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Nanomaterials have garnered significant attention in recent years for their application in the imaging of central nervous system diseases (CNSDs). To comprehensively understand the research progress and trends in this field, this paper conducted a bibliometric analysis of relevant literature over the past fourteen years, systematically reviewing the research hotspots and development trends in the application of nanomaterials for CNSDs imaging. Using CiteSpace for visual data analysis, relationship networks among countries, institutions, journals, research categories, authors, and keywords were presented through specified mapping. The findings reveal that China is the country with the highest number of publications, the Chinese Academy of Sciences is the institution with the most published articles, and "Biomaterials" is the most frequently cited journal. Keywords such as fluorescence imaging, release, proteins, and targeted delivery represent current research hotspots, indicating a shift in focus toward precision imaging and intelligent delivery. Cluster analysis reveals that current research has progressed from single-performance optimization to the development of intelligent responsive nano-systems-integrating targeted delivery, environmentally responsive release, and multimodal imaging. However, nanomaterials still face multiple challenges and limitations spanning from basic research to clinical translation, and their application in CNSDs remains experimental. Therefore, further interdisciplinary research across materials science, chemistry, biology, and medicine is necessary to break down disciplinary barriers and promote clinical translation, ultimately enabling revolutionary breakthroughs in nano-theranostic technologies for central nervous system diseases.

We discuss a recent controversy that occurred in The Cognitive Behavioural Therapist over whether Lilienfeld's critical views on microaggressions theory and research reflect racist beliefs, as alleged by some. This is one of many recent examples of a profoundly antiscientific practice whereby racism allegations chill scientific debate and open inquiry on important research issues. This produces an overtly politicized science that has a corrosive effect on scientific progress and ultimately the useful application of research in clinical practice. The microaggressions controversy provides an especially useful vehicle for challenging this state of affairs given the widespread application of microaggressions theory, including in clinical practice and other applied areas of psychology. Additionally, the arguments made as to why Lilienfeld's critique is racist parallel arguments made by many to claim that other areas of psychological science and practice are also racist. We challenge some of these common arguments and point to a more productive way forward for advancing clinical psychological science and the delivery of effective psychotherapeutic services, especially cognitive behavioral therapy.

Ancient DNA (aDNA) research has revolutionised archaeology and forensic science by enabling genomic recovery from highly degraded remains. This review explores the biochemical and environmental factors influencing aDNA preservation, alongside methodological advances that have improved data yield and authenticity. Techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), single-stranded library preparation, and hybridisation capture have transformed the field, allowing recovery from ultrashort fragments and challenging contexts such as warm climates. Authentication strategies-including cytosine deamination profiling, fragment length analysis, and rigorous contamination controls-remain essential to ensure reliability. Applications of aDNA extend beyond ancestry reconstruction and population genetics to include forensic identification, kinship analysis, and pathogen detection. Lessons from forensic genetics, such as stringent validation and contamination mitigation, have informed best practices in archaeological contexts. However, ethical considerations are central to both domains. Issues of Indigenous data sovereignty, consent, repatriation, and culturally sensitive interpretation demand transparent, community-led research frameworks. These principles align with international agreements such as the Nagoya Protocol and emerging guidelines for equitable benefit-sharing. Despite significant progress, challenges persist, including geographic sampling bias, interpretive uncertainty, and the need for interdisciplinary integration. Future directions emphasise long-read sequencing, metagenomic approaches, and artificial intelligence-driven analytics, alongside robust ethical governance. By combining technological innovation with culturally responsible practices, aDNA research continues to advance our understanding of human history while reinforcing the importance of ethical stewardship in forensic and archaeological science.

Open and reproducible research in materials science relies on the availability of data, code, and established metadata standards. Journal research data policies (RDPs) are a primary mechanism by which these community norms are enforced. We survey RDPs for 171 materials science journals spanning 17 publishers, using an expanded coding framework that captures both data-and-code sharing behavior as well as refereeing standards. We find clear signs of progress in comparison to earlier research on RDPs: nearly all journals provide an RDP, and most mention data availability statements. However, enforceable requirements remain uncommon, public deposition of underlying data is rarely mandatory, and FAIR publication is typically encouraged rather than required. Expectations for research software are substantially less developed than those for data, with limited attention to versioning and persistent identifiers, dependency disclosure, reproducible execution environments, or software quality practices. Aggregating the findings on policy features into an open research data score reveals pronounced heterogeneity across journals. Neither impact factor nor access model reliably predicts policy strength. Double-coding further shows that more complex policies and stricter policies can be more challenging to interpret consistently, and we highlight challenges in consistent RDP encoding across studies. Lastly, we conclude with recommended best practice directions for the future.

