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The aim of the present study was to examine the extent to which symptoms of school burnout (exhaustion and cynicism) during the comprehensive school years played a role in individuals' long-term mental health problems. The data were collected in four municipalities (i.e., one big, one rural, and two medium-sized) around Finland. The sample included 673 students (376 girls, 297 boys) whose symptoms of school burnout were assessed three times: in Grade 6 (ages 12-13), Grade 7, and Grade 9. Indicators of later mental health problems were the use of antidepressants at the ages of 16-20 years old and self-reported depressive symptoms during the first year of upper secondary education at ages of 16-17 years. Information on symptoms of school burnout and depressive symptoms was derived from self-reports, and information on the use of antidepressants was obtained from the National Drug Prescription Register data. The data were analyzed using logistic regression and hierarchical linear regression models. The results showed that symptoms of exhaustion in Grade 9 significantly predicted the use of antidepressants in late adolescence; the higher the level of exhaustion in Grade 9, the greater the likelihood of using antidepressants during the follow-up period. Similar findings were found for self-reported depressive symptoms, as higher levels of exhaustion in Grades 7 and 9 predicted significantly higher levels of subsequent self-reported depressive symptoms. Higher levels of cynicism in Grade 9 predicted significantly higher levels of subsequent self-reported depressive symptoms, but not the use of antidepressants. The findings indicated that school burnout symptoms are significant predictors of ongoing mental health problems, emphasizing the need for early preventive work and interventions. Symptoms of exhaustion and cynicism increase the risk of depressive symptoms, and exhaustion may also progress to clinical depression requiring medication.

Intensity is a fundamental dimension of emotions that affects their perception. However, theoretical and empirical studies on intensity, particularly in the vocal domain, remain limited. Furthermore, research on the effects of emotional dimensions (e.g., arousal, valence, and basicness) on intensity ratings remains sparse. This study investigates cross-cultural intensity ratings using the Demo (Dutch) and Koremo (Korean) corpora, each based on eight actors vocalizing eight emotions by pronouncing a pseudo-sentence. Both corpora were rated on intensity by Dutch and Korean listeners. The first goal is to examine the presence of in-group bias in intensity ratings across all responses and correct responses. The second goal is to assess the relative contributions of arousal, valence, and basicness to intensity ratings across all responses and correct responses. To achieve these goals, we conducted an intensity-rating experiment in which all participants rated the intensity of each emotion they perceived on a 4-point scale (1 = low intensity; 4 = high intensity). Participants consisted of 31 native Dutch listeners and 24 native Korean listeners, none of whom had prior knowledge of the other group's culture or language. Our results corroborate earlier findings and shed new light on intensity ratings of vocal emotions. First, contrary to previous findings, we did not find an in-group bias in intensity ratings, such that neither listener group gave higher ratings to emotions produced in their native language than in the unknown language. Second, intensity ratings were higher for high-arousal than for low-arousal emotions, for negative than for positive emotions, and for basic than for non-basic emotions. Notably, intensity ratings are more strongly correlated with arousal and basicness than valence, supporting earlier findings that high-arousal emotions are characterized by increased intensity. Despite the significant effects of arousal, valence, and basicness on intensity ratings, these dimensions do not yield a successful dichotomy of emotions in terms of intensity, since some emotions violate the general patterns of intensity ratings based on these three dimensions. Additionally, intensity ratings were higher for correct than incorrect responses. Together, these findings contribute to a better understanding of the role of intensity in vocal emotion across cultures. Instead of an in-group bias, listeners tended to rate specific emotions as more intense, even when expressed in a non-native language. Although intensity ratings were affected by arousal, valence, and basicness, none of these dimensions provided a strict dichotomy of the eight emotions in intensity, since intensity ratings for certain emotions cannot be reliably predicted from the general patterns. Together, these findings contribute to a better understanding of the role of intensity in vocal emotion across cultures.

