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Granting and Renegotiating Infrastructure Concessions

The World Bank eBooks2004-03-01作者：J. Luis Guasch

No AccessWorld Bank Institute Development Studies1 Feb 2013Granting and Renegotiating Infrastructure ConcessionsDoing it RightAuthors/Editors: J. Luis GuaschJ. Luis Guaschhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-5792-1SectionsAboutPDF (3.9 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:Little over a decade ago, infrastructure concessions promised to solve Latin America's endemic infrastructure deficit. Awarded in competitive auctions, these concessions were supposed to combine private sector efficiency with rent dissipation brought about by competition. Yet something did not go quite right, as concessions were plagued with opportunistic renegotiations, most of them at the expense of taxpayers. This book is a major contribution toward understanding what went wrong and what should be done differently in the future to reap the potential benefits of infrastructure reform and private participation in infrastructure provision. It begins by analyzing a rich data set on more than 1,000 infrastructure concessions, uncovering a series of puzzling stylized facts. It then considers alternative explanations for the patterns it has uncovered, and concludes with a series of insightful policy proposals aimed at avoiding the common mistakes and make concessions to efficiently contribute to economic growth and poverty reduction. Previous bookNext book FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited byPrivate Finance of Public InfrastructureAnnual Review of Financial Economics, Vol.14, No.1Addressing Adverse Selection in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Procurement: An Agent-Based ApproachPublic Works Management & Policy, Vol.27, No.46 July 2022The Impact of Renegotiations on Public Values in Public–Private Partnerships: A Delphi Survey in ChinaJournal of Management in Engineering, Vol.38, No.5PPP Distress and Fiscal Contingent Liabilities in South Asia11 August 2022Managing the Fiscal Risks Wrought by Ppps: A Simple Framework and Some Lessons from Chile16 June 2022Improving Public–Private Partnerships for Renewable Electricity Infrastructure in Lower- and Middle-Income CountriesJournal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol.148, No.5Fiscal Risks from Early Termination of Public-Private Partnerships in Infrastructure15 April 2022Rational Inattention in Non-Profit Public-Private Partnerships: The Las Vegas Monorail Bankruptcy Case3 January 2022Port Development, Regulation and Financial Approach28 January 2022Motivation for Analysis and Evaluation of Logistic Costs29 March 2022Methodology: Definition and Selection of Variable to Measure Logistic Cost29 March 2022Introduction14 May 2022Doing It by the Book: Political Contestability and Public Contract RenegotiationsThe Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Vol.5815 December 2021Double Moral Hazard and Risk-Sharing in Construction ProjectsIEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol.68, No.6Under/Over‐Investment and Early Renegotiation in Public‐Private Partnerships*The Journal of Industrial Economics, Vol.69, No.42 February 2022Renegotiations and Renewals of Public ContractsReview of Industrial Organization, Vol.59, No.32 July 2021Variation Negotiation in PPP Toll-Road Projects: Option ApproachJournal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, Vol.13, No.4Partnership Communities, Vol.2621 October 2021What can public administration scholars learn from the economics controversies in public-private partnerships?Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, Vol.43, No.46 August 2021Public-Private Partnerships in South Asia: Managing the Fiscal Risks from Hidden Liabilities While Delivering Efficiency Gains7 October 2021The Determinants of Time Overruns in Portuguese Public ProjectsJournal of Infrastructure Systems, Vol.27, No.2Evaluating the performance of local SoEs as output‐maximizing entities: The case of Friuli Venezia GiuliaAnnals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Vol.92, No.217 September 2020Agency problems in public-private partnerships investment projectsEuropean Journal of Operational Research, Vol.290, No.3How PPP Renegotiation Behaviors Evolve with Traffic Changes: Evolutionary Game ApproachJournal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol.147, No.5Public-private partnerships in Mexico: Challenges and opportunities at local levelCompetition and Regulation in Network Industries, Vol.22, No.118 January 2021PREDICTING THE LITIGATION OUTCOME OF PPP PROJECT DISPUTES BETWEEN PUBLIC AUTHORITY AND PRIVATE PARTNER USING AN ENSEMBLE MODELJournal of Business Economics and Management, Vol.22, No.2Introduction19 February 2021Defining PPP Renegotiations19 February 2021Theory on PPP Renegotiations19 February 2021Renegotiation Analysis19 February 2021How (Not) to Foster Innovations in Public Infrastructure Projects*The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Vol.123, No.131 August 2020Contextualizing a Human Rights Perspective for Water Ethics: From Exploitation to Empowerment and Beyond21 October 2020Renegotiation Case Studies19 February 2021Public-Private Partnership in the World Economy: Possible Negative ConsequencesBaikal Research Journal, Vol.11, No.37 December 2020Gauging the stakeholders' perspective: towards PPP in building sectors and housingJournal of Housing and the Built Environment, Vol.35, No.418 June 2020Critical Failure Drivers in International Water PPP ProjectsJournal of Infrastructure Systems, Vol.26, No.4The Renegotiation on PPP Contracts and Subsidy EfficiencyIOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol.96010 December 2020Insights for the future of health system partnerships in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic literature reviewBMC Health Services Research, Vol.20, No.122 June 2020Does Institutional Quality Matter for Infrastructure Provision? 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Economía y retos de gobernanza (Public Private Partnerships in Infrastructure; Economics and Governance Challenges)SSRN Electronic Journal, Vol.23U.S. Surface Transportation Public–Private Partnerships: Objectives and Evidence—Extended FindingsTransportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol.2673, No.129 July 2019Adaptive capabilities for road agencies in emerging economiesInfrastructure Asset Management, Vol.6, No.4Understanding Project Cancellation Risks in U.S. P3 Surface Transportation InfrastructureTransport PolicyMainstreaming public–private partnership in national development: H ow ready is G hana?BUSINESS STRATEGY & DEVELOPMENT, Vol.2, No.37 April 2019Exploratory factor analysis of skills requirement for PPP contract governanceBuilt Environment Project and Asset Management, Vol.9, No.2Evaluation of PPP road projects in GreeceBuilt Environment Project and Asset Management, Vol.9, No.2Ex post impact evaluation of PPP projects: an exploratory researchBuilt Environment Project and Asset Management, Vol.9, No.2Does the Project Design Matter for the Performance of Infrastructure Execution? An Assessment for ItalyItalian Economic Journal, Vol.5, No.117 January 2019A decision support system (DSS) for facilitating the scenario selection process of the renegotiation of PPP contractsEngineering, Construction and Architectural Management, Vol.321 March 2019"Cutting costs to the bone": the Portuguese experience in renegotiating public private partnerships highways during the financial crisisTransportation, Vol.46, No.129 July 2017When Democracies Deliver, Vol.74 January 2019Introduction20 November 2018Cluster Analysis of the Intellectual Structure of PPP ResearchJournal of Management in Engineering, Vol.35, No.1Renegotiations and Corruption in Infrastructure: