搜索结果：Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)

Nanomedicines are increasingly employed in oncology. However, their efficacy is limited by heterogeneous nanoparticle accumulation in different tumors and patients. Nuclear imaging offers non-invasive, patient- and lesion-specific visualization and quantification of nanoparticle uptake, providing a biomarker to predict nanotherapy efficacy. We present a positron emission tomography (PET)-imageable [mPEG-b-p(HPMAm-Bz)]-based polymeric micelle platform for image-guided and tumor-targeted drug delivery, with potential for patient stratification and theranostics. Polymers with 1 or 3 deferoxamine (DFO) chelators were synthesized, and the corresponding micelles showed stable 89Zr-radiolabeling and efficient drug (paclitaxel) encapsulation. PET imaging revealed long in vivo circulation times and high tumor accumulation, with more DFO per polymer accelerating drug release and increasing off-target accumulation. Hence, single-DFO-containing polymers were used to develop companion diagnostic and paclitaxel-loaded theranostic micelles. Both formulations displayed comparable biodistribution profiles and high levels of tumor uptake (>17% ID/g) and were able to capture inter- and intra-individual heterogeneity in tumor targeting. Importantly, cryo-preservation enables long-term storage while maintaining in vivo performance and tumor-targeting capabilities, bolstering translational potential. Taken together, DFO-functionalized π-electron-stabilized micelles allow direct quantification of nanoparticle accumulation in tumors while mediating effective drug delivery, showing promise for patient stratification and as a theranostic platform for image-guided and personalized cancer therapy.

Chemotherapy is still widely used for combating solid tumors, yet its bottleneck is often associated with off-target toxicity and weak immune activation. Herein, we report a TME-activatable nanoplatform based on MnO2-x to load graphene quantum dot (GQD/MnO2-x) for tumor-specific chemo-immunotherapy. By comparing MnCl2-, MnF3-, and KMnO4-derived MnO2-x, we find that Mn(III)-derived MnO2-x exhibits the highest OV content (27.2%) and GQD loading efficiency (61.35%). Specifically, coordination between pyrrolic N in GQDs and Mn3+ suppresses Mn(III) disproportionation, promoting OV formation and improving GQD encapsulation. MnO2-x carrier passivates the DNA damage effect of GQDs against normal cells while undergoing GSH-triggered degradation in tumors to release GQDs and Mn ions. Upon tumor-specific disassembly, released GQDs bind the DNA major groove and induce DNA damage for improved chemotherapy. Concurrently, Mn4+-mediated GSH depletion promotes ferroptosis and reverses the immunosuppressive TME, whereas released Mn2+ activates cGAS-STING pathway to promote DC maturation and activate T cells. This cascade amplification of antitumor immune response mediated by GQD/MnO2-x achieves effective inhibition effect on the growth of primary and distant tumors without recurrence. Overall, this work highlights activity passivation engineering for the utilization of TME-responsive nanoplatforms for tumor-specific chemotherapy amplified immunotherapy through triggering ferroptosis and activating cGAS-STING pathway.

Combining tumor-associated macrophage (TAM)-targeted immunotherapy with starvation therapy represents a promising strategy for enhancing antitumor efficacy. Energy metabolism and nitrosative stress represent two key metabolic pathways that can effectively guide the efficacy of the combination of TAM-targeted immunotherapy and starvation therapy. However, methods capable of simultaneously profiling of the dynamic interplay between energy metabolism and nitrosative stress during cancer starvation-immunotherapy (CSI) remains challenging. Here, we report a TAM-targeted dual-mode nanoprobe, NNDA, for real-time imaging of energy metabolism and M1-like TAM-mediated nitrosative stress during CSI. The nanoprobe was designed to comprise NAD(P)H-sensitive dye Glu-RB and NO-responsive dye CY-NO assembled on the surface of upconversion nanoparticles, showing excellent selectivity and sensitivity to energy metabolism-associated NAD(P)H and nitrosative stress-associated NO with two independent NIR photoacoustic (PA, 710/1064 nm) and upconversion luminescence (UCL, 660/800 nm) channels. In vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that NNDA accurately tracked metabolic reprogramming and TAM repolarization, revealing that CSI regimens sustain nitrosative stress under energy suppression. Importantly, the ratio R-PA1064/PA710 serves as an early prognostic indicator of treatment outcome, displaying strong correlation with tumor growth inhibition. This work provides a cross-referencing imaging tool for dynamically deciphering metabolic-immune crosstalk, facilitating the screening and optimization of synergistic anticancer therapies.

