Temperature abuse of chilled foods can promote Bacillus cereus multiplication, increasing the risk of foodborne illness. Therefore, growth modeling is a practical tool for designing effective temperature control strategies. In this study, we monitored B. cereus growth in shumai (traditional Chinese dumplings) at isothermal conditions (10-35°C). Quantification of cereulide synthetase (ces) gene by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) enabled the measurement of logarithmic bacterial increases during storage. Growth responses to temperatures were described using the Baranyi model, whereas Ratkowsky and hyperbolic models characterized temperature effects on growth rates and lag phase. The models fit the growth data well, with high R2 and low root mean squared errors (RMSE) values. The estimated theoretical minimum growth temperature (Tmin) for B. cereus in shumai was 6.3°C. Model validation under isothermal (18°C and 32°C) and dynamic (6- and 4-step fluctuating) temperature profiles showed good agreement with observed data. Acceptable prediction zone analysis (-1.0 to 0.5 log CFU/g) yielded a proportion of prediction error (pPE) of 0.92-1.00, confirming model reliability. This qPCR-based predictive modeling approach provides a robust tool for estimating B. cereus growth in complex food matrices, supporting risk assessment of temperature abuse in chilled food products. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Growth models help determine shelf life, optimize processing and storage conditions, and support food safety systems such as hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP). However, because bacterial growth behavior varies with specific food matrices, tailored predictive growth models are often required. Real-time PCR, with its high accuracy and resistance to interference from background microflora, offers a reliable method for bacterial growth monitoring during challenge tests, facilitating the development of robust predictive models across diverse food products and strengthening both food safety and quality control.
Anshen Shumai Decoction (ASSMD) is traditionally employed to manage coronary artery disease arrhythmias. Its protective efficacy against myocardial infarction remains to be elucidated. This investigation employed a rat model of myocardial infarction, achieved through the ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, followed by a 28-day administration of ASSMD. The study observed the decoction's mitigative impact on myocardial injury, with gene regulation effects discerned through transcriptomic analysis. Furthermore, ASSMD's influence on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and fibrotic protein secretion was assessed using an embryonic rat cardiomyocyte cell line (H9c2) under hypoxic conditions and rat cardiac fibroblasts subjected to normoxic culture conditions with TGF-β. A functional rescue assay involving overexpression of FOS and Early Growth Response Factor 1 (EGR1), combined with inhibition of the p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway, was conducted. Results indicated that ASSMD significantly curtailed cardiomyocyte apoptosis and myocardial fibrosis in infarcted rats, primarily by downregulating FOS and EGR1 gene expression and inhibiting the upstream p38 MAPK pathway. These actions of ASSMD culminated in reduced expression of pro-apoptotic, collagen, and fibrosis-associated proteins, conferring myocardial protection and anti-fibrotic effects on cardiac fibroblasts.
To study the effect of Shumai Capsule (SMC) on angiogenesis and expression of relevant growth factor in rats with myocardial ischemia (MI). Model rats of MI were duplicated and treated with SMC (SMC group), bFGF + calparine (positive control group) and normal saline (model group) respectively. Besides, a sham-operative group was set up and treated with normal saline. The rats were sacrificed in batches at the time after being medicated for 1, 2 and 4 weeks, for determining von Willebrand factor (vWF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein expression in ischemic myocardium by immuno-histochemical staining, myocardial micro-vessel density (MVD) using digital analysis system, and the gene expression of VEGF by quantitative real-time PCR. Compared with the sham-operative group and the model group, levels of MVD, protein and gene expression of VEGF in the SMC group were higher respectively at three time segments (all P <0.01), but showed insignificant difference to those in the positive control group. SMC could promote angiogenesis in ischemic myocardium of rats, the up-regulation on VEGF mRNA and protein expression might be one of the potential mechanisms of SMC in promoting angiogenesis.