The Odebrecht CaseSSRN Electronic JournalIs Public-Private Partnership Better than Traditional Procurement? An Analysis Under Nash BargainingSSRN Electronic Journal, Vol.87LESSONS LEARNED FROM PROBLEMS OF FINANCING PPPs IN INDIAJournal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. F4 (Construction and Management), Vol.75, No.2An empirical examination of moral hazards and adverse selection on PPP projectsJournal of Engineering, Design and Technology, Vol.16, No.6Renegotiations of Water Concessions: Empirical Analysis of Main DeterminantsJournal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Vol.144, No.11Modelling Risk Allocation Decisions in Public–Private Partnership Contracts using the Fuzzy Set Approach4 October 2018Contract stability in European road infrastructure PPPs: how does governmental PPP support contribute to preventing contract renegotiation?Public Management Review, Vol.20, No.830 January 2018The Outcome of Renegotiations between Institutionalized Public–Private Partnerships and Their Public Clients: Data on the Public–Private Partnerships of the German Federal Armed ForcesInternational Journal of Public Administration, Vol.41, No.924 March 2017Information Asymmetry in Renegotiation of Public–Private Partnership ProjectsJournal of Computing in Civil Engineering, Vol.32, No.4Does corruption and the institutional characteristics of the contracting authorities affect the execution of healthcare infrastructures?Journal of Public Procurement, Vol.18, No.2Taking Stock of Economic Regulation of Power Utilities in the Developing World: A Literature Review9 July 2018Risk pricing inefficiency in public–private partnershipsTransport Reviews, Vol.38, No.313 May 2017The operational competitiveness of public protected areas managed by Ezemvelo KZN WildlifeKOEDOE - African Protected Area Conservation and Science, Vol.60, No.127 March 2018Financial Conflict Resolution for Public-Private Partnership Projects Using a Three-Phase Game FrameworkJournal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol.144, No.3PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN EUROPE FOR BUILDING AND MANAGING PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURES: AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVEAnnals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Vol.89, No.110 February 2018Public-Private Partnerships in Developing Countries: The Emerging Evidence-based CritiqueWorld Bank Research Observer, Vol.33, No.117 May 2018An Economic Analysis of Public–Private Partnerships15 September 2017Regulatory Instruments for Public–Private Partnerships4 January 2018The Evolution of Financing Conditions for PPP Contracts: Still a Private Financing Model?4 January 2018The Relative Efficiency of Competitive Tendering4 January 2018Renegotiating PPP Contracts: Opportunities and Pitfalls4 January 2018Comparative Performances of Delivery Options: Empirical Lessons4 January 2018Involving the Private Sector and PPPs in Financing Public Investments: Some Opportunities and Challenges28 December 2017Contractual Efficiency of PPP Infrastructure Projects: An Incomplete Contract ModelMathematical Problems in Engineering, Vol.2018Public Versus Private Management in Water Public Services: Taking Stock, Looking AheadSSRN Electronic JournalThe Determinant of Private Sector Participation in Infrastructure Development: A Study of the Region of Asia-PacificSSRN Electronic JournalThe law of small numbers: investigating the benefits of restricted auctions for public procurementApplied Economics, Vol.49, No.4229 January 2017Determinants of the long-term performance of initial public offerings (IPOs) in the port industryTransportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol.103From fixed to state-dependent duration in public-private partnershipsJournal of Economics & Management Strategy, Vol.26, No.39 March 2017Gouverner la grande ville : réseaux et institutionsEx Post Risk Management in Public-Private Partnership Infrastructure ProjectsProject Management Journal, Vol.48, No.31 June 2017Vor- und Nachteile ?ffentlich-Privater PartnerschaftenList Forum f?r Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik, Vol.42, No.46 February 2017Remuneration models and revenue risk mitigation in road public–private partnership projects – a case study from SerbiaTransportation Planning and Technology, Vol.40, No.213 December 2016A survey of critical success factors for attracting private sector participation in water supply projects in developing countriesJournal of Facilities Management, Vol.15, No.1Policy Reform and the Problem of Private Investment: Evidence from the Power SectorJournal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol.36, No.119 October 2016Relations between Wellbeing and Transport Infrastructure of the CountryProcedia Engineering, Vol.178Where Things Happen: The Local Dimension in Regulation27 October 2016Risk Pricing Inefficiency in Public-Private PartnershipsSSRN Electronic JournalRenegotiating Public-Private PartnershipsSSRN Electronic JournalBIDDING SCHEMES FOR WATER CONCESSION PROJECTS AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCYJournal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. 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RotterdamInternational Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, Vol.18, No.316 April 2015Empirical Evidence for Renegotiation of PPP Contracts in the Road SectorJournal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, Vol.7, No.2Improving Microeconomic Efficiency of Latin American EconomiesGlobal Journal of Emerging Market Economies, Vol.7, No.225 May 2015Infrastructure Public?Private Partnerships in the Developing World: Lessons from Recent ExperienceThe Journal of Development No.46 March Comparative of and Contracts: a October PPP Contracts: the in Reviews, Vol.35, No.223 December Analysis of Transport PPPs in Reviews, Vol.35, February in public-private partnership water supply projects in Management and Economics, Vol.33, No.37 May Economics of Public-Private Partnerships: A Management and Economics, Vol.33, June factors the for public-private partnerships public and private in of Science & Policy Management, Vol.6, water with public and private a case study of Water Research and No.230 July Public and Private in Concessions: and to a Water Project in ChinaJournal of Construction Engineering and Management, and Renegotiation in Public-Private Partnership of Public Economic Vol.17, No.122 January in Public-Private PartnershipsJournal of Public Economic Vol.17, No.122 January Contracting of Public Economic Vol.17, No.122 January Simple of Public-Private PartnershipsJournal of Public Economic Vol.17, No.122 January and Market in the to in Public-Private PartnershipsSSRN Electronic and Design for PPPs in The Road AheadSSRN Electronic Analysis of Public-Private Partnerships Model in China: Contracting with Little Recourse to Electronic JournalGovernance a Latin and Vol.33, December Management for Public-Private October in South Asia: Infrastructure and October in Renegotiations Public-Private Partnerships and Government Data on Public-Private Partnerships of the German Armed ForcesInternational Public Management Journal, Vol.17, No.327 August to moral in port Research Part Logistics and Transportation Review, Toll Road Concession in It in the of Infrastructure Systems, Vol.20, in public-private partnership projects through an based on Management and Economics, Vol.32, May renegotiation and and from Latin American transport of Economics, January Political of Privatization Contracts: The Case of Water and in and & Vol.18, April in and an Economics, Vol.17, No.11 May THE AND IN AN PERSPECTIVEAnnals of Public and Cooperative Economics, February as local of the of Civil - The of the January Lessons from January A Survey of Engineering, in and Contract