The instability and subsequent rupture of atherosclerotic plaques are driven primarily by the progressive enlargement of the lipid-rich necrotic cores coupled with local macrophage dysfunction, which readily trigger life-threatening acute cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Homocysteine serves as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Here, we developed a synergistic nanotherapeutic strategy for hyperhomocysteinemic atherosclerosis (HHcy-AS) by simultaneously targeting foam cells and diseased macrophages. Specifically, an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) sonosensitizer TTPY-COOH was encapsulated into OPN antibody-modified polymer nanoparticles to form TP-Ab cores, which were then co-loaded with dexamethasone into ROS-responsive platelet membrane-liposome hybrid vesicles, yielding the final nanodrug TP-Ab/Dex@PL. Following intravenous injection, this nanoplatform utilizes platelet membranes to precisely target atherosclerotic plaques, where it rapidly disassembles within the high ROS environments. The released TP-Ab cores selectively deliver TTPY-COOH to foam cells via specific antibody recognition, where subsequent ultrasound-triggered sonodynamic therapy induces cellular apoptosis. Meanwhile, locally released dexamethasone exhibits a robust anti-inflammatory effect and reprograms M1 macrophages into the M2 phenotype, enhancing their efferocytosis for apoptotic foam cells. In an HHcy-AS mouse model, TP-Ab/Dex@PL treatment significantly reduced plaque burden and improved plaque stability. This multifunctional nanoplatform integrates sonodynamic therapy, anti-inflammatory effects, and macrophage reprogramming, offering potential for the precise clinical treatment of atherosclerosis.

Green hydrogen production driven by intermittent renewable energy poses significant challenges to alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in achieving high-efficiency and durability. An all-in-one nanostructured electrochemical reactor (NER) was newly designed and synthesized for the HER electrode to tackle the challenges by enabling continuous electron transport and intensified gas-liquid transport in NER, thereby maximizing the interfacial charge-transfer reaction capability of the catalyst electrode under large and varying currents. This was realized by designing an all-in-one catalyst P-CoPt3/P-CoMoO4, featuring a self-supported structure, a heterostructure, and a super-hydrophilic nanoarray. This all-in-one catalyst functions as a built-in NER with finely-tailored critical interfaces. Self-supported structure and heterostructure form strong couplings at electron-conducting heterointerfaces, enabling continuous electron transport across these interfaces and thus in the NER. Super-hydrophilic nanoarray allows continuous gas-liquid transport at electrode/electrolyte interfaces, intensifying the gas-liquid transport process in the NER. Consequently, P-CoPt3/P-CoMoO4 displayed a >30-fold increase in mass activity for alkaline HER compared to the P-CoPt3 catalyst electrode. It exhibited an impressively low overpotential of 132 mV at 1 A cm-2. Stable operation for over 750 h at 100 and 500 mA cm-2 and notable durability under varying currents were also obtained. Overall water-splitting of P-CoPt3/P-CoMoO4 || RuO2 outperformed the commercial Pt/C || RuO2, especially at higher currents.

Hydrogels have great potential for application in tissue engineering and intelligent sensing fields due to their flexible, tough, and biocompatible characteristics. However, the limited mechanical properties of traditional hydrogels have severely hindered their practical applications. Inspired by the hierarchical anisotropic structure of natural biomaterials, this study proposes an effective structure-molecule engineering strategy based on alignment/drying and salting out (ADSO) for constructing an anisotropic high-amylose/polyvinyl alcohol (HSPI-ADSO) hydrogel. This hydrogel exhibits a highly ordered hierarchical structure at the millimeter-micrometer-nanometer scale and a network structure at the nanometer-molecular scale. The HSPI-ADSO hydrogel demonstrates highly adjustable mechanical properties with the tensile strength of 4.18-17.40 MPa, the elongation at break of 258%-1086%, the Young's modulus of 3.33-37.43 MPa, and the toughness of 7.60-71.63 MJ·m- 3. Microscopic structure characterizations and finite element simulation confirm that this mechanism stems from the regulation of crystallinity, hydrogen bonds and the arrangement of the polymer chains by the ADSO strategy. Moreover, the ADSO strategy is also proven to have versatility to adjust the mechanical properties of other natural polymer-based composite materials (alginate, konjac glucomannan and cellulose). Therefore, this method provides a highly promising idea for the application of these materials in tissue engineering, flexible electronics and biomedical materials fields.

