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Jasmonate (JA) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are important signaling molecules, which play a crucial role in plant growth and stress resilience. However, JA and H2S interaction in ameliorating maize seed germination under heat stress is unclear. Therefore, in our study, the effect of seed priming with JA, NaHS (H2S donor), their inhibitors on germination and seedling growth, JA and H2S metabolism, and antioxidant defense activity under heat stress were investigated. The results showed that, as compared to the control without priming, seed priming with different concentrations (50, 100, 150, and 200 µM) of JA and NaHS increased germination percentage and seedling,s shoot and root length, and 50 µM JA and 100 µM NaHS were more efficient than that of others, indicating JA and H2S priming could ameliorate seed germination and seedling growth under heat stress. Also, JA and H2S priming up-regulated each other,s metabolic enzyme activity, gene expression, and endogenous level; and these effects were abolished by each other,s inhibitors, suggesting JA and H2S interaction in ameliorating maize seed germination under heat stress. Furthermore, JA and H2S priming enhanced the activity and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and the level of antioxidants in germinating seeds under heat stress. These results imply JA interacts with H2S in ameliorating maize seed germination and seedling growth under heat stress through consolidating antioxidant defense system.
The purpose the experiment was to investigate the microstructure, localization, and content of silicon inclusions in the leaf epidermis of Quercus robur trees grown in forest-steppe zones of southern Ukraine with varying levels of solar radiation (sunlight intensities). The investigations utilized the electron microscopic method and laser confocal microscopy. It was determined that sunlight intensity influenced size and area of the leaves, leaf epidermis ultrastructure, and change in silicon content in epidermis of Q. robur leaves. The research indicated that trichomes, stomata, and ordinary epidermal cells of oak leaves were the primary accumulators of silicon. The results suggest that variations in the leaf size, microstructure and silicon content contribute to the optimal ability to absorb and reflect light on the leaf surface. These changes may be considered as indicators of plant phenotype plasticity and adaptive markers depending on light intensity conditions. The various compounds of these leaves, including of presence of wax structures and silicon, can be used for practical applications.
MTSS2, a protein predominantly expressed in the brain, plays pivotal roles in cytoskeletal remodeling, synaptic plasticity and neurodevelopmental processes, yet the phosphoregulation process is not much explored. Here, we present a panoramic phosphoproteomic atlas of MTSS2, integrating global human datasets to map predominant phosphosites (S456, S579, S601, S612) enriched in intrinsically disordered regions, which likely serve as regulatory hubs for actin-membrane interactions. Co-phosphoregulation network analysis reveals high-confidence associations with cytoskeletal effectors (e.g., PLEC, MYH9, FHOD1) and Rho/Cdc42 regulators (CDC42EP3/4), forming a coordinated scaffold for filopodia dynamics and membrane curvature. Computational predictions identify MARK2, PAK1/2, and PRKCD as upstream kinases targeting these sites, embedding MTSS2 in polarity, migration, and apoptosis pathways. Clinically, S612 hyperphosphorylation correlates with glioma and breast cancer progression, suggesting oncogenic repurposing, while altered phosphorylation may contribute to MTSS2-related neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD). This phospholandscape illuminates MTSS2 as a tunable integrator of neuronal architecture and tumor suppression, nominating phospho-specific interventions for cytoskeletal disorders.
Osmotic stress, driven by factors such as soil drying and salinization, poses a significant challenge to plant growth and metabolism. Melatonin has shown promising results in alleviating abiotic stress by inducing antioxidant defenses in several species, which is particularly interesting when considering medicinal plants. Thus, this study investigates the physiological and biochemical responses of Brazilian-ginseng (Pfaffia glomerata) to PEG 4000-induced osmotic stress and the mitigating effects of exogenous melatonin. Under osmotic stress, P. glomerata exhibited reduced growth, diminished photosynthetic pigments, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, highlighting the detrimental impact of water deficit on plant health. Melatonin, in turn, differentially affected leaves and roots, failing to restore shoot growth while promoting root elongation under osmotic stress. In addition, melatonin increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, particularly peroxidase (POD), reducing ROS production and membrane damage in the leaves. In roots, PEG only increased catalase (CAT) activity. Osmotic adjustment following melatonin application was also evident through elevated sucrose and proline levels, supporting cell turgor and stress adaptation. Interestingly, osmotic stress increased 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E) levels in roots; however, this increase occurred independently of melatonin. Therefore, despite the induction of osmotic adjustments and antioxidant defenses, melatonin was unable to reverse the growth restraints caused by osmotic stress in P. glomerata. Furthermore, our findings reveal a complex interplay between osmotic stress, antioxidant defenses, and secondary metabolite production. The insights gained offer potential applications for improving stress resilience and secondary metabolite synthesis in medicinal plants, with implications for sustainable agriculture.