Electronic Contestability and Contract An Analysis of Electronic a project The of Management and Economics, PPP renegotiation a road in GreeceBuilt Environment Project and Asset Management, private partnerships in and Environment Project and Asset Management, in Road of Industrial Organization, Vol.43, No.37 June Governance A Review and Research Resources Management, Vol.27, June Determinants for Renegotiating Public Infrastructure Concessions: Evidence from of Construction Engineering and Management, to Government ContractsJournal of Infrastructure Systems, for the risk of in partnerships for Management Quarterly, Vol.13, in the initial of infrastructure projects: a and of Italian AND OF AND THE of Transportation Public-Private PartnershipsInternational Journal of and Research, May : de Partnerships: Transportation and Local Government Vol.39, Risk and Costs in Public–Private Partnerships: in the US Water Government Vol.39, Public–Private Partnerships: Design and Contracting Government Vol.39, Determinants for Renegotiating Concessions: Evidence from Local Government Vol.39, in Highway Concessions: in of in Engineering and Practice, of Local with Contracts in the Waste and Planning Government and Policy, January the Economic and Financial Model to Infrastructure Contract of Infrastructure Systems, the Development of Public-Private Partnerships in An Review, Vol.73, February PUBLIC OF of the European Economic Vol.11, January and Engineering in in PPP with a on May in the Water Sector in Latin Infrastructure the Development as to Electricity Cost Economics Electronic Cost Regulation after Public Electronic JournalThe Risks and in Public-Private PartnershipsSSRN Electronic of Public–Private Partnership in Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No.122 May de : Vol.42, March March Local Infrastructure through PPPs: Evidence from the SectorJournal of Construction Engineering and Management, between and in infrastructure Regulation as & Vol.6, May and in Developing Countries: the of Contract of Infrastructure Development, No.223 January IN OF of International Economics and Policy, August AND Administration, No.313 January not to public An incomplete contract Journal of and Economics, August in Reviews, Vol.32, for Money and Risk in Public–Private PartnershipsJournal of the American Planning risk for a project and financial of Management, on Public-Private Partnership to This July of costs in an empirical on Italian public contractsApplied Economics, April and Value in Public-Private A Private of Management Review, performance analysis of transport infrastructure in Vol.39, January to the case of the World Policy & Management, Vol.39, International with Rapid and Electronic Design Electronic Policy and Governance Electronic et la Vol.16, April A OF Administration, Vol.89, No.46 July and Participation in of Construction Engineering and Management, of Water Vol.48, February Transportation Public–Private Partnerships: Drivers of and Planning Vol.43, July and Development: A of the of Development OF DISPUTES IN PRIVATE WATER AND FROM of Public and Cooperative Economics, February et de de : de de en de and Policy Review, December & Economics on Electricity Electronic the and of Contracts in Infrastructure of Infrastructure Systems, Vol.16, reform and in & November to revenue in real toll partnership transportation projectsConstruction Management and Economics, and with Review, Vol.17, June for toll in analysis and Money & Management, in and of International Logistics and June Partnerships and the Public Review, December and of Portuguese Policy & Management, No.22 March the of public-private partnership in the water sector: from an of private of Public Procurement, Private Sector in the of Civil and in for European and Business Research, Vol.40, of Economic Reviews, Private Sector in the of Civil Electronic Partnerships and in Electronic the of Public-Private Partnerships in a - A Framework with Electronic Highway Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No.122 May Market Infrastructure Project Their Risks and Journal of Vol.15, de : et et design and PPPs for for the Portuguese European Journal of Health Economics, April Partnerships: and the Structure of Review of Resource Economics, Vol.1, Contracts: and Institutional of Industrial Organization, Vol.35, October and Evidence from Transactions in Latin of Industrial Organization, Vol.35, October and Economic of Industrial Organization, Vol.35, October Risk Contract for Implementation and in Policy The Power Science Quarterly, No.31 September and infrastructure An Policy, Vol.17, contract and contract in the German during the Journal of Economics, Vol.40, and Public in Road A Comparative Analysis of Recent Transactions in the and Reviews, private participation in water and Empirical from Latin of International Development, Vol.21, - and Public Utilities Privatization in Developing Bank Economic Review, November Public and Vol.27, No.31 February Regulation and Institutional Design Matter for Infrastructure Sector and Design of Public Private PartnershipsSSRN Electronic JournalThe the of Renegotiation and in Toll Road Electronic JournalThe of to the Transport Electronic with Electronic and Renegotiations in Public-Private PartnershipsSSRN Electronic the of Electronic Infrastructure Management Review, et design Public Vol.60, de the of Infrastructure Public?Private Partnership and Works Management & Policy, Vol.13, October Risks and of Private in Works Management & Policy, Vol.13, October and Market in the Economics & October of Public and Cooperative Economics, et : et and Renegotiating PPPs and and Fiscal Infrastructure from the Practices and of Latin American Water in the water sector: Determinants of Performance in Infrastructure in Electronic JournalThe Simple of Public-Private PartnershipsSSRN Electronic An for Latin American Electronic Partnerships as Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No.122 May Fiscal for Infrastructure: The Case of Working Papers, of infrastructure in Latin of Vol.22, January IN of Economic Vol.43, the Empirical between and Electronic for Public Private and Evidence from Infrastructure Concession Electronic Development and Electronic Real for Risk in Transportation Project Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No.122 May OF IN THE PUBLIC A of Public and Cooperative Economics, OF AN of Public and Cooperative Economics, AND THE OF of Public and Cooperative Economics, Partnerships vs. in of Industrial Organization, October in the of Industrial Organization, September of Concession Contracts: A of Industrial Organization, September for between private and public a of the of Industrial Organization, October of Industrial Organization, September Private Sector Participation in Water Services 15 Policy Review, October the and Electricity sector reform in developing Policy, Vol.14, Empirical Analysis of State and of Water Services in Bank Economic Review, Vol.20, November in Transportation Infrastructure in Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No.122 May Infrastructure and and Policy Electronic & Structure in a Developing Electronic in Transportation Infrastructure in Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, and of in developing countries: does the of the Review of Economics and and in in Journal of Public Sector Management, Vol.18, and Regulation in Developing and A Survey of the Money and Management, Contracts for Litigation and of Economics, Vol.27, in the Public Works Concession in Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No.122 May to Risk in Private Infrastructure Investment: A Survey of the Electronic Partnerships in Developing Countries from to Electronic in the Public Works Concession in Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, March & & and Financial Sector Economics and and