Preclinical screening is critical for reducing drug attrition; however, current electromechanical platforms are often restricted by the trade-off between miniaturization and force sensitivity. Miniaturizing sensor dimensions to enable high-throughput assays inherently increases structural stiffness, rendering conventional devices incapable of resolving the weak contractile forces of cardiomyocytes. Here, we report a miniaturized cantilever-MEA platform that overcomes this limitation to enable simultaneous, highly sensitive assessment of cardiomyocyte contractility and electrophysiology. By integrating an ultrathin nanosilicon piezoresistive strain sensor with an intrinsically compliant polymer microcantilever array, the device effectively decouples geometric scaling from sensitivity degradation. It detects cardiac forces down to 6.9 nN with a stress resolution of 0.042 nN µm-2, supporting high-density integration without compromising signal fidelity. Using neonatal rat ventricular myocytes and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, we evaluated functional parameters including contractile force, beating rate, and extracellular field potentials. Pharmacological testing with blebbistatin, verapamil, and astemizole produced distinct electromechanical response patterns consistent with their known mechanisms. In addition, continuous monitoring under doxorubicin exposure over 48 h captured time-dependent deterioration of both mechanical and electrical activity. This miniaturized dual-mode platform addresses the limitations of macroscopic bulk-averaging sensors, providing a scalable, label-free approach for mechanistic studies and next-generation cardiotoxicity screening.

The biomimetic water strider robot is inspired by the biological water strider and is expected to be applied in fields such as environmental monitoring and reconnaissance. However, currently biomimetic water strider robots are mainly dominated by water pressure. This often leads to severe surface interference, high power consumption, and delayed response. Here, we introduce a lightweight (1.37 g) water surface skating biomimetic water strider robot driven by an electro-ribbon actuator, which uses surface tension as the dominant force. This robot eliminates the need for a transmission system and achieves direct leg drive, minimizing energy loss and additional mass. Compared with other robots of the same type, this robot exhibits excellent performance, including fast response (millisecond level), minimal disturbance to the water surface (the pitch and swing angles are both below 0.2°), and lower cost of transportation (1.17 J kg-1m-1). We further evaluated the motion stability of the robot. This work provides a foundation for the research of surface tension dominated biomimetic water strider robots and expands the application range of electro-ribbon actuators.

RNA demethylase plays a crucial role in the dynamic regulation of m6A modification and has been identified as promising biomarker and therapeutic target. However, real-time monitoring of its activity in living cells remains challenging due to poor probe stability, and lack of tumor selectivity. Herein, we develop a cancer-targeting, endogenous-activated DNA nanosponge (DNS) platform for cancer-selective FTO imaging. The DNS is constructed via rolling circle amplification and loaded with FTO-responsive DNAzyme probes (FDz) and photosensitizer zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) to form FDz-ZnPc@DNS. The FDz are initially silenced by m6A modification and conjugated to DNS via glutathione (GSH)-cleavable disulfide linkage. Upon folate receptor-mediated internalization of FDz-ZnPc@DNS into cancer cells, intracellular GSH triggers the release of FDz. Subsequent FTO-mediated demethylation reactivates the DNAzyme, leading to amplified fluorescence recovery for FTO imaging. Concurrently, under 660 nm laser illumination, ZnPc generates cytotoxic singlet oxygen to destroy cancer cells/tissues via photodynamic therapy. Both in vitro and in vivo studies validate the feasibility of this nanoplatform for cancer-selective imaging and effective treatment. This work presents a robust and versatile nanoplatform that merges targeted delivery and endogenous activation for precise cancer imaging and therapy, with the potential for adaptation to diverse sensing and therapeutic payloads through modular reprogramming.