Weak-gluten wheat production prioritizes reduced grain protein content and wet gluten content as quality targets, creating a yield-quality trade-off under nitrogen (N) fertilization. We conducted a two-year field experiment in the rice stubble wheat system of the middle Yangtze River basin to evaluate the effects of six N application rates (0, 45, 90, 135, 180, and 225 kg·hm-2) on four wheat cultivars (Chuanmai 104, Mianmai 367, Shumai 1671, and Xikemai 8). The results showed that compared to annual variations and cultivar differences, N application exerted stronger influence on spike number per unit area (SA), kernels per spike (KS), SPAD value of penultimate leaf, nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFPN), protein content, and wet gluten content. Increasing N rates enhanced grain yield, SA, KS, and SPAD value of the upper two leaves (SPADS), and reduced 1000-kernel weight and PFPN. Agricultural nitrogen use efficiency (AFUEN) peaked at 90 kg N·hm-2, whereas protein content and wet gluten content reached minima at 45 kg·hm-2 before rising with higher N inputs. Yield for any cultivar was not significantly increased in both years when N exceeded 180 kg·hm-2. Mianmai 367 consistently met weak-gluten quality standards (protein content <12.0%, wet gluten content <24.0%) at N rates ≤135 kg·hm-2 across both years, achieving grain yield of 6030 kg·hm-2. Chuanmai 104, Shumai 1671, and Xikemai 8 required stricter N limitations (≤90 kg·hm-2), with a yield of 5550, 5397, and 5066 kg·hm-2 respectively. Grain yield showed significant positive correlations with SA and KS, while protein content was positively correlated with SPADS. In summary, the optimal N application range to synchronize yield and weak-gluten quality was 90-135 kg·hm-2, with Mianmai 367 as the most suitable cultivar. Enhancing spike number per unit area and kernels per spike while reducing SPADS should guide cultivar selection and N management for weak-gluten wheat production. 弱筋小麦生产以较低的蛋白质和湿面筋含量为优质目标,产量和品质对施氮量的需求存在矛盾。本试验在长江中游稻茬麦区连续两年研究了施氮量(0、45、90、135、180和225 kg·hm-2)对4个小麦品种(川麦104、绵麦367、蜀麦1671和西科麦8号)弱筋生产性能的影响。结果表明:与年度和品种相比,施氮量对小麦单位面积穗数、穗粒数、倒二叶SPAD值、氮肥偏生产力、蛋白质和湿面筋含量的影响更显著。随施氮量的增加,平均籽粒产量、单位面积穗数、穗粒数和上二叶SPAD值呈增加趋势,千粒重和氮肥偏生产力呈降低趋势,氮肥农学利用率先升后降,在90 kg·hm-2施氮量达到最高值,而蛋白质和湿面筋含量先降后升,均在45 kg·hm-2施氮量达到最低值。施氮量>180 kg·hm-2后,4个品种籽粒产量两年度均无显著增加。施氮量≤135 kg·hm-2时,绵麦367的蛋白质和湿面筋含量两年度均符合优质弱筋小麦标准,籽粒产量可达6030 kg·hm-2;施氮量≤90 kg·hm-2时,川麦104、蜀麦1671和西科麦8号的蛋白质和湿面筋含量两年度均符合优质弱筋小麦标准,籽粒产量分别达5550、5397和5066 kg·hm-2。相关分析表明,籽粒产量与单位面积穗数和穗粒数,蛋白质含量与上二叶SPAD值均呈极显著正相关。综上,稻茬小麦弱筋生产中量质协同的适宜施氮量为90～135 kg·hm-2,4个品种中绵麦367表现更优。提高单位面积穗数和穗粒数、降低上二叶SPAD值是长江中游稻茬小麦弱筋生产的品种选择和氮肥施用目标。.
To investigate the effect of Qianyang Yuyin granule (QYYY) on AngII-induced hypertensive cardiac remodeling, focusing on the role of pyruvate kinase isozyme M2 (PKM2) mediated glycolysis. A hypertensive mouse model was established in male C57BL/6 mice by continuous infusion of angiotensin II (AngII; 1000 ng·kg-1·min-1). Mice were administered varying doses of QYYY, with sacubitril/ valsartan (Sac/Val) serving as the positive control. Parameters evaluated included blood pressure, cardiac function, hypertrophy, fibrosis, inflammation, and apoptosis. The metabolic profile of myocardial tissue was analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Additionally, the involvement of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α)/PKM2 signaling pathway was examined by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. QYYY significantly lowered blood pressure, attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, reduced serum levels of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α and tumor necrosis factor-β, and decreased activation of phospho-NF-kappa B p65 pathway in cardiac tissue of hypertensive mice. Metabolomic analysis indicated that QYYY ameliorated cardiometabolic dysfunction, primarily associated with energy and amino acid metabolism, involving modulation of the HIF-1α/PKM2-mediated glycolytic pathway. QYYY effectively improves cardiac remodeling in hypertensive mice, potentially through inhibition of the PKM2-mediated glycolytic signaling pathway.