A Standard Definition of Stuttering

Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders1964-11-01作者：Marcel E. Wingate

No AccessJournal of Speech and Hearing DisordersThe Forum1 Nov 1964A Standard Definition of Stuttering M. E. Wingate M. E. Wingate University of Washington Google Scholar https://doi.org/10.1044/jshd.2904.484 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Additional Resources FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Speech, Language and Hearing (1-17)19 Oct 2023Perceptions and predictors of health-related quality of life among aging adults who stutter: a first glimpseNathan D. 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Tichenor, Caryn Herring and J. Scott Yaruss Human Genetics and Genomics Advances3:1 (100073)1 Jan 2022Population-based genetic effects for developmental stutteringHannah G. Polikowsky, Douglas M. Shaw, Lauren E. Petty, Hung-Hsin Chen, Dillon G. Pruett, Jonathon P. Linklater, Kathryn Z. Viljoen, Janet M. Beilby, Heather M. Highland, Brandt Levitt, Christy L. Avery, Kathleen Mullan Harris, Robin M. Jones, Jennifer E. Below and Shelly Jo Kraft Journal of Fluency Disorders70 (105880)1 Dec 2021Does stammering act as a barrier to exercise and sport in Irish adults who stammer?Siobhán O'Connor, Kieran A. Moran, Enda F. Whyte and Aisling C. Lacey Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools52:4 (967-977)18 Oct 2021Word-Final Disfluencies in a School-Age Child: Beneath the Tip of the IcebergNaomi Eichorn and Sidney Donnan Phonetics and Speech Sciences13:3 (91-101)1 Sep 2021Effects of speech motor practice and linguistic complexity on articulation rate in adults who stutter*HeeCheong Chon and Torrey M. Loucks John A. Tetnowski, Kathleen Scaler Scott and Brittany Falcon Rutland (2021) Fluency and Fluency Disorders The Handbook of Language and Speech Disorders10.1002/9781119606987.ch191 Mar 2021 Nagalapura S Viswanath (2021) Stuttering Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_3345 Journal of Fluency Disorders (105780)1 Sep 2020Inhibitory Control of Lexical Selection in Adults who StutterNathan D. Maxfield Journal of Fluency Disorders (105778)1 Jun 2020Trait perspective-taking and need for cognition in the formation of stereotypes about people who stutterMaxim Baryshevtsev, Lingzi Zhong, Rachel Lloyd and Matthew McGlone Language, Cognition and Neuroscience35:1 (93-105)2 Jan 2020Processing of self-repairs in stuttered and non-stuttered speechMatthew W. Lowder, Nathan D. Maxfield and Fernanda Ferreira Ulrich Natke and Anke Kohmäscher (2020) Idiopathisches Stottern: Definitionen Stottern10.1007/978-3-662-60942-2_3 Giordano D'Urso, Elena Toscano, Gianpiero Gallo and Andrea de Bartolomeis (2020) Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neurodevelopmental Disorders Non Invasive Brain Stimulation in Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences10.1007/978-3-030-43356-7_20 Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research62:12 (4335-4350)18 Dec 2019Group Experiences and Individual Differences in StutteringSeth E. Tichenor and J. 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Murray NeuroImage52:4 (1495-1504)1 Oct 2010A study of the reproducibility and etiology of diffusion anisotropy differences in developmental stuttering: A potential role for impaired myelinationM.D. Cykowski, P.T. Fox, R.J. Ingham, J.C. Ingham and D.A. Robin Journal of Neurolinguistics23:5 (488-500)1 Sep 2010Dysfluency levels during repeated readings, choral readings, and readings with altered auditory feedback in two cases of acquired neurogenic stutteringVenu Balasubramanian, Kristine L. Cronin and Ludo Max Journal of Fluency Disorders35:3 (246-279)1 Sep 2010Overreliance on auditory feedback may lead to sound/syllable repetitions: Simulations of stuttering and fluency-inducing conditions with a neural model of speech productionOren Civier, Stephen M. Tasko and Frank H. Guenther Clinical Neurophysiology121:9 (1447-1463)1 Sep 2010Neural correlates of semantic activation spreading on the path to picture naming in adults who stutterNathan D. Maxfield, Jessica L. Huffman, Stefan A. Frisch and Jacqueline J. Hinckley Journal of Fluency Disorders35:2 (123-140)1 Jun 2010Five-year longitudinal treatment outcomes of the ISTAR Comprehensive Stuttering ProgramMarilyn Langevin, Deborah Kully, Shelli Teshima, Paul Hagler and N.G. Narasimha Prasad Journal of Communication Disorders42:2 (155-161)1 Mar 2009Communication attitude of Italian children who do and do not stutterSimona Bernardini, Martine Vanryckeghem, Gene J. Brutten, Luisella Cocco and Claudio Zmarich Journal of speech-language & hearing disorders17:4 (19-31)1 Dec 2008The Characteristics of Speech Repetition in Neurogenic Stuttering 신명선 Journal of Fluency Disorders33:3 (180-202)1 Sep 2008Speeded verbal responding in adults who stutter: Are there deficits in linguistic encoding?Neville W. Hennessey, Charn Y. Nang and Janet M. Beilby International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders43:3 (283-299)6 May 2008Investigating factors related to the effects of time‐out on stuttering in adultsDiane E. Franklin, Catherine L. Taylor, Neville W. Hennessey and Janet M. Beilby Journal of Fluency Disorders32:1 (33-50)1 Jan 2007Genetic studies of stuttering in a founder populationJacqueline K. Wittke-Thompson, Nicoline Ambrose, Ehud Yairi, Cheryl Roe, Edwin H. Cook, Carole Ober and Nancy J. Cox International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders41:5 (583-589)1 Jan 2006The Behavior Assessment Battery: a preliminary study of non‐stuttering Pakistani grade‐school childrenMartine Vanryckeghem and Samad A. Mukati Journal of Fluency Disorders31:4 (271-283)Comparing judgments of stuttering made by students, clinicians, and highly experienced judgesShelley B. Brundage, Anne K. Bothe, Amy N. Lengeling and Jeffrey J. Evans American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology14:4 (284-297)1 Nov 2005Differential Diagnosis of Stuttering for Forensic PurposesCarol Hubbard SeeryAmerican Journal of Speech-Language Pathology14:4 (260-273)1 Nov 2005Have Disfluency-Type Measures Contributed to the Understanding and Treatment of Developmental Stuttering?Jóhanna Einarsdóttir and Roger J. Ingham Journal of Fluency Disorders30:4 (307-318)1 Jan 2005A comparative investigation of the speech-associated attitude of preschool and kindergarten children who do and do not stutterMartine Vanryckeghem, Gene J. Brutten and Lynell M. Hernandez BMC Neurology4:11 Dec 2004Morphological brain differences between adult stutterers and non-stutterersLutz Jäncke, Jürgen Hänggi and Helmuth Steinmetz Movement Disorders19:9 (1106-1109)1 Sep 2004Stuttering and gait disturbance after supplementary motor area seizureSun J. Chung, Joo‐Hyuk Im, Jae‐Hong Lee and Myoung C. Lee Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders31:Spring (80-91)1 Mar 2004Theoretical Perspectives on the Cause of StutteringNicoline Grinager Ambrose Medical Hypotheses62:3 (401-405)1 Mar 2004Slower and incomplete retrieval of speech motor plans is the proximal source of stuttering: stutters occur when syllable motor