Silicon anodes, despite their high theoretical capacity, face critical challenges such as severe volume expansion (> 300%), sluggish reaction kinetics, and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation. Herein, we report a hierarchical Si@C/N,S@CNT composite, integrating an N,S-doped carbon shell with an interwoven carbon nanotube (CNT) network. This design synergistically accommodates strain, establishes rapid electron pathways, and stabilizes the interface. In situ EIS analysis verifies the formation of a stable, low-impedance interface and enhanced charge-transfer kinetics. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the N,S co-doping induces a built-in electric field at the carbon-silicon interface, significantly boosting Li+ adsorption and reducing its diffusion barrier. Consequently, the Si@C/N,S@CNT anode delivers an outstanding combination of properties: a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 87.2%, exceptional long-term cyclability (1325 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at 1 A g-1), and a Li+ diffusion coefficient nearly three orders of magnitude higher than that of bare silicon. When paired with a LiFePO4 cathode, the full cell exhibits remarkable stability, retaining 82.5% capacity after 1000 cycles. This work demonstrates a potent multiscale design principle, where a 3D conductive network synergizes with an engineered interface to effectively overcome the fundamental limitations of silicon anodes.

In today's era, the rise of flexible, biodegradable, and micro-energy storage devices represents the next frontier of sustainable electronics. Despite promising conductivity, carbon nanotube (CNT)-based supercapacitors display modest capacitance and compromised rate performance due to densely packed layers or diffusion paths of ions. To make a promising and sustainable device, we synthesized CNT-inks with enhanced and improved intertubular spacing. Herein, we report improved ion diffusion paths and enhanced interwall spacing by insertion of ions. For the scalable production of microsupercapacitors (MSCs), the Li-ion modified CNT-ink was further processed via screen printing. Coupled with the engineered electrode architecture and wide electrochemical window of bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide lithium (LiTFSI) water-in-salt (WIS) electrolyte, the device with limited interdigitated-electrode (IDE) fingers achieved a high areal capacitance (42 mF/cm2) and excellent cyclic durability (∼95% after 20,000  cycles). Additionally, Kelvin-probe force microscopy (KPFM) revealed dynamic surface potential modulation, directly evidencing Fermi level tuning through Li+ ion adsorption. Notably, the MSC also performed with commendable electrochemical behavior even at ultra-low temperatures down to -60°C and demonstrated effective power generation at high humidity. Also, we tested device reproducibility with remarkable performance and excellent flexibility. These outstanding performances underscore their strong potential for next-generation wearable and environmentally adaptive electronics.

Photocatalytic upcycling of polylactic acid (PLA) via a two-step process-hydrothermal depolymerization to a lactic acid (LA)-rich hydrolysate followed by selective photocatalytic oxidation to form value-added chemicals-presents a sustainable pathway for plastic waste upgrading. However, the efficient activation of LA molecules and effective generation of key intermediates remain significant challenges. Herein, Pd nanoparticle-modified ZnIn2S4 (Pd-ZIS) nanosheets were developed to promote selective conversion of PLA hydrolysate to acetic acid (AA). In situ FTIR spectral analysis indicates that Pd nanoparticles promote electron transfer and O2 dissociation, accelerating the generation of hydroxyl radicals via proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET). Furthermore, in situ electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results reveal that Pd nanoparticles effectively activate the Cα─CCOOH bond in LA molecules, promoting the formation of acetyl radical intermediates that subsequently couple with hydroxyl radicals to yield AA. Consequently, the optimized 0.5 wt% Pd-ZIS catalyst exhibits superior performance, achieving an AA production rate of 4.2 mmol g-1 h-1 with a selectivity of 88.7% and an apparent quantum yield of 1.31% (λ = 380 nm). These performance metrics surpass those reported in most previous studies. This work offers novel insights into catalyst design for waste plastic upcycling, deepening the understanding of the mechanisms to effectively regulate the underlying complex reaction pathways.

The human brain exhibits extraordinary computational capabilities, enabled by its intricate network of neuronal interconnections and parallel signal transmission pathways. Nanofluidic memristors, which dynamically modulate ionic conductance through controlled ion transport, have shown promise in emulating synaptic functions. Here, we report an integratable nanofluidic memristor based on a hydrogel covered SiNx nanopore, which modulates its ionic conductance via voltage induced ion concentration polarization. By tuning the diameter of SiNx nanopore, the ionic device functionalities can switch from memristor to capacitor. Moreover, this nanofluidic memristor are capable of mimicking diverse synaptic plasticity behaviors, such as paired-pulse facilitation/depression and synaptic weight potentiation/depression. Notably, it can serve as a neuromorphic synaptic element for information processing, storage, and encoding, achieving an accuracy of 93.8% in the MNIST handwritten digit classification task. Finally, fluidic memristors are integrated to construct fluidic ionic circuits, which are applied for logic functions. This architecture based on hydrogel covered SiNx nanopore devices offers an innovative strategy for the design of integrated iontronic circuits and provides an experimental foundation for neuromorphic computing in liquid environments.