Intensive care physicians often provide end-of-life (EOL) care in the intensive care units (ICUs). However, knowledge about the physicians' role and confidence in EOL care after the decision to withdraw life-sustaining therapy is unknown. This study aimed to explore the confidence and the self-perceived role of specialized ICU physicians in performing EOL care. Following criteria-based sampling, a questionnaire was sent to ICU physicians in Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Denmark. Questions included: (1) Background information and existing guidelines, (2) Physicians' confidence in EOL care in ICUs, and (3) Self-perceived role in EOL care. The questionnaire collected both quantitative and qualitative data, which were subsequently analyzed separately. A total of 178 ICU physicians answered the questionnaire. Most physicians (66%) felt very confident performing EOL care. Responses to the open-ended qualitative questions emphasized that ICU physicians regarded EO care as a central professional responsibility, marked by personal presence, active support for patients and families, and attention to individual needs. They reported the value of transparent communication, thorough preparation for treatment withdrawal, and accommodation of personal, cultural, and religious preferences. Participants highlighted the importance of individualized transfer decisions while also emphasizing the need for adaptable EOL guidelines and enhanced training, particularly for residents. Our study showed that Scandinavian ICU physicians felt very confident in performing EOL care and recognized their unique role and responsibility in delivering ICU EOL care. This study surveyed ICU physicians in Nordic countries concerning perceptions and confidence for end care in their ICU clinical practice. The responses indicated that the survey responders were quite confident in how they manage this group of cases in the ICU.

Frailty is known to adversely affect post-operative mortality and morbidity following colorectal cancer resection, but its impact on long-term quality of life and functional outcomes after colon cancer surgery is less clear. This study aims to evaluate the impact of frailty at the time of diagnosis on quality of life, impact on daily activities, and contentment with treatment one year after colon cancer resection. Data were obtained from the prospective, multicentre Quality of Life in Colon Cancer (QoLiCOL) study. Patients aged ≥70 years who underwent colon cancer surgery in Region Västra Götaland, Sweden, were collected from the QoLiCOL database (n = 347). Clinical data were retrieved from national quality registries. Frailty was retrospectively assessed by reviewing medical records using the Clinical Frailty Scale-9 (CFS-9), with scores ≥4 classified as frail. Outcomes included self-reported quality of life, treatment-related impact on activities of daily living, and treatment satisfaction one year post-operatively. Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) of variables known to affect the outcome variables were made before analyses, and potential confounders were adjusted for in the final analyses. Comparisons between frail and non-frail groups were performed using ordinal logistic regression and logistic regression, with results reported as odds ratios (OR). The prevalence of frailty in the cohort was 29%, with a median CFS-9 value of 4 (range 4-6) in the frail group, indicating very mild to moderate frailty. No significant differences were observed between frail and non-frail older adults in self-assessed quality of life, treatment-related impact on daily activities or treatment satisfaction one year after surgery. Notably, both groups reported improved quality of life at one year compared with baseline. Only a small proportion of participants (n = 8; 2%) reported not being content with their treatment. Among older adults who were alive one year after colon cancer surgery, mild to moderate frailty does not appear to negatively influence long-term quality of life, effect on daily activities, or satisfaction with treatment. Frail and non-frail patients reported similar levels of well-being and contentment with their care one year post-operatively.

There is a growing interest in elucidating the mechanisms that drive the benefits of physical exercise on cognitive performance. A key element for a better understanding of a particular phenomenon (e.g., the mediators of the exercise-cognition interaction) is the selection of an appropriate control condition/group as the basis for causal inference. In contemporary practice, control conditions/groups used in exercise-cognition research can be broadly categorized as related to (i) study design, (ii) level of energy expenditure, and (iii) level of cognitive engagement. Although such control conditions are valuable for reducing the effects of specific sources of bias (e.g., time or placebo effects), their potential to advance our mechanistic understanding is limited. To address this research gap, the present article proposes and discusses the application of "physiologically informed" control conditions by narratively summarizing the current evidence concerning "physiologically informed" control conditions in acute exercise-cognition studies, wherein specific physical exercise-induced physiological responses (e.g., increases in cerebral blood flow or peripheral blood lactate concentration) are mimicked by nonexercise experimental manipulations (e.g., through inhaling hypercapnic gas mixture or infusion of lactate at rest). Based on our narrative evidence synthesis, we discuss how "physiologically informed" control conditions can serve as a valuable approach to strengthen causal interferences by allowing for a better isolation of cognitive benefits that can be "solely" attributed to specific physical exercise-induced physiological changes. As applying "physiologically informed" control conditions can advance knowledge generation on the physiological mechanisms that drive the positive effects of physical exercise on cognition, we advocate for a more widespread use of these control conditions in future research practice.