Background/Objectives: Leaf sheath hairiness (LSH) is an adaptive trait in wheat that improves tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Although trichome development has been extensively studied in model plants, the genetic basis of LSH in Triticeae crops remains poorly defined. Methods: In this study, the inheritance and genetic architecture of LSH were investigated. Two F2 populations were used, derived from crosses between the glabrous lines 'Shumai 830' and 'Shumai 2262' and the hairy line 'Zhongkelanmai 1'. BSA-seq was combined with KASP marker genotyping to map and refine the trait locus. Candidate genes were evaluated through comparative genomics; sequence variation; and subcellular localization prediction. Results: Phenotypic evaluation revealed that LSH is a dominant trait, segregating at a 3:1 ratio in F2 populations. BSA-seq identified a major locus, QLsh.cwnu-4D, on chromosome 4DL. Fine mapping with KASP markers refined this region to a 1.67 Mb interval overlapping a 530 kb trichome-associated linkage disequilibrium block in Aegilops tauschii. Within this interval, TaSAIN1-4D, a salt-inducible protein unique to Triticeae, was identified as the strongest candidate gene. Extensive sequence variation among alleles (TaSAIN1-4Da; TaSAIN1-4Db; TaSAIN1-4Dc), including large insertions and multiple SNPs, indicated potential functional diversification. Predicted nuclear localization of TaSAIN1-4D supports a role in trichome regulation and stress adaptation. The co-dominant KASP marker K-cwnu-4D-502238348 was tightly linked to LSH and cosegregated perfectly, making it a reliable tool for marker-assisted selection. Conclusions: This study clarifies the genetic architecture of leaf sheath hairiness in wheat and identifies TaSAIN1-4D as a likely regulator. These findings provide a practical marker-assisted selection tool that can accelerate the development of improved wheat varieties with desirable leaf surface traits.
Introgressing one-eighth of synthetic hexaploid wheat genome through a double top-cross plus a two-phase selection is an effective strategy to develop high-yielding wheat varieties. The continued expansion of the world population and the likely onset of climate change combine to form a major crop breeding challenge. Genetic advances in most crop species to date have largely relied on recombination and reassortment within a relatively narrow gene pool. Here, we demonstrate an efficient wheat breeding strategy for improving yield potentials by introgression of multiple genomic regions of de novo synthesized wheat. The method relies on an initial double top-cross (DTC), in which one parent is synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW), followed by a two-phase selection procedure. A genotypic analysis of three varieties (Shumai 580, Shumai 969 and Shumai 830) released from this program showed that each harbors a unique set of genomic regions inherited from the SHW parent. The first two varieties were generated from very small populations, whereas the third used a more conventional scale of selection since one of bread wheat parents was a pre-breeding material. The three varieties had remarkably enhanced yield potential compared to those developed by conventional breeding. A widely accepted consensus among crop breeders holds that introducing unadapted germplasm, such as landraces, as parents into a breeding program is a risky proposition, since the size of the breeding population required to overcome linkage drag becomes too daunting. However, the success of the proposed DTC strategy has demonstrated that novel variation harbored by SHWs can be accessed in a straightforward, effective manner. The strategy is in principle generalizable to any allopolyploid crop species where the identity of the progenitor species is known.
Stripe rust, a devastating disease of wheat worldwide, can be controlled by use of diverse wheat resistance resources. To find new quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to stripe rust, Qing Shumai (a Chinese winter wheat landrace possessing slow rusting resistance) was crossed with the susceptible line Mingxian 169. The parents and 276 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross were evaluated in five environments involving two locations (Gansu and Shandong provinces, China) and four autumn-sown wheat seasons (2008 to 2012). Disease severities on Qing Shumai were lower than 25%, contrasting with approximately 90% on Mingxian 169. The RILs varied in rust intensity in a continuous and monomodal distribution. A bulked segregant analysis approach using 2,344 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers mapped a major QTL to the long arm of chromosome 6D (hereby designated as QYr.cau-6DL). An SSR marker (gpw5179, https://wheat.pw.usda.gov/GG2/index.shtml ) was identified as being tightly linked with QYr.cau-6DL. Combination between QYr.cau-6DL and the stripe rust-resistance gene Yr18 was examined using 160 F2:3 families of Qing Shumai × RL6058 (a near-isogenic line for Yr18 in the genetic background of the spring wheat Thatcher). The combination elevated the resistance consistently across both winter and spring wheat backgrounds, acting synergistically without undesired epistasis.