Polymer-based nanocomposite coatings capable of reducing abrasion and inhibiting corrosion simultaneously have great potential in marine metallic equipment. However, realizing composite coatings interfacial adaptability to external dynamic load and saltwater erosion still faces significant challenge. Herein, a marine environment self-adaptive nanocomposite coating was developed, leveraging frictional heat-driven solid-liquid phase transition of hierarchical MXene-polyethylene glycol (PEG)/fluroresin. The coating takes fluorocarbon resin (FR) as the matrix, incorporating MXene nanosheets chemically grafted with polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different molecular weights. Notably, this coating maintains exceptional lubricity across varying external loads (3N ∼ 5N), achieving a low friction coefficient of 0.047 and wear rate of 11.8×10- 5 mm3/N·m. The low-friction behavior is primarily attributed to the hierarchical self-adaptive lubrication strategy: MXene deal with low-load friction, while higher loads generated friction is resolved through the phase transition capability of PEG. Theoretical calculation results also proved that frictional heat drives the directional migration of MXene-PEG towards the frictional interface, ensuring self-adaptive interface. Meanwhile, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements confirmed that the coating exhibits outstanding anti-corrosion performance. This work develops a hierarchical self-adaptive coating based on MXene interlayer sliding and PEG solid-liquid phase transition, enabling the coating to provide reliable anti-corrosion and wear-resistant for equipment under complex alternating load conditions.

Borophene, an emerging two-dimensional nanomaterial, has attracted growing interest due to its unique physicochemical characteristics. Incorporation of biopolymers into borophene can be an effective approach to enhance its stability, dispersibility, selectivity, and biocompatibility. However, studies on borophene-biopolymer composites remain unexplored, indicating a significant research gap. In this work, borophene nanosheets were exfoliated via ultrasonically assisted liquid phase exfoliation followed by hydrothermal treatment in a H2O-DMSO mixed solvent and subsequently combined with sericin, a biopolymer, to develop a borophene-sericin composite. The composite exhibits excellent biocompatibility and functions as a fluorescence sensor for the sensitive detection of tetracycline (TC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) in aqueous solutions, cow milk, and water collected near a pharmaceutical industry. pH optimization studies revealed distinct fluorescence responses: single-signal quenching under acidic conditions (pH 3-6) and ratiometric quenching under alkaline conditions (pH 7-12). At the optimized pH of 9, the sensor achieved detection limits of 1.25 × 10-6 m for TC and 0.93 × 10-6 m for OTC within a linear range of 0-5.35 × 10-6 m in aqueous media. The pH-dependent behavior and sensing mechanism were systematically investigated. Furthermore, MTT assays on Caco-2 cells confirmed the enhanced biocompatibility of the composite relative to the borophene nanosheets.

Interface engineering that simultaneously targets the silicon particle surface and the electrode-level interfaces among silicon particles, binders, and conductive additives is a key direction for addressing the large volume expansion (∼300%) of silicon anodes, especially for low-cost microsized silicon (µ-Si). Herein, an integrated co-carbonized (ICC) electrode was successfully fabricated (µ-Si@C/ICCE) without organic binder and conductive additives. The surface of µ-Si particles and the interface of the electrode evenly distributed a uniform carbon layer, which is attributed to the ICC process of the pre-coated layer of µ-Si particles and the pre-binder of the electrode. This design regulates the µ-Si particles' surface and also robustifies the electrode interface. The µ-Si@C/ICCE exhibited a high initial coulombic efficiency of 86.88% and strong mechanical stability. The µ-Si@C/ICCE electrode was further cycled for 400 cycles and retained a capacity of 1355 mAh g-1, corresponding to a capacity retention of 84%. In addition, the µ-Si@C+G/ICCE electrode delivered a high areal capacity of 6.13 mAh cm-2 after 500 cycles with a capacity retention of 91%. More importantly, the matched LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2-based pouch cell validated the practical applicability and commercialization potential of the µ-Si@C/ICCE electrode. This work provides an effective strategy to solve the instability of Si-based anodes from the bulk to electrode interface design.