There is growing interest in the role of cognitive flexibility in the development of politically motivated violence and a willingness to self-sacrifice. However, the construct of flexibility has been applied in multiple ways across disciplines, resulting in conceptual ambiguity and methodological challenges. This narrative scoping review re-evaluated the theoretical mechanisms linking distinct flexibility constructs to extreme beliefs, with the aim of clarifying their conceptual boundaries to direct future research. A narrative synthesis was conducted to identify and integrate theoretical accounts of flexibility relevant to extreme belief formation and maintenance. Four flexibility variants were identified as relevant: cognitive, affective, psychological, and belief flexibility. Each was conceptualized as facilitating updating and switching within cold, decontextualized cognitive tasks or hot, contextualized affective tasks to enable goal-directed problem solving. These abilities were not found to promote a single problem-solving strategy. Rather, they enabled a range of adaptive responses, including evidence integration, critical thinking, emotion regulation, and tolerance of uncertainty. Their use was associated with effective navigation of conflicting evidence, openness to new ideas and perspectives, and reflective awareness of emotional responses and cognitive biases. The findings indicate that flexibility operates across both affectively charged and emotionally neutral cognitive processes, the activation of which depends on the emotional valence of the context. In this way, cognitive and affective flexibility appear to function as complementary protective factors against the development of extreme beliefs. Future research should examine how these forms of flexibility interact across time in belief formation and maintenance.

Separation related problems (SRPs) are common in companion dogs and give rise to serious problems for both dog welfare and owner quality of life. However, they are not well understood, making them difficult to prevent and treat. A so far underutilised source of knowledge is experience from professional behaviour practice. In this qualitative study, we explored professionally situated knowledge to identify factors that may contribute to the development of SRPs in dogs. The study is based on 15 semi-structured interviews with a diverse group of dog professionals (veterinarians, animal behaviourists, dog trainers) involved in the treatment of SRPs in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. The transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Six central themes emerged from this analysis, which were labelled "co-occurring behavioural difficulties", "a body in flux", "dog training gone wrong", "breed type", "changes to routine and environment", and "psychological interplay between dogs and their owners". These themes reflect professional observations of recurring contexts in SRP cases, rather than empirically established risk factors. While some align with existing scientific findings (e.g. comorbidity with noise sensitivity), others highlight underexplored areas, such as effects of adolescence and owner stress. The findings serve to underpin a broad, context-aware view of SRPs.

Schizophrenia (SZ) has been linked with a pessimistic future outlook but the specific factors influencing such outlook are still to be mapped out. SZ is often referred to as a self-disorder and sense of self has been suggested to be a crucial factor influencing future view. Using a mixed-measurement approach, the present study examined two aspects of temporal sense of self in SZ-self-concept clarity and narrative identity-and tested whether each uniquely contributed to predicting future outlook (i.e., levels of future hope and the perceived influence of diagnosis on one's future). A total of 130 adults with SZ participated in the study (Mage = 34.58, SD = 10.22). Self-concept clarity was assessed through self-report and narrative identity through open-ended elaborations on the future that were content coded following gold-standard procedures. Hope for the future was assessed using self-report and perceived influence of diagnosis in the future was assessed through content coded, open-ended elaborations. Both self-concept clarity and narrative identity contributed independently to a more hopeful future outlook while self-concept clarity alone impacted whether diagnosis was expected to influence the future. Distinct dimensions of the temporal sense of self were associated with future outlook in schizophrenia, and their potential role in the recovery process was discussed.