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) are rare yet life-threatening severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCARs), characterized by high mortality and substantial morbidity risks. Identifying potential high-risk drugs associated with SJS/TEN is crucial for guiding clinical preventive interventions, enabling early detection, and enhancing risk management. With the rapid advancement of data science, adverse drug reaction (ADR) database mining has emerged as a powerful tool for systematically investigating the drug-SJS/TEN association, effectively overcoming the limitations of traditional case reports and small-sample studies regarding data scale and conclusion generalizability. This review summarizes recent advances in identifying potential high-risk drugs for SJS/TEN based on ADR database mining, with all included studies retrieved from peer-reviewed journals and strictly focused on SJS/TEN. We classify and discuss the major potential high-risk drug categories, including antibiotics, antiepileptics, allopurinol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), novel antiandrogens, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, antivirals, and others. We also summarize their associated genetic susceptibilities, median onset times, and underlying mechanisms. These findings provide valuable references for enhancing medication safety and mitigating severe adverse drug reactions in clinical practice.

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Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) causes 40-45% mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) despite lung-protective ventilation. Current therapies remain empirical, lacking mechanistic understanding of how cells transduce mechanical forces into pathological responses. The mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1 has emerged as a critical mechanotransducer, yet exhibits a fundamental paradox: endothelial Piezo1 deletion worsens edema while excessive activation disrupts barriers and triggers inflammatory cell death. Conventional "protective versus injurious" frameworks cannot explain these opposing outcomes. We propose the "Context-Dependent Rheostat" model, wherein Piezo1 outcomes depend on mechanical dose, cellular context, and inflammatory milieu. This review synthesizes evidence demonstrating that Piezo1 responses exhibit quantitative inflection points rather than fixed directional effects, with temporal dynamics, cell-type-specific thresholds, and inflammatory priming determining functional transitions. Specifically, endothelial cells preserve barrier integrity within a wider strain tolerance window, whereas epithelial cells exhibit substantially narrower damage thresholds; acute stretch activates protective chromatin remodeling, while sustained ventilation drives ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related/checkpoint kinase 1 (ATR/Chk1)-mediated genomic collapse and cellular senescence. Beyond cell-autonomous responses, macrophages emerge as candidate signal-hub cells integrating mechanosensory inputs from endothelial, epithelial, and neutrophil compartments, representing a high-value therapeutic node. This framework fundamentally reframes VILI therapeutics from global Piezo1 modulation toward precision interventions: temporal stage-specific targeting, context-specific threshold resetting, and biomarker-guided stratification. Candidate strategies span nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) activators for early-phase cytoprotection, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonism, and ATR/Chk1 inhibitors or senolytic combinations for late-phase intervention, guided by circulating DNA-damage marker γH2AX and senescence-associated secretory phenotype markers. We provide a translational roadmap enabling VILI therapy to transition from empirical ventilation adjustment toward mechanistically-guided precision medicine with actionable intervention points.

With rapid global population growth and worsening sustainable food crises, plant-based dietary patterns are expanding, spurring exploration of high-quality plant proteins. Walnut, a globally cultivated nut, produces defatted walnut meal as a by-product during oil processing, with a high protein content of 50-70%. However, walnut protein's industrial application is in the initial phase due to high glutelin content causing poor solubility/stability and incomplete understanding of functional property regulatory mechanisms. This review integrates recent knowledge on walnut proteins to form a framework covering structural characterization, extraction methods, biological activity and multiple application scenarios. Meanwhile, future research directions for walnut proteins include green/efficient/large-scale production, precise structure-activity characterization of bioactive peptides, and interaction mechanisms in complex food systems. By integrating these research dimensions, this work strengthens the correlation analysis across different research links and clarifies current technical bottlenecks along with future innovation directions. Consequently, it serves as a practical reference for the efficient utilization of walnut protein resources and the development of the plant-based protein industry.

