搜索结果：Prosocial

The processing mechanisms underlying prosocial behaviour have been investigated within the dual-process framework, but developmental evidence remains relatively limited. Drawing on the dual-process framework and the social heuristic hypothesis, the present study aimed to clarify whether deliberation undermines prosocial behaviour with different costs and motivations in adults (Study 1) and in 3- to 5-year-old children (Study 2). In both studies, intuition and deliberation were manipulated through cognitive load. The cost of prosocial behaviour was varied by requiring contributions of different proportions of resources. Motivations for prosocial behaviour were differentiated by measuring sharing behaviour and cooperation. The results indicate that prosocial behaviour with both low and high costs have been predominantly guided by intuition and undermined by deliberation since early childhood. In adulthood, however, low-cost prosocial behaviour is no longer undermined by deliberation, suggesting that this form of prosocial behaviour is supported by both intuitive and deliberative processes.

In the digital era, online social interactions (OSIs) have become increasingly prevalent, making it essential to explore their impacts on human behavior. The study intended to examine the associations between two types of OSIs, namely online cross-cutting and like-minded interactions, with individuals' prosocial tendencies, as well as the underlying mechanisms of these associations by introducing cognitive and affective empathy as potential mediators and gender as a moderator. An online questionnaire was administered through Wenjuanxing, a widely used Chinese survey platform, and a total of 1142 valid responses were collected from emerging adults (gender: 54.0% females, 46.0% males; age: 18-25 years old, M = 21.15, SD = 1.89). We employed the structural model analysis to investigate the relationships among the variables in the conceptual model, as well as the bootstrap method to test for the mediating effects of cognitive and affective empathy. Also, multigroup analyses were conducted to explore gender differences in the relationships among the study variables. Our results indicated that online cross-cutting interactions were negatively related with prosocial tendencies, despite the positive mediating effect of cognitive empathy (B = 0.007, SE = 0.005, 95% CI = [0.001, 0.021], κ2 = 0.014). Conversely, online like-minded interactions were positively associated with prosocial tendencies through the mediating roles of both cognitive and affective empathy (B = 0.013, SE = 0.008, 95% CI = [0.001, 0.032], κ2 = 0.027; B = 0.126, SE = 0.035, 95% CI = [0.060, 0.194], κ2 = 0.357). Additionally, the results highlighted the moderating effects of gender. In particular, online cross-cutting interactions were positively associated with cognitive empathy among males, whereas this association was not significant among females. Based on our findings, we identified cognitive and affective empathy as mediators for the relationships between online cross-cutting/like-minded interactions and prosocial tendencies, along with the moderating effects of gender. Our findings, from a theoretical perspective, provide a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of whether and how OSIs relate to prosocial tendencies, while offering valuable insights, on a practical front, for designing online platforms aimed at fostering prosocial tendencies among emerging adults.

Based on ecosystem theory, this study explores the relationship between parent-child relationships and prosocial behavior among primary students, as well as the mediating effect of labor participation and sense of social responsibility. A total of 810 primary students completed a self-report questionnaire including the Chinese Parent Intimacy Questionnaire-child (PIQ-C), Labor Participation Questionnaire (LPQ), Social Responsibility Status Questionnaire (SRSQ), and Chinese Prosocial Tendencies Measure (PTM-C). For mediation exploration, a serial mediation model was utilized, and the Bootstrap method was employed to test the significance of these mediation effects. Parent-child relationship demonstrates a positive correlation with prosocial behavior. Through the father-child relationship, three significant mediation pathways were identified that directly affect prosocial behavior: (1) labor participation (2) sense of social responsibility (3) labor participation and sense of social responsibility. Research finds that father-child relationships tend to directly influence children's behavioral patterns, while mother-child relationships may have a more structural effect on children's social-emotional functioning. Labor participation and sense of social responsibility were identified as serial mediators in the relationship between parent-child relationships and prosocial behaviors.

Donation-based prosocial interventions for health, such as monetary donations for diagnostic tests, aim to encourage voluntary actions that benefit others while fostering public participation to promote health. These interventions are increasingly used in public health, but the associated ethical issues have not been comprehensively described. We conducted a scoping review using the Arksey and O'Malley framework to synthesize bioethics and public health literature on the ethical issues encountered with donation-based prosocial interventions for health. We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, NIH Reporter, and ClinicalTrials.gov for empirical qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods studies. Two independent reviewers extracted data and coded data from each study according to a codebook. Categories of similar codes were analyzed to name cross-cutting issues across the included studies. The search identified 2,585 citations; 34 publications were included in our review. The publications described studies involving donations of blood, organs, biospecimens, data, and money. Most studies (32/34) were conducted in high-income countries and used observational designs (31/34). We identified three broad categories of benefits associated with donation-based interventions: health (physical and psychological), social (generosity, kindness, and community cohesion), and economic (improving welfare). We also identified several problematic ethical concerns at different levels (donor, recipient, provider, and system), such as undue pressure, privacy concerns, and inaccurate information. To mitigate these concerns, the literature discussed strengthening informed consent, ensuring confidentiality, building public trust, and ensuring appropriate stewardship of donations. We found that most studies did not empirically measure adverse consequences associated with donation-based prosocial interventions. Donation-based prosocial interventions offer several health, social, and economic benefits. However, it is essential to consider the potential ethical concerns that may arise in their design and dissemination. Further research is needed to evaluate the success of mitigation strategies for addressing these concerns and thereby enhance the overall benefits of prosocial interventions.