An overwhelming majority of the human population end up parenting a child, and the concept of family is arguably one of the most shared across societies. Thus, most people will at some point engage in thought processes about the prospect of becoming a parent, a prospect coupled with uncertainties (e.g., "Should I? Do I want to? Can I?"). The psychological processes underlying how individuals think about this decision-and what dispositional factors shape this deliberation-remain poorly understood. We addressed this gap by measuring thought engagement (how much individuals report thinking about parenthood and related factors) in a sample of 192 Swedish adults (58 parents, 134 non-parents), and systematically comparing the predictive value of demographic variables, personality traits (e.g., extraversion), and dispositions toward risk and uncertainty using Bayesian multimodel inference. Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) emerged as a robust predictor of general thought engagement. Moreover, an interaction between age and occupation revealed divergent patterns: students showed increasing thought engagement with age, whereas employed individuals showed decreasing engagement. For domain-specific thought engagement (e.g., economic concerns, parenting ability), demographic factors predominated, though personality traits also contributed, suggesting that dispositions shape what people think about rather than how much they think overall. These findings carry clinical implications: IU is a transdiagnostic vulnerability factor for anxiety disorders, and the inherently uncertain nature of the parenthood decision may be particularly distressing for some individuals. Our study provides empirical groundwork for future theoretical developments focusing on the psychological dimensions of fertility-related decision-making.

Maternal psychological distress may have adverse effects on child socioemotional development. However, supportive social networks and participation in out-of-home childcare may serve as key protective factors and promote positive developmental outcomes. This study investigated whether maternal cumulative psychological distress is associated with children's (n = 528) social competence at the age of 5 years (M = 5.02, SD = 0.08) in Finland. Latent profile analyses (LPA) were conducted to identify latent classes of maternal cumulative symptoms of depression, anxiety, and parenting stress. Associations between these profiles and children's prosocial and antisocial behavior were examined. Additionally, the moderating effects of the child's age at entry into Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) and maternal supportive social networks were analyzed. The results showed that chronically high maternal psychological distress was subsequently associated with child's higher impulsivity, higher disruptiveness, and lower empathy. We found no evidence of early ECEC attendance or mother's social networks as moderators between maternal symptoms and child's behavior. Nevertheless, mother's supportive social networks were beneficial for all children and associated with child's higher empathy and cooperation skills. These findings underscore the need for early identification of maternal psychological distress symptoms. Moreover, social networks may serve as valuable resources for families with young children and support child development, even though they did not buffer the effects of maternal distress.

We aimed to explore 1st year residents' responses to five different uncertainty tolerance (UT) measures, varying in their specificity to physicians and medical practice, and to compare their ability to classify residents according to their level of UT in this population. 202 residents beginning training at two Norwegian hospitals in 2021-2023 completed the Physicians' Reaction to Uncertainty (PRU), a physician-specific UT measure, as well as 4 non-specific measures: Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS-12), Tolerance for Ambiguity (TFA), Pearson's Risk Attitude (PRA), and Ambiguity Aversion in Medicine (AAM). We described psychometric properties using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). We then applied hierarchical cluster analysis to assess the utility of the PRU and the 4 non-physician-specific measures in classifying residents. Residents' mean length of clinical work experience was 9.6 months (SD 7.6). 137 (68.2%) were female, 125 (62.2%) went to medical schools in Scandinavian-speaking countries. The exploratory factor analysis of all measures together revealed five factors. Factor 1 consisted of all PRU items and four items from TFA and explained 50.4% of the variance. In step 1, the cluster analysis based on PRU alone produced three stable clusters, with high (n = 58, 29%), intermediate (n = 108, 54%), or low (n = 36, 18%) UT. In step 2, a cluster analysis based on all measures produced three clusters, with high (n = 81, 40%), intermediate (n = 67, 33%), or low (n = 54, 27%) UT. Of the 58 with high UT according to PRU, three (5%) had intermediate UT using all instruments combined. Of the 36 with low UT according to PRU, 12 (33%) had high or intermediate UT using all instruments combined. Female residents and residents who studied medicine outside Scandinavia displayed lower UT. PRU appears to be a reliable, discriminatory, and feasible measure for identifying junior physicians who are predisposed to stress or other aversive psychological reactions to the uncertainties of clinical care. High UT measured by PRU indicates high UT according to other measures, while low UT according to PRU is less indicative. Hence, non-physician-specific UT measures appear to assess specific dimensions of UT that could assist supervisors and residents understand different responses to uncertainty.