plans stored in memory are concatenated to produce the utterance motor planH.S Venkatagiri PLoS Biology2:2 (e46)17 Feb 2004What Causes Stuttering?Christian Büchel and Martin Sommer Journal of Fluency Disorders29:1 (3-25)1 Jan 2004Gestural overlap in consonant clusters: effects on the fluent speech of stuttering and non-stuttering subjectsWendy J. Huinck, Pascal H.H.M. van Lieshout, Herman F.M. Peters and Wouter Hulstijn Parkinsonism & Related Disorders9:5 (281-289)1 Jun 2003Tics and developmental stutteringHilda F Mulligan, Tim J Anderson, Richard D Jones, Michelle J Williams and Ivan M Donaldson Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews27:4 (339-347)1 Jun 2003Choral speech: the amelioration of stuttering via imitation and the mirror neuronal systemJoseph Kalinowski and Tim Saltuklaroglu Journal of Communication Disorders36:1 (59-75)1 Jan 2003Second formant transitions in fluent speech of persistent and recovered preschool children who stutterAnu Subramanian, Ehud Yairi and Ofer Journal of Fluency Dec of the in and Journal of Fluency Dec of Journal of Fluency Mar R. of J. Ingham and M. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Aug of Yairi and Nicoline Grinager of Speech, Language, and Hearing Jun on StutteringNicoline Grinager Ambrose and Ehud of Speech, Language, and Hearing Jun Yairi, Nicoline Ambrose and Neuroscience Jun the to stuttering in adults in the Tim and International Journal of Jan and A at Developmental F. Mulligan, Tim J. Anderson, Richard D. Jones, Michelle J. Williams and Ivan M. Donaldson Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Aug and of in the Speech of Who K. of Speech, Language, and Hearing Dec and in Scott YarussJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Aug of on of K. and Roger J. Ingham Journal of Fluency Nov of the of a stutter with to two of and of N. and J. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Aug for of Treatment for Young Children Who Ingham and Journal of Speech-Language Aug for Young Children Who J. Ingham and Anne K. of Speech, Language, and Hearing Apr the of Scott Yaruss Journal of Fluency Feb of transitions in the speech of stutterers and and International Journal of Jan in is by of Journal of Fluency Disorders21:2 Jun between attitude and fluency of stuttering and childrenMartine Vanryckeghem and Gene J. Brutten Journal of Fluency Jun and of stuttering: A of Gene Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Feb of and by in Stuttering K. and Roger J. of Speech, Language, and Hearing Dec of K. and Roger J. Journal of Speech-Language Sep H. of Speech, Language, and Hearing Aug of Positions on the Speech of People Who and of Speech, Language, and Hearing Jun on & in and E. of Speech, Language, and Hearing Apr of K. and Roger J. of Speech, Language, and Hearing Dec of J. Ingham, Anne K. and Journal of Fluency Dec on of and H. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Jun of J. Ingham, Anne K. and L. of Speech, Language, and Hearing Jun and Herman Journal of Fluency Jun treatment for Assessment of stuttering F. Journal of Fluency of stuttering and in the of in children and Ingham Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Oct to H. of Speech, Language, and Hearing Oct Can A to H. Journal of Speech-Language Sep of of Speech, Language, and Hearing Aug and Speech and of Speech, Language, and Hearing Jun of L. and Roger J. of Speech, Language, and Hearing Jun Analysis of and for Stuttering K. Roger J. Ingham, Peter Frank and Ingham Journal of Fluency Jan Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Oct G. and M. of Speech, Language, and Hearing Aug of in H. D. and Richard F. Journal of Motor Dec Motor of G. Journal of Fluency Oct is stuttering: and E. Journal of Speech and Hearing Aug and of of and and H. of Speech and Hearing Aug is H. Revista de Jan Journal of Fluency Aug and effects of a stuttering in the of a Viswanath Journal of Fluency Aug are E. Behavior Jul of and Treatment of E. A. E. and Peter Journal of Fluency Feb An for a H. Journal of Fluency Oct of stuttering in E. Journal of Fluency Apr between and and and Gene J. Brutten Journal of Fluency Feb to in versus A. and J. Journal of Fluency Apr and and E. Wingate Journal of Fluency Feb effects of of and the of in L. Journal of Fluency Feb and in a R. and L. Journal of Fluency Feb of a Japanese to Revista de Jan de la en de la de la G. Jan by G. Journal of Human Communication Dec A Perceptual Analysis of Speech G. and Bruce E. Journal of Fluency Dec and rate of speech in adult C. and Journal of Fluency Mar and and E. Wingate Journal of Fluency Dec A and Martin R. Journal of Fluency Sep of and in and O. R. and M. Journal of Human Communication Jun of on Perceptual of Treatment A. Journal of Fluency Feb of during Journal of Communication Jul on stuttering in and Journal of Communication Jul in a of adult L. and E. Journal of Fluency (29-37)1 Mar study of and Martin R. and Journal of Communication Mar of the of from on E. and Sep of stuttering by stutterers R. and J. Current in Jun B. Journal of Jan Treatment for Stuttering: A of Speech and E. Journal of Fluency Jan changes in stutterers and during R. Lee and Peter R. Richard and J. Disorders International Handbook of Behavior and Journal of Fluency Sep study of E. Wingate Journal of Fluency Sep and in stuttering and and John M. Journal of Communication Sep of stuttering: and E. Journal of Behavior Mar E. Journal of Fluency Mar by fluent and stuttering children and and Martin R. and of stuttering: and E. Journal of Fluency Dec stuttering and E. and Anne B. Journal of Fluency Dec of stuttering on of J. and David A. Journal of Fluency Sep of to stutteringJay Perceptual and Motor Aug of in Stuttering: A Clinical Study with C. and M. Journal of Fluency Jun and in the speech of Journal of Fluency Jun of speech to the of S. Venkatagiri Journal of Fluency Mar analysis of and and Journal of Fluency Dec analysis of stuttering as a R. Journal of Fluency Jun and The and R. Journal of Fluency Mar and fluency and to Stuttering Journal of Fluency Dec fluency in An and Brutten Journal of Fluency Dec of auditory on the frequency of stuttering M. and M. Behavior Nov effects of speech on stuttering An Journal of Fluency Jun during a in stuttering and and Journal of Fluency Mar Two case studies of stuttering and S. Behavior May of speech with a on the frequency and of in the speech of adult H. and G. Journal of Fluency Jan and of fluent and stuttered R. Journal of Fluency Jan stimulation of the by Lee and Gene J. Brutten Journal of Human Communication Dec Identification and of Stuttering in The D. Journal of Communication Jan analysis of for Behavior Oct analysis of the stuttering and Gene Brutten Journal of Communication Sep among of individual and Martin R. Journal of Communication Jan of in the treatment of R. International Journal of Language & Communication Oct and Roger J. Ingham Behavior Jul of on stutterers and R. and Journal of Communication Mar of and to stuttering A. Journal of the of Speech Dec of a to the Treatment of Stuttering in and Roger J. Ingham and in to Jan in Nov & American

