wesołowska, 2006 is proposed as a junior subjective synonym of Enoplomischus Giltay, 1931. Viciria chabanaudi Fage, 1923 is proposed as a junior subjective synonym of Viciria albocincta Thorell, 1899. Two new combinations are proposed Thiratoscirtus gibbosus (Wesołowska & Edwards, 2012) comb. nov. ex Bacelarella Berland & Millot, 1941 and Enoplomischus formiculus (Wesołowska, 2006) comb. nov. ex Ugandinella. The previously unknown sexes of three species, Icius peculiaris Wesołowska & Tomasiewicz, 2008 (♀), Thiratoscirtus oberleuthneri Seiter & Wesołowska, 2015 (♀) and Thiratoscirtus vilis Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2011 (♂), are described for the first time. The updated list of salticids from Central African Republic now rises to 88 species.

The genus Heteropoda from Laos is revised. Thirteen new species are described from three species groups. H. amphora-group: H. bormeesp. nov. (male, female) from Vang Vieng (vegetation, cave), H. hiphisp. nov. (female) from Oudomxai Province (cave), H. longkousp. nov. (female) from Houaphan province (cave). H. helge-group: H. bolaven sp. nov. (male, female) from Champasak province (leaf litter), H. buangsp. nov. (male, female) from Bolikhamsay province (leaf litter), H. latasp. nov. (male, female) from Luangprabang province (cave), H. namthasp. nov. (male, female) from Luang Namtha (vegetation, leaf litter). H. tetrica-group: H. bang sp. nov. (male, female) from Khammouan province (leaf litter), H. hmong sp. nov. (male, female) from Vientiane province, Vang Vieng (slopes, walls, vegetation, etc.), H. kadingsp. nov. (male, female) from Bolikhamsay province (leaf litter), H. khem sp. nov. (female) from Bolikhamsay province (cave), H. phoukhasp. nov. (female) from Luang Namtha province (cave), H. vangviengsp. nov. (male, female) from Vientiane Province, Vang Vieng (vegetation along limestone cliffs, caves). Modified diagnoses are given for the H. helge-, H. tetrica-, and H. amphora-groups. Some species are affiliated with species groups for the first time: H.helge-group: H. pilata Korai & Jäger, 2024a; H. simplex-group: H. aemulans Bayer & Jäger, 2009, H. boutani (Simon, 1906), H. maxima Jäger, 2001a, H. opo Jäger, 2014, H. simoneallmannae Jäger, 2018; H. tetrica-group: H. schwendingeri Jäger, 2005. New records are given for H. maxima, H. aemulans, H. schwalbachorum Jäger, 2008, the latter two species are illustrated. H. vangviengsp. nov. and H. aemulans were caught by a pompilid wasp. For the junior primary homonym Heteropoda hainanensis Korai & Jäger, 2024b, preoccupied by H. hainanensis Li, 1991, the new substitute name Heteropoda aciesnom. nov. is proposed. The type material of H. venatoria (Linnaeus, 1767) is determined to be female. A COI-based phylogeny provides strong support for the distinctiveness of five of the newly described Heteropoda species (H. bangsp. nov., H. buangsp. nov., H. hmongsp. nov., H. latasp. nov., H. namthasp. nov.).

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Three new species of Hippasa are described from China and adjacent regions of Thailand and Vietnam: H. modogsp. nov. (♂♀, Xizang, China), H. pulmoniformissp. nov. (♂♀, Guangxi, China, and Hải Phòng Province, Vietnam), and H. thailandicasp. nov. (♂♀, Suan Phueng, Thailand). A new genus, Pandacosagen. nov., is established to accommodate Hippasa bifasciata Buchar, 1997 (previously known only from females in Bhutan). The male of Pandacosa bifasciata (Buchar, 1997) comb. nov. is described for the first time based on specimens from Yunnan, China. A distribution map for all treated species is provided.

Hypaeus Simon, 1900 is one of the most diverse genera of Amycini, but its limits and internal structure remain poorly defined. Herein, we focus on species closely related to the type species H. taczanowskii (Mello-Leitão, 1948) and propose four species groups within Hypaeus based on shared morphological traits: the H. taczanowskii, the H. miles, the H. ignicomus, and the H. porcatus species groups. The H. porcatus species group is revised in detail. Fresh males of H. flavipes Simon, 1900, H. frontosus Simon, 1900, and H. porcatus (Taczanowski, 1871) are described, and their unknown females are described for the first time. Dasyophrys nigra Mello-Leitão, 1930 is revalidated, and Dasyophrys Mello-Leitão, 1930 is confirmed as a junior synonym of Hypaeus. Maenola lunata Mello-Leitão, 1940 is synonymized with H. nigercomb. nov., which is redescribed based on both sexes. Noegus lodovicoi Ruiz & Brescovit, 2008 and Agelista petrusewiczi Caporiacco, 1947 are transferred to Hypaeus. Hypaeuslodovicoicomb. nov. is proposed as a junior synonym of H. frontosus. The female of Hypaeuspetrusewiczicomb. nov. is redescribed and the male is described for the first time. Hypaeus tapajonicussp. nov. is described from Brazil based on males and females. Detailed description of cheliceral dentition in the H. porcatus species group is given. These four species groups are interpreted as composing Hypaeus sensu stricto, whereas the placement of other species currently assigned to the genus remains to be tested in future comparative or phylogenetic studies.