This study examined how congruence and incongruence between aging self-stereotypes and aging stereotypes relate to positive psychological traits (subjective well-being, self-esteem, and sense of coherence) in older adults, and whether hope serves as a mediating mechanism. Data from 1204 older adults were analyzed using polynomial regression and response surface analysis, and the mediating role of hope was tested using the block variable approach. The results revealed distinct patterns in the joint effects of aging self-stereotypes and aging stereotypes on the three positive psychological traits. Along the line of congruence, subjective well-being and sense of coherence showed inverted i-shaped patterns, with the highest levels observed at moderate congruence and lower levels observed at extreme congruence, either high or low. In contrast, self-esteem declined linearly as both stereotypes increased congruently. Along the line of incongruence, subjective well-being and sense of coherence were higher when aging self-stereotypes were less negative than aging stereotypes, but lower when the reverse pattern occurred. Self-esteem, however, was higher when discrepancies were greater in either direction. In addition, hope partially mediated the effects of congruence and incongruence between aging self-stereotypes and aging stereotypes on all three positive psychological traits. These findings challenge the assumption that alignment between aging self-stereotypes and aging stereotypes is always beneficial. Instead, our results suggest that moderate congruence and certain patterns of incongruence-particularly when aging stereotypes are more negative than aging self-stereotypes-are associated with better psychological well-being, with hope playing an important mediating role.

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common anxiety disorders and is associated with significant impairment and societal costs. The association between SAD and mortality remains poorly understood, partly because in epidemiological research it is rarely studied independently from other anxiety disorders. In this population-based matched cohort and sibling control study, we estimated the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in individuals with SAD. From a population of individuals born from 1932 and living in Sweden between 1997 and 2020, we identified all cases of SAD (Swedish ICD-10 code F40.1) in the National Patient Register. Each of these individuals was matched on sex, birth year and county of residence with 10 individuals who had never received a diagnosis. Mortality data were extracted from the Cause of Death Register. Risks were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Models adjusted for sociodemographic covariates and other lifetime psychiatric disorders. We also identified all clusters of full siblings and conducted within-sibling comparisons to account for unmeasured familial confounding. The matched cohort included 57,360 individuals with SAD and 573,600 unexposed individuals. During the follow-up, 2355 deaths were registered within the exposed cohort vs. 7800 deaths in the matched cohort (crude mortality rates, 5.25 and 1.73 per 1000 person-years, respectively). The full cohort was followed up for a mean of 7.87 years (standard deviation 5.23). In models adjusting for sociodemographic variables, individuals with SAD had a 2.24-fold increased hazard of all-cause mortality (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.13-2.35). The increased risk was observed for both natural (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.62; 95% CI 1.52-1.72) and unnatural causes of death (HR, 4.18; 95% CI 3.82-4.58). The results were robust to additional adjustment for psychiatric comorbidities, but the magnitude of the associations was attenuated, particularly when adjusting for substance use disorders. In the sibling cohort, 39,993 individuals with SAD were compared with their 64,640 unaffected siblings. While the estimates were also attenuated, they remained statistically significant (HR for all-cause mortality, 1.40; 95% CI 1.36-1.45). Individuals with SAD face an increased risk of mortality, attributable primarily to unnatural causes of death, such as suicide, but also to natural causes, even after adjusting for socioeconomic variables. Psychiatric comorbidities, particularly substance use disorders, and shared familial factors may also contribute to this excess death. Further study of underlying mechanisms may inform prevention and early intervention strategies to reduce mortality in this vulnerable population.