Clinical Psychology Developmental and Educational Psychology Experimental and Cognitive Psychology

Non-Parametric Estimation of a Multivariate Probability Density

Theory of Probability and Its Applications1969-01-01作者：V. A. Epanechnikov

Previous article Next article Non-Parametric Estimation of a Multivariate Probability DensityV. A. EpanechnikovV. A. Epanechnikovhttps://doi.org/10.1137/1114019PDFBibTexSections ToolsAdd to favoritesExport CitationTrack CitationsEmail SectionsAbout[1] Emanuel Parzen, On estimation of a probability density function and mode, Ann. Math. Statist., 33 (1962), 1065–1076 MR0143282 0116.11302 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[2] Murray Rosenblatt, Remarks on some nonparametric estimates of a density function, Ann. Math. Statist., 27 (1956), 832–837 MR0079873 0073.14602 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[3] G. M. Manija, Remarks on non-parametric estimates of a two-dimensional density function, Soobšč. Akad. Nauk Gruzin. SSR, 27 (1961), 385–390 MR0143303 Google Scholar[4] E. A. Nadaraya, Estimation of a bivariate probability density, Soobshch. Akad. Nauk Gruz. SSR, 36 (1964), 267–268 Google Scholar[5] R. E. Bellman, , I. Glicksberg and , O. A. Gross, Some aspects of the mathematical theory of control processes, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif., Rep. 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Perception of effort during exercise is independent of afferent feedback from skeletal muscles, heart, and lungs