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Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) cultivation has declined sharply in traditional regions due to biotic and abiotic stresses, with Fusarium acuminatum-induced corm rot emerging as a major threat. Given saffron's genetic sterility and concerns over chemical fungicides, sustainable alternatives are essential. This study demonstrates that organic amendments, particularly Trichoderma bioformulation (T3) and walnut leaf powder (T7), effectively suppress corm rot, with lowest infection percentage recorded in T7 (13.32%), followed by T3 (19.89%). Notably, the chemical treatment T6 (NPK) showed a comparatively higher disease percentage area (56.43%) than the untreated control (T0) (47.55%). Trichoderma bioformulation activated jasmonic acid- and ethylene-mediated induced systemic resistance (ISR), regulated sugar metabolism, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity. Walnut leaf powder improved resistance by boosting antioxidant potential and osmotic balance, linked to its high phenolic content and osmolyte accumulation. Both treatments demonstrated complementary mechanisms, combining direct antifungal action with host defense activation, highlighting their potential as eco-friendly alternatives for integrated management of saffron corm rot. The study demonstrates that host-specific organic amendments can suppress pathogen development and reprogram host biochemical defences, highlighting the specificity of organic amendments for sustainable saffron health management.
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a tightly controlled genetically regulated biological process, that controls morphogenic changes in any cell types during plant development or in response to environmental cues. Previously, significant progress has been made in identifying the key molecular players regulating the PCD process, how these components are integrated into context specific networks across developmental (dPCD) and environmentally induced PCD (ePCD) remains incompletely understood. This review summarizes the current understanding of PCD associated key molecular players, including calcium ions (Ca2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), caspase-like proteases activity, transcriptional factors (TFs), and phytohormone signaling network and explicitly compares how their crosstalk orchestrate the initiation and execution of both dPCD and ePCD under biotic and abiotic stresses. A deeper mechanistic understanding of these interconnected signaling networks, and elucidating the crosstalk between development and stress induced PCD pathways might have significant implications in crop improvement as manipulating PCD processes can enhance crop disease resistance, optimize organ development and improve stress tolerance.
Symbiotic interface plays a crucial role in symbiosis development and stability. In this study, the progressive remodeling of symbiotic interface components, such as pectins, arabinogalactan proteins, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, and others, were analyzed in pea (Pisum sativum L.) nodules induced with siх strains of Rhizobium laguerreae. Some strains induced effective nodules while others ineffective ones. The organization of the symbiotic interface in ineffective nodules differed from that in effective ones. Indeed, ineffective nodules were characterized by reduced pectin modification activity and lack of de-esterified homogalacturonan accumulation. Additionally, abnormal localization of arabinogalactan proteins, arabinogalactan protein-extensin, and callose was observed in response to certain rhizobia strains, indicating the involvement of these components in defense mechanisms during symbiosis. Transcriptome analysis of ineffective nodules revealed activation of plant defense responses and responses to the biotic stresses. Thus, abnormalities in the organization of the symbiotic interface were revealed, accompanying ineffective interaction of pea with R. laguerreae strains.