The accumulation of viral proteins p24 and gp41 in MT-4 cells was shown to occur asynchronously. No increase in the number of polydiploid cells, no polyploid mitoses or chromosome defects were found indicating the antiproliferative effect of HIV on MT-4 cells. A cyclic pattern of the infection course was observed in infected Jurkat-tat cells. The accumulation of viral proteins was concerted, their maximum amounts preceding the cell death. HIV-1 did not inhibit cell division and caused strong disorders in the chromosome structure.
Changes in subpopulations of OKT 3, OKT 4, OKT 8, HNK-I, B-IgM, and B-IgG-producing lymphocytes in carriers of HIV antibodies were studied. A decrease in OKT 4 helpers/inducers, an increase in OKT 8-suppressors of cytotoxic cells, HNK-I, Ia-positive and B-IgM-producing lymphocytes was demonstrated. The ratio of OKT 4/OKT 8 lymphocytes was below 1.0 in most of the subjects examined. Most marked changes in lymphocyte subpopulations were observed in anti-HIV carriers with lymphadenopathy.
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Twenty-five hybridomas of CMK series were generated which produced monoclonal antibodies (MCA) to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The MCA were shown to react with HIV antigenic determinants in enzyme-immunoassays to titres 5 X 10(3)--10(5). It was established by immunoblot that some MCA interact with HIV proteins having molecular weights of 60-80 KD, and other MCA with proteins of low molecular weight (9-17 KD). Using recombinant proteins--products of env and gag genes, the immunoblot showed 5 MCA to be specific for proteins of the env gene and 5 others for proteins of the gag gene. Comparative enzyme immunoassays of interaction of MCA of the CMK series with viruses of infectious anemia of horses and HIV led to the conclusion that 4 MCA recognize common determinants of the lentiviruses under study whereas 5 other MCA react specifically with HIV alone.
An optimal schedule for immunization of BALB/c mice has been found, providing a high yield of hybridoma clones producing monoclonal antibody (MCA) to hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg). Fourteen hybridomas of ZHAK series have been prepared. The cells of 9 hybridomas secrete MCA to the common-type determinant a, and of 5 hybridomas, to the subtype determinant y of HBsAg. The capacity of hybridoma cells for clone production and for induction of ascitic tumors in syngeneic animals was studied. In the cells of two clones marker chromosomes were detected not occurring in the original parent cells.
We have investigated possibility of the use of automatic systems for controlling arterial pressure in a specific occupational group - train\'s operators. This method is based on measurement and analysis of parameters of arterial pressure and pulse during pre-work (pre-haul) medical examinations of train\'s operators with subsequent entering of these results in computer data base. It allows to realize detection and registration of all operators with hypertension. The data obtained also show that the use of automated system of pre-work examination facilitates lowering of blood pressure levels.
The work analyses observation findings in three patients with urachal cysts. On admission, two of the patients had suppurating cysts simulating the picture of the acute abdomen, one of which presented the clinical signs of acute appendicitis so vividly as to require revision of the abdominal organs. The diagnostic errors that have been made are also analysed. A conclusion is derived by the authors on the expediency of an active surgical tactics in cases of suppurating urachal cysts. They suggest extensive cyst excision with application of continuous suture and drainage of the wound to be the operation of choice.
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The sensitivity of test systems for radioimmunological detection of HBsAg prepared on the basis of polyclonal immunoglobulins, affinity polyclonal antibody (PCA) and monoclonal antibody (MCA) was compared. MCA ZhAK 22 and ZhAK 12 interacting with two different HBsAg determinants: general-type "a" and subtype "y", respectively, were used. The solid phase was sensitized with MCA of each clone or a mixture of MCA in concentration ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. After sensitization of the solid phase and addition of HBsAg, 125I-labeled affinity PCA were added (in all tests). The radioimmunological test-system based on MCA ZhAK 22 and ZhAK 12 adsorbed on the solid phase at a 2:1 ratio was found the most sensitive: 0.5 ng, i.e. 4 times as high as that of the system prepared on the basis of PCA.
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Fourteen hybridoma clones have been isolated producing the monoclonal antibodies to the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus (HBsAg). Monoclonal antibodies have been shown to react in high titres with HBsAg in the reactions of PHA, PH and ELISA. The specificity of monoclonal antibodies to two antigenic determinants has been found by the competitive solid phase ELISA technique. Monoclonal antibodies from nine clones react with one determinant while monoclonal antibodies from the rest five clones react with the other nonoverlapping determinant.