Silicon (Si) is a promising anode material for replacing graphite, but nano-sized Si suffers from low electrode density, whereas micro-sized Si undergoes severe volume expansion and structural degradation, limiting cell-level performance. Magnesiothermic reduction, a conventional route for converting silica precursors into Si, often causes impurity formation and morphology collapse because Mg supply is not balanced with the surface reaction rate. A thermo-kinetic process model is introduced to guide process design by balancing Mg supply and surface consumption during reduction. By tuning reaction conditions to maintain this balance, Stöber SiO2 is converted into monodisperse spherical porous Si without aggregation. A carbon exoskeleton is introduced before acid etching to preserve the fragile porous framework during purification. Under the optimized condition, the resulting Si@C delivers a reversible capacity of 1571.1 mAh g-1 at the 100th cycle with an initial coulombic efficiency of 74.2%. The porous architecture and carbon exoskeleton mitigate mechanical degradation, while the monodisperse spherical morphology promotes more uniform electronic and ionic transport and reaction distribution within the electrode. These results demonstrate an effective process platform for producing morphology-retaining porous Si@C through integrated thermo-kinetic control and carbon-assisted stabilization.

Cytokine storm drives the organ damage and mortality observed in sepsis, severe infection, and systemic inflammatory diseases. Despite decades of clinical effort, eliminating pathological cytokines from circulation remains an unmet medical need due to the risk of broad immunosuppression, significant toxicity, and off-target effects. Herein, guided by lipidomic insights from cytokine-sequestering lipid nanoparticles isolated from Lepidium meyenii Walp., we reverse-engineered triglyceride-ceramide lipid nanoparticles (TCNP) as a simplified synthetic nanoplatform that harnesses multimodal protein corona formation to broadly sequester pathological cytokines involved in systemic inflammatory disease. Rather than targeting a single cytokine axis, TCNPs were tuned to adsorb and neutralize multiple pro-inflammatory mediators through multimodal protein corona formation. TCNP were further engineered to encapsulate dexamethasone (Dex), conferring an additional layer of intracellular immunomodulation to complement extracellular cytokine scavenging. This dual function nanoplatform exhibited selective reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-α while increasing regulatory IL-10 and suppressing NF-κΒ activation. In vivo, Dex-loaded TCNP attenuated systemic inflammation, preserved organ integrity, and significantly improved survival in a lethal lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia rescue model. Collectively, these findings establish TCNP as a bioinspired nanotherapeutic platform that integrates extracellular cytokine sequestration with intracellular drug-mediated immunomodulation to overcome key limitations of conventional anti-inflammatory therapies.

Alkaline zinc‑iron flow batteries (AZIFBs) are attractive for large‑scale energy storage due to their inherent safety and low cost, where the ion‑exchange membrane (IEM) plays a decisive role in energy efficiency and cycle life. Although commercially available IEMs with microphase‑separated structures are well‑developed, they suffer from an intrinsic trade‑off between conductivity and selectivity. Microporous polymer membranes offer a promising alternative, yet their practical adoption is hampered by complicated synthesis and harsh processing. Herein, we report a molecularly engineered membrane by incorporating cyclohexyl units into poly(ether‑ether‑ketone) with precisely tuned sulfonation degree, which creates a tailored free‑volume structure and uniform ionic channels. The membrane operates via a size-selective dual-ion conduction mechanism, enabling fast shuttling of charge‑balancing ions while efficiently suppressing crossover of bulky Fe(CN)6 3 -. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm that uniformly distributed sulfonate groups and a fully percolated water network promote efficient ion transport, while enhanced polymer chain packing ensures high selectivity. As a result, the AZIFB with m‑SPEEK‑HMBC exhibits outstanding overall performance: energy efficiency >76.7% across 40-400 mA cm- 2, a peak power density of ∼600 mW cm- 2, and stable capacity retention for >1000 cycles at 200 mA cm- 2. This work provides a viable molecular‑design strategy toward next‑generation IEMs for cost‑effective AZIFBs.