Journal of Applied Physiology2008-05-15作者：Samuele Marcora

VIEWPOINTPerception of effort during exercise is independent of afferent feedback from skeletal muscles, heart, and lungsSamuele MarcoraSamuele MarcoraPublished Online:01 Jun 2009https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90378.2008This is the final version - click for previous versionMoreSectionsPDF (55 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations perception of effort, also known as perceived exertion or sense of effort, is a major feature of fatigue (7), and it is widely used to monitor and prescribe exercise intensity (18). However, despite its importance, the neurophysiological bases of this atypical sensation are poorly understood. A model popular among physiologists investigating central regulation of exercise performance is that perceived exertion results from the complex integration of different inputs to the central nervous system (CNS). These inputs include afferent feedback from the peripheral organs most active during aerobic exercise (i.e., skeletal muscles, heart, and lungs) and other interoceptors, with or without additional inputs from the CNS itself, such as knowledge of the exercise task endpoint (3, 6, 28).The purpose of this article is to challenge this view by reviewing evidence that perception of effort during dynamic whole body exercise is independent of afferent feedback from small-diameter muscle afferents, heart, and lungs. For isolated and/or isometric exercise, the reader is referred to other reviews demonstrating that the sense of effort is independent of sensory inputs from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs (15, 24).Definitions.The common assumption that afferent feedback contributes significantly to perception of effort may derive from a too broad operational definition. Indeed, if subjects are instructed that rating of perceived exertion (RPE) refers to the discomfort experienced during exercise, then muscle pain, thermal discomfort, and thirst can be appropriately included in the perceptual rating because hedonicity is one of the four dimensions of any sensation (quality, intensity, duration, and hedonicity) (3). However, these and other unpleasant sensations experienced during exercise have their own specific neurophysiological mechanisms and verbal descriptors (i.e., quality) and can be differentiated from perception of effort (e.g., Ref. 19). Therefore, we believe that a narrower definition of exertion as “the effort expended in performing a physical activity” (Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science and Medicine) is physiologically more appropriate. Furthermore, this definition is in line with the verbal descriptors chosen by Borg for his RPE scale (“heavy/hard” and “light/easy”) (18) rather than ratings of hedonicity (“pleasant/unpleasant,” “feeling good/feeling bad,” “comfortable/uncomfortable”) (3).Perceived exertion and afferent feedback from skeletal muscles.Skeletal muscles are richly innervated by group III and IV fibers that provide afferent feedback related to metabolic, ionic, thermal, and mechanical stress (12). These small-diameter afferent fibers project, through lamina I neurons, to various spinal and supraspinal sites including the sensory cortex (5). Given the existence of such sensory system and the well-known increases in muscle metabolic by-products, potassium, temperature, and mechanical stress during intense exercise (12), it seems logical to assume that perception of effort is based on these afferent stimuli (Fig. 1A). Furthermore, there are high correlations between markers of metabolic stress (e.g., blood lactate concentration and %V̇o2max) with RPE during incremental exercise (18). However, the presence of the sensory machinery and a high correlation between the proposed metabolic stimuli and perceived exertion does not necessarily mean that the two are causally related. Indeed, several experimental studies in which perception of effort and metabolic stress have been dissociated argue against such common assumption.Fig. 1.Simplified afferent feedback (A) and corollary discharge (B) models of perceived exertion.Download figureDownload PowerPointFor example, when skeletal muscle weakness is induced by a small dose of curare (a drug that blocks transmission at the neuromuscular junction without affecting afferent pathways) there is a significant increase in RPE during cycling exercise (9). In theory, recruitment of glycolytic fibers due to the selective effect of curare on oxidative fibers may increase metabolic stimuli and perception of effort. However, the small increase in blood lactate concentration (0.36 mM) compared with the disproportionate increase in perceived exertion (4.8 points on Borg's 15-point RPE scale) argue against this hypothesis. Similarly, changes in afferent feedback from prefatigued locomotor muscles cannot explain the significant increase in perceived exertion we measured during a high-intensity cycling test (14). Indeed, we induced a significant reduction in locomotor muscle force using an eccentric exercise protocol known to affect primarily type II fibers without any metabolic stress or changes in muscle receptors sensitivity. Increased afferent feedback related to inflammation (which manifests itself at perceptual level as delayed-onset muscle soreness) was also controlled by performing the high-intensity cycling test 30 min after the intermittent 100 drop jumps.So what is the neural signal underlying perception of effort in these experimental conditions? The findings reviewed above support the hypothesis suggested more than 150 years ago that perception of effort is a “sensation of innervation” (24). Basically, it is proposed that the sense of effort is centrally generated by forwarding neural signals, termed corollary discharges or efference copies, from motor to sensory areas of the cerebral cortex (Fig. 1B). Therefore, it is not surprising that the increase in central motor command necessary to exercise at the same workload with muscles weakened by partial neuromuscular blockade or locomotor muscle fatigue is perceived as increased effort. Despite this kind of experimental evidence in favor of the corollary discharge model of perceived exertion (15), lack of a neurobiological mechanism and the discovery of muscle receptor function by Sherrington made most people believe that these receptors were responsible for all sensations related to muscle contraction (24). However, in recent years, corollary discharge pathways have been described in animals, including a single interneuron forwarding inhibitory signals from motor to sensory areas of the male singing cricket nervous system (23). This important discovery provides a “proof-of-principle” for the existence of neurons and pathways serving other corollary discharge functions including perception of effort.Lastly, convincing evidence against the widespread assumption that perceived exertion arises from afferent muscle feedback is provided by experiments using epidural anesthesia. Indeed, despite a marked reduction in sensory inputs from the lower limbs, RPE during cycling exercise is either unchanged or increased by spinal blockade (13, 27). The latter effect is due to the muscle weakness induced by the epidural anesthesia used in these studies and the compensatory increase in central neural drive to the motoneurons innervating the locomotor muscles. Even when this reduction in muscle strength is taken into account by exercising at the same relative intensity, RPE is not reduced by blockade of sensory inputs from the lower limbs (16). This is strong experimental evidence against the notion that somatosensory feedback from active muscles is important for perception of effort during exercise (6).Perceived exertion and afferent feedback from the heart.The correlation between perception of effort and heart rate (HR) during incremental exercise is so strong that the 6–20 RPE scale was originally developed by Borg to reflect the range of HR found in young and fit subjects (60 beats/min at rest, 200 beats/min during maximal exercise) (18). There is also evidence consistent with an afferent cortical representation of cardiac action (10), which is not surprising given the existence of both sympathetic and vagal afferent pathways from the heart (8), and chest wall mechanoreceptors (4). Indeed, some subjects can accurately report cardiac activity (4), and the crushing, burning, and squeezing sensations of angina pectoris are far too familiar to patients with ischemic heart disease (8). However, various studies in which cardiac function has been manipulated experimentally do not support a causal relationship between HR and perception of effort (18). For example, RPE during cycling exercise is unchanged or even increased when HR is reduced by calcium channel and β-adrenergic blockade (17). Therefore, it seems that normal subjects do not attend to afferent cardiac signals when rating perceived exertion. Furthermore, cardiac transplant patients (who have a denervated heart) report normal perception of effort during an incremental exercise test (1). Indeed, RPE is recommended by the American Heart Association for prescription of exercise intensity after transplantation (22).Perceived exertion and afferent feedback from the lungs.Dyspnea, from the Greek “difficult breathing,” is a major component of overall perceived exertion (18) and it has been extensively investigated because of its clinical relevance (20). As for the discomfort associated with intense exercise, the word “dyspnea” can refer to several sensations with different verbal descriptors and neurophysiological mechanisms. Inhibitory and excitatory afferent inputs from central and peripheral chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the chest wall, lungs, and airways are thought to play an important role in generating air hunger, chest tightness, and unsatisfied inspiration (20). However, the dyspnea experienced during aerobic exercise by healthy individuals without restricted breathing and normal blood gases largely reflects the sense of respiratory effort (11, 20, 21). This respiratory sensation is generated by corollary discharges of the central motor commands to the respiratory muscles (11, 20), and it is clearly independent of feedback from pulmonary vagal afferents. Indeed, patients with double lung transplantation can estimate the magnitude of inspiratory resistive loads based on their normal sense of effort (31). Similar results have been obtained in healthy subjects with anesthetized airways (2). Importantly, the common neurophysiological mechanism shared by perceptions of effort referred to breathing and locomotor muscle contraction justifies their integration in the overall rating of perceived exertion.Conclusions.Although essential for a variety of other physiological and perceptual processes such as cardiorespiratory regulation (12) and sense of position and movement (24), afferent feedback from skeletal muscles, heart, and lungs does not contribute significantly to perception of effort during exercise, which is the conscious awareness of the central motor commands to the locomotor and respiratory muscles. Preliminary imaging studies in humans (30), lesion studies in animals (29), and psychopharmacological studies in both humans (26) and animals (25) suggest that the anterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex, thalamus, dopamine, and endogenous opioids are important for perception of effort and related decision making, e.g., disengaging from a time to exhaustion test (14). Additional studies on the origin [primary motor cortex or upstream? (24)], neural pathways, and sensory processing of corollary discharges related to perceived exertion are warranted. Similarly, the role played by other neurocognitive processes (e.g., response inhibition and conflict monitoring) and activation-dependent plasticity in setting perception of effort during prolonged exercise needs to be established.REFERENCES1 Braith RW, Wood CE, Limacher MC, Pollock ML, Lowenthal DT, Phillips MI, Staples ED. Abnormal neuroendocrine responses during exercise in heart transplant recipients. 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Marcora, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor Univ., George Bldg., Normal Site, Holyhead Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2PZ United Kingdom (e-mail: [email protected]) Download PDF Previous Back to Top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByA lab-based comparison of differential ratings of perceived exertion between a run and jump protocol involving low or high impacts on the lower extremities25 April 2022 | European Journal of Sport Science, Vol. 23, No. 5Effects of Sex and Cuff Pressure on Physiological Responses during Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise in Young Adults13 December 2022 | Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 55, No. 5Application of the Ratings of Perceived Exertion-Clamp Model to Examine the Effects of Joint Angle on the Time Course of Torque and Neuromuscular Responses During a Sustained, Isometric Forearm Flexion to Task Failure17 November 2022 | Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Vol. No. of changes physiological during a time to | European Journal of Vol. and heart rate responses to of April | European Journal of Vol. and muscle during of April | European Journal of Vol. of a perceived effort cycling November 2022 | European Journal of Vol. No. of fatigue and neuromuscular of performance during prolonged | Vol. No. the model to among associated with perceived and performance in and | European Journal of Vol. Exertion Responses to Exercise for and of A | of Sport Science, Vol. No. of Muscle and of A with November 2022 | Sports Vol. No. control of respiratory and during November 2022 | European Journal of Vol. No. Neural in 2022 | Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise, Vol. No. of effort and the of physical A to motor | in Vol. and Human 2022 | Sports Vol. No. effect of on physical performance and effort perception during maximal dynamic exercise in Vol. effects of muscle on of endurance A and & Vol. of the Task to December 2022 | and Vol. of and in 2022 | Journal of Sports Vol. No. effects of on exercise performance and physiological of exercise performance during cycling A & Vol. No. during the the November Effect of Resistance Blood Flow Restriction on A and November 2022 | Sports A Vol. the and the and the November 2022 | Journal of and Vol. No. of breathing air during cycling on and performance in the Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Vol. No. when it The effects of on at high 2022 | Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol. No. of on and exercise performance in | European Journal of Sport Science, Vol. No. patients with neurocognitive are more and 2022 | and Research, Vol. No. I feedback the effects of fatigue on endurance exercise of Sport and Exercise, Vol. Perceived for and Resistance Exercise | Sports A Vol. No. of Perceived Exertion or April | Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Vol. No. be the to the and performance in fatigue A and 2022 | in Vol. and perceptual mechanisms of fatigue task in response to and M. and 2022 | Journal of Vol. No. the of and on the of April 2022 | and Vol. No. of on and During a | Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Vol. No. of on perceived exertion during endurance A with of Exercise Science & Vol. 20, No. Model for and of 2022 | Journal of and Vol. No. effects of pain induced by blood in one on exercise and and inhibition of the in and Vol. No. of action on the for action April 2022 | Journal of Sport and Exercise Vol. A of to Human 2022 | in Vol. as a 2022 | Journal of Vol. No. central fatigue after a December | Journal of Medicine & Science in Vol. No. to the Effect of on during and 2022 | Vol. No. effects of exercise intensity and on the relationship between the component of and peripheral 2022 | Vol. No. that Neuromuscular not a in with | Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. No. of the intensity of fatigue and on perceptual regulation and performance during physical 2022 | Vol. No. on and in | for Exercise and Sport, Vol. No. effort for is associated with | Journal of Vol. No. and by and movement descriptors in with during 2022 | Vol. and perceptual responses during at and in normal and | Journal of Vol. No. and a on Neural and Vol. the of Perceived Exertion and Heart to in and of Strength and Conditioning Research, Vol. No. of for November workload during in comparison between heart rate and perceived exertion based 2022 | & Sport - 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How eight health risks and chronic conditions relate: identifying associations and profiling characteristics of multiple health risk factors among 14 disease groups and 30 common chronic conditions in Denmark.