Dendrophthora is a genus of stem-parasitic plants that are commonly known as mistletoes. It exhibits a notable morphological similarity to Phoradendron, which makes differentiation difficult. Traditionally, the two genera are grouped within the tribe Phoradendreae. Molecular analyses have called into question the monophyly of each genus but confirm the monophyly of Phoradendreae. The unique distinction between genera is the number of locules in the anther. However, this feature introduces uncertainties when defining the two genera. Therefore, this study examines the development and floral morphoanatomy of Dendrophthora costaricensis to identify characters that distinguish it from Phoradendron. Standard histological and scanning electron microscopy techniques were employed. Staminate flowers of D. costaricensis have monosporangiate anthers throughout development, while the pistillode develops structures resembling a style and stigmodium. In pistillate flowers, the carpels are arranged in a ring with an internal placenta before ovule formation; there is no vestigial androecium. As the carpels close, a sessile stigma and two ategmic ovules develop, aligned in the dorsal-ventral plane of the flower. For the first time, a nectary has been observed in the gynoecium and pistillode of Dendrophthora. Anther wall development is monocotyledonous and basic, with dehiscence through an apical pore. We describe the development of pollen and unusual embryo sacs. While similarities exist in the development and floral morphoanatomy of the two genera, the presence of monosporangiate anthers and an Allium type of embryo sac development are distinctive features of Dendrophthora. Nonetheless, more research on floral development in Phoradendreae is needed for accurate comparisons.
Autophagy is crucial for plant growth, development, and stress responses. While its core machinery is conserved across species, the differential regulation of autophagy in annual versus perennial plants, particularly with respect to resource allocation trade-offs, remains poorly understood. Here, we conducted a comparative study to investigate the function of autophagy in horticultural plants with different life cycles. Using autophagy-deficient materials targeting ATG7 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and citrus (Fortunella hindsii), alongside Arabidopsis as a reference, we analysed the impact of autophagy on vegetative growth, reproductive development, and nutrient stress responses. The results show that autophagy deficiency consistently impaired growth across species, but F. hindsii exhibited more severe growth inhibition and premature leaf senescence, highlighting variation in reliance on autophagy. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of F. hindsii further revealed potential molecular networks underlying autophagy deficiency-induced leaf senescence. In conclusion, our study provides evidence of how autophagy functions differently across plant species, offering a theoretical foundation for future autophagy-based breeding approaches.
The objective of this work was to test a new method for Al and Pb histolocalization using Chrome Azurol S (CAS) and Pyrogallol Red (PGR), respectively, using roots from Typha domingensis Pers. plants grown in iron mining tailings. For both CAS and PGR, we tested two solvents (distilled water pH 6.7 and 100 mM phosphate buffer pH 5.0), two concentrations (0.1% and 0.5%, m V- 1), and three reaction times (1, 5, and 10 min). We tested CAS and PGR histolocalization of Al and Pb in T. domingensis plants, which were grown for 180 days in flooded iron mining tailings containing 2385.6 mg Al Kg- 1 and 6.8 mg Pb Kg- 1; as a control, we used plants from a natural population from an unpolluted location. T. domingensis roots grown in iron mining tailings accumulated 1384 mg Kg- 1 of Al and 18 mg Pb Kg- 1. CAS and PGR promoted no reaction in tissues from unpolluted roots; however, CAS and PGR reacted with root tissues from polluted roots under all tested conditions. CAS staining evidenced cytosolic Al present in purple and red vesicles in epidermal and cortical root cells from polluted roots. PGR application in polluted roots highlighted the presence of cytosolic Pb in pale-pink and red vesicles in the epidermis and cortex. Both CAS and PGR produced a reddish hue in the cell walls from the vascular cylinder, indicating the presence of Al and Pb. Thus, CAS and PGR can be used for Al and Pb histolocalization in polluted root tissues.