Triadic joint attention (JA) refers to the shared focus of a child and an interlocutor on an object or event, accompanied by mutual awareness of this shared attention. Although JA is associated with early social interaction and later language development, its definitions and behavioral markers vary across studies and are often restricted to gaze and vocalizations, overlooking other communicative modalities. This longitudinal study followed 14 Swedish child-parent dyads during free play from 9 months to 3 years of age. Interactions were analyzed at both group and dyad levels. Vocal/verbal behavior, gesture, gaze, touch, and facial expression were annotated in detail. Time spent in JA was calculated across ages, and sequential analyses using odds ratios were conducted to examine how specific behaviors predicted the onset of JA. Joint attention increased steadily with age, accounting for 76% of interaction time at the group level by 3 years. Substantial variability was observed between dyads. Across ages, gaze combined with object-directed action, neutral affect, and close physical proximity were the strongest predictors of JA, although their relative contributions varied across dyads. These findings highlight the importance of multimodal analyses and attention to individual variability for understanding the developmental role of joint attention. The methodological approach, time-window sequential analysis, proved effective in identifying both group-level patterns and the diversity between and within dyads' interactional styles. Moreover, analyses based on age measured in days indicated that age differences-even up to more than 1 month-played a minor role relative to this variability in dyadic interactional styles.

The current study examined (1) whether underlying facets of Detachment and Negative Affect are associated with the different components of alexithymia, and (2) whether these associations depend on the level of perceived stress. In total, 635 students (Mage = 20.02, 87.5% female) filled out online questionnaires on alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale), pathological personality traits (Personality Inventory for DSM-V), and perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale). Two Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) were used to test the hypotheses, which included the three subscales of alexithymia (i.e., difficulty identifying feelings [DIF], difficulty describing feelings [DDF], externally oriented thinking [EOT]) as dependent variables and the three underlying facet traits of either Detachment (i.e., withdrawal, anhedonia, intimacy avoidance) or Negative Affect (i.e., emotional lability, anxiousness, separation insecurity) as independent variables. Intimacy avoidance was most consistently associated with all alexithymia components. Other facets showed dimension-specific associations: DIF was positively associated with anhedonia, anxiousness, separation insecurity, and emotional lability; DDF was positively associated with withdrawal and anxiousness, but negatively with emotional lability; and EOT was positively associated with separation insecurity. These findings highlight the importance of facet traits characteristic of interpersonal difficulties in the association with specific alexithymia subscales. These associations were not dependent on the level of perceived stress. The present results point to interpersonal avoidance and emotion-regulation difficulties as relevant processes to address in interventions. Targeting these facet-linked difficulties may therefore be particularly useful in reducing alexithymic features among individuals with elevated pathological personality traits.

Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) is one of the risk factors for problematic mobile phone use (PMPU) among adolescents. However, previous findings have been inconsistent and have not comprehensively considered the roles of cognition and emotion. Grounded in the I-PACE model, this study examines the role of desire thinking and craving in the predictive relationship between FoMO and PMPU among adolescents through path analysis, while employing network analysis to identify the most central and influential nodes within this mechanism. This study focused on adolescents and employed the FoMO scale, the Desire Thinking Questionnaire, the Psychological Craving Assessment Scale, and the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale to conduct a four-wave longitudinal survey of 509 adolescents. The results of the path model showed that desire thinking and craving played a role of chain mediation in this relationship. Network analysis revealed that the "irresistible longing" node was the strongest bridge node of the network. Among the associations between nodes of different communities, the strongest association was between the "difficulty stopping" node in Desire Thinking and the "irresistible longing" node in Craving, followed by the "stress relief" node in Craving and the "mood modification" node in PMPU. These findings provide empirical evidence for the I-PACE model and underscore the critical roles of desire thinking and craving. They also offer valuable insights for future research and clinical interventions targeting PMPU among adolescents.