Indirect transmission of viruses via contaminated surfaces highlights the need for effective antiviral coatings. Recent advances have led to the development of diverse surface engineering strategies, including organic (polymer- and peptide-based) and inorganic (metal-based) coatings. While polymer and peptide-based systems have been extensively explored in the antibacterial field, their application in antiviral coatings remains underexplored despite their demonstrated ability to reduce viral titers. This minireview provides a mechanistically informed overview of polymer- and peptide-based antiviral surface coatings. We summarize recent studies with a focus on coating materials, methods, physicochemical characterization techniques, target viruses, and antiviral performance. In addition, we critically evaluate key limitations in the field, including the lack of standardized testing protocols, restricted diversity of surfaces and viruses, and insufficient assessment of coating durability and cytotoxicity. Finally, we discuss future directions focused on standardized and rationally designed evaluation frameworks to support the practical translation of antiviral coatings.

Protein amyloid fibrils (AFs) have garnered significant attention in the food industry. However, the acid-thermal preparation method has obvious limitations, such as harsh reaction conditions and poor product homogeneity. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize recent research advances in the formation of AFs from various source proteins, with a focus on innovative strategies for optimizing preparation conditions. It also provided an in-depth analysis of the regulatory mechanisms governing the formation of AFs, influenced by environmental factors such as pH, ionic types and strength, heat conditions, and interactions between substances. The kinetic characteristics and morphological evolution of the AFs assembly process were elucidated at the molecular level. The overview of aforementioned formation mechanism lays theoretical foundation for the precise regulation of the functional properties of AFs. Furthermore, thanks to their excellent functional properties, AFs are increasingly applied and play a crucial in fields such as materials science, biomedicine, and food innovation. Therefore, this review presented the latest research trends and application prospects of AFs in these fields. Finally, while comprehensively analyzing the technical advantages, this review also objectively pointed out challenges in recent investigations, including difficulties in large-scale production and insufficient safety assessment, and put suggestions for development suggestions. This review provides valuable theoretical basis and technical reference for the efficient preparation of AFs from edible proteins through modification or environmental regulation strategies. It also holds its significant research value and broad application potential in the development of novel functional materials, personalized food products, and related fields.

Structural neuroplasticity supports learning, development, and shapes vulnerability to brain disorders, making it a central priority in neuroscience research. However, progress in humans has remained limited by the inability to probe cellular processes in vivo, leaving mechanistic insight largely dependent on animal models. To address this gap, here we combined the sub-voxel sensitivity of ultra-high-gradient diffusion MRI with the cell-compartment specificity of the Soma and Neurite Density Imaging (SANDI) model to probe structural plasticity directly in the living human brain. By tracking how learning modulates the temporal dynamics of cell bodies and cell processes, we aimed to distinguish plastic from nonplastic biological processes driving changes in microstructure. We found that learning a motor skill triggered two distinct temporal responses: a transient expansion of cell bodies across all brain regions engaged by the task, consistent with a short-lived homeostatic mechanism, and a sustained increase in cell-process density restricted to key motor regions, consistent with structural plasticity. Our approach provides a mechanistic window into human neuroplasticity and marks a significant step toward bridging the gap between animal and human neuroscience.

Mucin 1 (MUC1) has been found to be significantly up-regulated in various types of cancer. However, the precise role and underlying mechanisms of MUC1 in lung cancer remain elusive. In this study, MUC1 expression was markedly elevated in lung cancer tissues and cell lines. Patients with low MUC1 expression showed improved overall survival rates compared to those with high expression levels. Additionally, knockdown of MUC1 significantly inhibited the viability and proliferation of A549 and H1299 cells, as demonstrated by CCK-8, EdU and colony formation assays. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that down-regulation of MUC1 induced apoptosis, decreased the protein expression levels of Bcl-2, and increased the expressions of Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 in both cell lines. Additionally, wound healing, Transwell migration and invasion assays indicated that down-regulation of MUC1 suppressed the migration and invasion capacities of A549 and H1299 cells, while also reducing the expression levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 and COX-2. Moreover, sh-MUC1 inhibited the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progress in both cell lines. Interestingly, low MUC1 expression was associated with reduced activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. As expected, over-expression of MUC1 exerted the opposite effects. Furthermore, the PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 enhanced the effects of sh-MUC1 on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and EMT progress, while the activator SC79 partially restored these effects. Finally, down-regulation of MUC1 inhibited the tumorigenesis in nude mice by modulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. To conclude, these findings suggested that MUC1 played an important role in lung cancer progression, potentially through the PI3K/AKT pathway. This positioned MUC1 as a molecule worthy of further investigation for its therapeutic potential.