Cyclolepis genistoides (Asteraceae), commonly known as "palo azul", is South American a medicinal shrub traditionally used as diuretic, analgesic, antispasmodic, antiarthritic, antirheumatic, and kidney and liver disorders. Despite its ethnopharmacological relevance, the chemical composition of traditional aqueous preparations and the localization of bioactive compounds in plant tissues remain poorly understood. Aerial parts of wild C. genistoides were collected in Amaicha del Valle, Tucumán, Argentina. Infusion (INF), decoction (DEC), macerate (MAC), and hydroalcoholic extract (HE) were prepared from dried leaves and stems. Lipophilic fractions were separated using dichloromethane and analyzed by GC-MS and HPLC. Total phenolics and flavonoids were quantified colorimetrically, and antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH• and ABTS•+ assays. Anatomical and histochemical analyses were conducted using light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy. The sesquiterpene lactone [(1R,3S,5R,6S,7S,10R)-3β,10α-dihydroxyguaia-4(15),11(13)-dien-6α,12-olide] and the coumarins fraxidin and scopoletin were identified for the first time in "palo azul". Phenolic profiles of all extracts (DEC, INF, MAC and HE) were dominated by chlorogenic and caffeoyl-feruoylquinic acids. Among the extracts, DEC exhibited the lowest, while HE showed the highest antioxidant activity. Anatomical analyses revealed amphistomatic leaves, capitate trichomes, aquiferous parenchyma, chlorenchymatous outer cortex, accessory bundles, and sclerified pith. Histochemical tests revealed that parenchyma cells and glandular trichomes are key sites of metabolite synthesis and storage. These findings demonstrate that the pharmacological potential of C. genistoides aqueous extracts arises from synergistic interaction among bioactive metabolites localized in its vegetative tissues.
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Defence priming has attracted significant attention as a potential sustainable strategy to enhance plant immunity. In this study, we show that pre-treatment with aluminium ions can amplify the response of transcripts for phytoalexin synthesis and their transcriptional regulators to the bacterial elicitor harpin, although these transcripts are not induced by aluminium alone. The priming effect of aluminium depends on actin, and is accompanied by activation of genes linked with aluminium tolerance. As a result, the cell-death response to harpin is mitigated, again depending on actin filaments. We discuss these findings in the context of a working model, where actin remodelling (triggered by aluminium) can promote defence signalling independently of a Hypersensitive Response and discuss potential implications for the use of priming in sustainable viticulture.
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Anthocyanin-rich biofortified colored wheats represent a valuable genetic resource for breeders, owing to their high antioxidant capacity, which holds great potential for developing nutrient-dense and stress-resilient cultivars. In this context, the present study investigates the physiological and molecular responses of a colored (black) wheat genotype (NABI MG-11) and a white wheat genotype (PBW 621) to individual phosphate (Pi) deficiency, iron (Fe) deficiency, and their combined stress.Our physiological, biochemical and molecular data indicates that roots and shoots of wheat seedlings exhibit a higher sensitivity to Fe deficiency compared to Pi deficiency. Under combined Pi and Fe deficiency, both the genotypes rescue sensitive root growth phenotype. However, this response was more apparent in black wheat compared to white wheat that showed lesser reduction in biomass, phosphate, iron, zinc and anthocyanin contents. Metabolome analysis suggested that more distinct anthocyanins were accumulated in black wheat under condition of dual deficiency as compared to black control and white wheat genotype, which indicates that anthocyanin accumulation was genotype-specific and stress condition dependent. Quantitative real time PCR analysis of genes responsible for anthocyanin biosynthesis, its transport and regulation showed higher expression in black wheat than white wheat under dual deficiency. Our result demonstrated that although the colored and white wheat respond in a similar pattern to changes in the rhizospheric Fe and Pi, yet black wheat showed better adaptation to deficient conditions.
Expansins are a superfamily of non-enzymatic proteins that mediate plant cell wall loosening and play essential roles in growth and development. The expansin superfamily consists of four families: EXPA, EXPB, EXLA, and EXLB. Although the expansin gene families have been well characterized in angiosperms, their evolutionary history in early-diverging land plants and green algae remains incompletely resolved. This study examines expansin superfamilies in two liverworts (Marchantia polymorpha and Conocephalum conicum), a hornwort (Anthoceros agrestis), a moss (Ceratodon purpureus), and two green algal species (Chara braunii and Spirogloea muscicola). Expansin genes were identified from these organisms using BLAST searches. These newly assembled gene families were then analyzed to determine the relationships between them and gain insight into early expansin evolution. No EXLA or EXLB genes were found in bryophytes or green algae. Bryophytes contain EXPA genes; however, EXPBs were not detected in liverworts and are present only in mosses and hornworts. Although green algal expansins share key characteristics of both EXPA and EXPB genes, evidence suggests they are not members of either family. The data presented here raises interesting questions about the timing of EXPA and EXPB evolution in land plants.