PubMed2026-01-22作者：Hvidberg MF, Frølich A, Ryom P

To identify associations between chronic conditions and eight key health risks (stress, loneliness, sleep, obesity/body mass index, smoking, exercise, alcohol consumption, and fruit intake) and provide a practical descriptive profile of the distribution of health risks within chronic conditions. The sample involved 56,988 Danish residents aged over 16 years from three national health surveys (2010/2013), one sociodemographic register, and seven national health registers. Linear and logistic regression models adjusting for socioeconomic variables were used to analyse associations with 14 disease groups and 30 common conditions. The regression analyses revealed that stress, obesity, and physical inactivity were the most consistently associated health risk factors across disease groups. We identified three groups of health risks with similar strengths of associations. Firstly, one group comprising obesity, stress, and sleep troubles, was significantly linked to 27, 23, and 22 chronic conditions, respectively. Secondly, a group of physical inactivity/loneliness showed moderate associations, linked to 19 and five chronic conditions, particularly mental health conditions; and thirdly, a group of smoking, drinking, and low fruit intake showed the weakest and fewest associations. A descriptive profile showed that anxiety, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, headaches and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were conditions with high proportions of patients experiencing more than four health risks. The current study provides comparable, hierarchical information on the strength of associations between eight health risks and chronic conditions adjusted for socioeconomic factors. The findings suggest that healthcare professionals, policymakers and public health strategies should place less emphasis on classic behavioural health risks such as smoking and more attention on psychological factors such as stress, sleep problems, and loneliness.

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Personality as a key driver of oral health behaviour: evidence from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort.

Outdoor and in-store food advertising: food and health-related advertisements in neighbourhoods of low- and middle-socioeconomic status in Stockholm, Sweden.

Caring for meaning: a qualitative exploration of healthcare professionals' experiences.

Gambling marketing in Finland: Experiences of exposure and regulation among Finnish individuals who gamble regularly.

Conceptualisation and operationalisation of mental health literacy: An umbrella review.

Experiences of access to care, diagnosis and rehabilitation among a multiethnic patient population with long COVID in Denmark: A qualitative study.

The role of health behaviours, genetic factors, and early life environment in the associations between family-related events and sustainable working life.