We examined how Finnish children read and integrate information across multiple expository texts when given an inquiry task. We were interested in how task-relevance of text information affects readers' eye movements and whether the eye movements are connected to the quality of an essay written after reading. We were also interested in differentiating between the effects of technical reading skill and reading comprehension in respect to these processes. In total, 24 5th and 6th grade Finnish native-speakers completed the experiment. Prior to testing, the participants were told that at the end of the testing session, they would have to complete an inquiry task (e.g., "What's the difference between human and dog hearing?"). During an eye tracking experiment, the participants read two science texts on the topic of the inquiry task. The texts contained both task-relevant and task-irrelevant text segments. After the reading task, the children wrote an essay to complete the inquiry task. Furthermore, participants' technical reading skill and reading comprehension were measured with an independent classroom test. It was shown that the task-relevant segments were read longer than the task-irrelevant segments during first-pass reading. Moreover, reading skills modulated the effect of relevance, as weaker comprehenders were less likely to regress within an irrelevant segment. Furthermore, the relevance effect was more pronounced for the better technical readers with respect to look-backs. No reliable effects were found for the essay-writing task. The results imply that the participants were able to detect which parts of the text were relevant and adjusted their reading accordingly, based on their reading skills. However, they did not seem to form a coherent memory representation of the relevant text contents in order to perform well in the essay writing task.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and developmental language disorder (DLD) are neurodevelopmental conditions (NDCs) that share etiological factors and frequently co-occur. Despite this, they have rarely been studied together-particularly in relation to functional outcomes. In this study, we investigate the association between the developmental pattern of sustained visual attention in infancy and number of diagnoses, and map the clinical profile of 6-year-old children. A cohort of 6-year-olds, originally recruited in infancy due to elevated (n = 42) or low (n = 7) likelihood of ASD, were assessed for sustained visual attention, diagnostic outcomes, general adaptive functioning, intellectual abilities, and language skills. Participants were grouped based on the number of NDC diagnoses (ASD, ADHD, DLD, and/or Subthreshold ASD) they received at follow-up. We could not find statistical support for an association between sustained visual attention and number of diagnoses. Findings revealed no significant differences in adaptive functioning, intellectual abilities, or language skills between children with no diagnosis (n = 24) and those with a single diagnosis (n = 15). However, children with two or more diagnoses (n = 10) scored significantly lower in general adaptive functioning, intellectual ability, language production, and verbal comprehension compared to those with only one or no diagnosis. The results indicate that compared to children with only one diagnosis or no diagnosis, children with two or more diagnoses scored lower on several key functional domains, emphasizing the need to prioritize children with multiple diagnoses or confirmed functional impairment in clinical settings. Moreover, the findings indicate that a single diagnosis in preschool-aged children should not be a stand-alone outcome measure in sibling studies, if the goal is to identify early processes that predict meaningful differences in everyday functioning.

With a contextual and developmental perspective, this study aimed to examine Swedish late-adult fathers' reflections on their past and present parental role in relation to the mother and to see how these reflections incorporate changes in gender and parenthood during recent decades in Sweden. Twenty Swedish fathers of adult children, aged 61-77 years, participated in an interview concerning their parental identity. Answers concerning their reflections on their parental role over time and in relation to mothers were analyzed using thematic analysis. We formulated themes concerning their (1) self-positioning as a father in relation to the mother and gendered norms; (2) the fathers' wishes to have done things differently while expressing that they had no regrets over the choices they had made as a parenting couple; (3) alleviating regret by relating to history-graded changes and societal and relational contexts; and (4) an experience of "growing together" as parenting partners, interpreted as the co-construction of a joint parental identity, expressed either as a conflict-free conversation climate around parenting being interpreted as agreement or as a joint understanding emerging through discussions about parenting issues. Analyses deepened the understanding of the traditional allocation of parental roles and how fathers, in light of their lifelong parenthood and current retrospective perspective, may wish they had done things differently, while simultaneously saying they had no regrets as their joint choices had made sense at the time and seeing the fact that the "kids are alright" as proof of their successful parenthood.