BackgroundDespite substantial global progress in HIV prevention and treatment, mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV remains a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, which accounts for approximately 65% of the world's 39.9 million people living with HIV. Vertical transmission rates vary substantially across regions and over time. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the overall, temporal, regional, and country level prevalence of HIV MTCT in sub-Saharan Africa.MethodsThis research was conducted between June 2024 and May 2025, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and a protocol registered in PROSPERO (CRD42025637989). We systematically searched six databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library) for articles published in English or French. We included cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies involving HIV-positive pregnant women aged &#x2265;18 years that reported MTCT prevalence. Two reviewers independently screened, extracted data, and assessed study quality (Joanna Briggs Institute and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale). Pooled prevalence and 95% CI were calculated using a random-effects model in STATA 17. Heterogeneity (I2), subgroup analyses (by period, region, country), sensitivity analysis, and funnel plots for publication bias were performed.ResultsFrom 5,848 records, 48 studies (86,376 mothers; 2,875,104 infants) across 15 countries were included. The pooled MTCT prevalence was 7.0% (95% CI 5.2-9.4%; I2 = 99.1%). Temporal trends showed a decline from 26.0% (1993-2000) to 8.0% (2001-2010) and 5.0% (2011-2023). Regionally, West Africa had the highest prevalence (12.1%; 95% CI 6.5-21.6%), Southern Africa had the lowest (4.7%; 95% CI 2.6-8.1%). Approximately 9% of HIV-exposed infants were infected by 24-48 months, 6% were infected by 24 months after enrolment, and 7% tested positive at their first HIV test conducted between 1 and 12 weeks of age.ConclusionAlthough MTCT rates have declined, the current 7.0% remains above the WHO target (<5%) with noted significant regional and national disparities. However, this rate should be interpreted cautiously due to the extremely high heterogeneity (I2 = 99.1%) knowing it's a directional synthesis of available evidence rather than a precise population-level figure.

Endometriosis is a chronic condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows in other parts of the body. It affects roughly 1 in 10 women of reproductive age, often causing severe pelvic pain and infertility. Despite how common it is, patients frequently wait nearly a decade for an accurate diagnosis, and current treatments often rely on trial and error rather than targeted science. This review simplifies the complex biologic "blueprint" of the disease to explain why it behaves the way it does. Recent research shows that endometriosis is more than a one-dimensional hormonal imbalance; it involves several key biologic factors, including genetic drivers, hormonal status, and physical changes such as neuroangiogenesis or fibrosis. Currently, no simple laboratory test or biomarker can predict how the disease will progress, largely because of the heterogeneity and small, retrospective nature of studies. To move toward personalized medicine, larger, more diverse studies that connect each patient's specific genetic profile to their symptoms and disease phenotype are needed. By mapping these molecular details, we can progress toward faster diagnoses, tailored care to each individual's disease burden, and recurrence risk stratification and surgical planning based on molecular characteristics.

Increasing evidence suggests that microbiota plays important roles in the pathogenesis and progression of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). However, the global research landscape and emerging trends in this field remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to systematically characterize the research landscape, evolving hotspots, and future trends in the field of host microbiota and ILDs using bibliometric and visualization approaches, and to further explore the progress of related clinical studies. Publications up to November 8, 2025 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. Concurrently, clinical trials within the same timeframe were extracted from PubMed to assess advancements in the field. Bibliometric and visual analyses were conducted using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, SCImago Graphica, and Microsoft Excel. A total of 295 publications were included, showing a marked increase in research output since 2012. China and the United States were the leading contributors, with the United States demonstrating higher academic impact and stronger international collaboration. Core institutions and authors were mainly concentrated in North America and Europe. Keyword analysis revealed a clear evolution of research focus, shifting from early exposure-related studies and hypersensitivity pneumonitis to lung microbiome dysbiosis, the gut-lung axis, and metagenomic approaches. Recent hotspots emphasize microbiome-based clinical applications, with increasing attention to host-microbiome interactions and immune regulatory mechanisms. Research on microbiota and ILDs has expanded rapidly and shows increasing interdisciplinary integration. Future studies should enhance international collaboration, clarify underlying mechanisms, and promote clinical translation of microbiome-based biomarkers and personalized therapeutic strategies.

Pulmonary fibrosis remains a major unresolved challenge in clinical practice. In 2025, pulmonary fibrosis research achieved a series of important advances. This article reviews the progress in basic and translational research of pulmonary fibrosis in 2025. To retrieve literature related to basic and translational research in pulmonary fibrosis, a keyword search was performed, which covered PubMed and Web of Science databases for publications from January 1, 2025 to December 31, 2025. Advances in experimental models of pulmonary fibrosis-including animal models, lung-on-a-chip models, and biomaterial-based models-have enabled better recapitulation of pathological characteristics of the disease. At the mechanistic level, deeper insights regarding core pathological processes have been gained, including small-airway dysfunction, aberrant alveolar epithelial repair, profibrotic macrophage activation, adaptive immune niches, and pathological fibroblast transitions. At the translational level, approval of nerandomilast represented an important milestone, while artificial intelligence (AI)-derived compounds, niche-targeted intervention strategies, and combination therapies have broadened the landscape of anti-fibrotic drug development. In 2025, significant progress has been made in experimental models, mechanistic study, and drug development for pulmonary fibrosis. These advances are shifting the field from a focus on signaling pathways toward an integrative perspective, laying the foundation for in-depth understanding of complex pathological mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis.

The International Spinal Cord Injury (InSCI) Community Survey is the most comprehensive global data source describing the lived experience of persons with spinal cord injury or disease (SCI/D) living in the community. By collecting standardized, self-reported data across countries and health systems, InSCI operationalizes the World Health Organization's concept of functioning and provides a 360&#xb0; perspective on health, participation, and social inclusion. This paper adopts a prospective perspective and examines how InSCI data can be implemented to inform practice and policy. It explores how InSCI can support the development of evidence-based Theories of Change (ToC) to guide implementation strategies addressing unmet needs and inequities experienced by persons with SCI/D. Building on findings from the first two waves of the InSCI survey, conducted between 2017-2019 and 2022-2024, this paper synthesizes methodological principles for implementation, situates InSCI within contemporary implementation science, and examines real-world applications of InSCI data at the national and international levels. InSCI provides a unique evidentiary foundation for ToC development by integrating biomedical, personal, social, and environmental dimensions of functioning. Its comprehensive data model enables identification of priority gaps, formulation of realistic implementation pathways, and definition of measurable indicators for monitoring change. Existing national applications, including the Swiss National Strategy for Spinal Cord Injury, demonstrate the feasibility of translating InSCI evidence into coordinated policy and system-level reforms. InSCI is uniquely positioned to guide evidence-informed implementation of practice, programs, and policies for persons with SCI/D. By aligning with emerging global initiatives-particularly those led by the World Health Organization-and by grounding implementation in the concept of functioning and human rights, InSCI can support meaningful progress toward full inclusion, participation, and long-term wellbeing of persons living with SCI/D.

The manipulation of male germ cells presents significant opportunities for introducing heritable genetic changes in large animal species. As the foundation of lifelong spermatogenesis, spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) provide a unique target for stable genetic modifications that can be passed to future generations and produce genetically modified offspring. Recent progress in gene editing and transplantation techniques has improved the value of germ cells as a platform for transgenerational genetic inheritance in large animals. Yet, substantial challenges remain, including the lack of robust SSC culture systems, species-specific differences, and technical difficulties for gene editing and SSC transplantation. Additional concerns, such as editing efficiency, off-target mutations, immune rejection, and regulatory acceptance, may further limit translation. This review summarizes the current state of male germ cell technologies in large animals, focusing on tools, methodologies, and applications. We also highlight critical limitations and ethical considerations and outline future directions of the field. Overall, germ cell technologies are positioned as a promising approach at the interface of reproductive biology, biotechnology, and translational science.

Normative modeling has become a cornerstone of computational neuroscience, offering a powerful framework for detecting individual deviations from typical brain function. This review traces its trajectory in electrophysiology of the brain, from early studies in the 1970s, through a period of relative neglect, to its recent revival driven by machine learning advances and the availability of large-scale datasets. We provide a structured overview of this evolution, showing the shift from small, site-specific age-based models to increasingly harmonized approaches that integrate diverse biological and methodological innovations. Key studies are compared with respect to cohort composition, modeling strategies, and validation procedures, situating each within the broader arc of methodological progress. Despite this momentum, significant challenges remain, such as a lack of standardized practices, limited comparability across studies, and the need for richer integration of complex neurophysiological signals. Looking ahead, we argue that the future of electrophysiological normative modeling lies in scaling and unifying efforts, through international collaborations, standardized pipelines, and the incorporation of novel features. By coupling machine learning with both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, the field can progress from proof-of-concept demonstrations to precise, individualized brain mapping. Ultimately, such advances will provide the foundation for clinical applications, enabling cost-effective personalized treatment monitoring and a more refined understanding of individual differences in complex brain disorders.