Research on action-inaction regret has mostly examined morally-neutral, instrumental choices; far less is known about regret in prosocial contexts where help-offering is morally valued yet can be intrusive. We hypothesised that failing to meet recipients' expectations by offering unwanted help (action) would elicit more regret than not offering wanted help (inaction), particularly under weak prosocial norms. We manipulated (Study 1) or measured (Study 2) prosocial norms using workplace vignettes (N = 425). When norms discouraged helping, participants anticipated more regret following action, compared to inaction. However, when workplace norms encouraged helping, participants anticipated more regret following inaction. Moreover, participants expected actors to be less willing to help in the future than non-actors, especially under weak prosocial norms. These findings show that anticipated regret and behavioural intentions following prosocial action or inaction depend on social norms, suggesting that what people perceive as common behaviour shapes expected emotions and intentions in moral domains.

Facilitating prosocial behaviour and limiting antisocial behaviour is a fundamental part of maintaining a functional society, and many previous studies have focused on exploring cross-cultural variation within social behaviour. Contrasting hypotheses predict either the convergence or divergence of cultural differences following increased globalization. However, it remains unclear whether cultural differences in prosocial and antisocial behaviour align with the convergence or divergence hypothesis and whether they remain consistent during development. We tested this using a large set (above 27 000) of effect sizes from published dyadic comparisons between cultural groups, for prosocial and antisocial behaviour across multiple age categories (1-18 years old). Overall, we found larger effect sizes for prosocial than antisocial behaviour. Moreover, consistent with cultural convergence, cultural differences decreased with age for males and females. Our results show for the first time that globalization does not only affect adults but can impact social development early in life. We suggest this could reflect a convergence of behaviours and/or a convergence of norms, which further work could explore. We also identified several important biases in the published literature around human social behaviour.

Parents play an important role in adolescents' gratitude development, yet little is known about whether and how fluctuations in parents' gratitude (i.e., gratitude lability) over time are associated with adolescents' socioemotional adjustment. Using three-wave data spanning 16 months, this study examined the longitudinal associations between parents' gratitude lability and adolescents' socioemotional outcomes, including depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, and prosocial behaviors, in 537 Chinese parent-adolescent dyads (MChild age = 10.25 years, SD = 0.69; 57.3% girls). Adolescents' gratitude lability was tested as a possible explanatory mechanism, and adolescent gender was examined as a moderator. Results showed that parents' gratitude lability was positively associated with adolescents' gratitude lability across waves, which in turn was related to adolescents' depressive symptoms and prosocial behaviors. Furthermore, for girls, parents' gratitude lability was indirectly associated with adolescents' prosocial behaviors via adolescents' gratitude lability. However, for boys, this indirect effect was nonsignificant. These findings underscore the value of a dynamic perspective for understanding the intergenerational transmission of gratitude and its developmental correlates. Future intervention research may benefit from examining whether more consistent parental expressions of gratitude can support adolescents' stable gratitude development, well-being, and prosociality.

Across nine experiments featuring both hypothetical donations and incentive-compatible designs, we examine how benefactor income shapes observers' emotional and behavioral responses to witnessing prosocial behavior. We show that identical acts of giving elicit different levels of moral elevation and downstream generosity depending on who gives. Specifically, generosity from low-income (vs. high-income) benefactors is perceived as more altruistically motivated, which elicits stronger feelings of moral elevation and, in turn, prosocial contagion. We theorize that these effects occur not because high-income benefactors are demotivating but because low-income benefactors reduce observers' skepticism, consistent with a virtue discounting account. These effects are context dependent such that the presence of high-income benefactors attenuates moral elevation and generosity even when low-income benefactors are also present, whereas making altruistic motives salient attenuates income-based differences in moral elevation and subsequent giving. We further show that these effects are not fully explained by alternative mechanisms such as general positive affect, guilt, or self-reflection. By linking income-based motive inferences, virtue discounting, and moral elevation, this research advances understanding of how prosocial behavior spreads socially and why identical acts of generosity can inspire markedly different downstream responses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) shape children's socioemotional development, yet longitudinal evidence from low- and middle-income countries remains limited. This study examined how ACEs relate to internalizing, externalizing and prosocial behaviours from childhood to adolescence in a rural Pakistani cohort. Data were drawn from the Bachpan Cohort, a longitudinal study including 1,791 observations across three waves: ages 4-5, 8-9 and 12-15 years. ACEs were assessed using an adapted ACE-International Questionnaire. Outcomes were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Network analysis, dose-response modelling and moderation analyses were employed. Emotional neglect was the most prevalent ACE (83.7%). Parental psychiatric issues, parental trauma exposure and emotional neglect were the most central ACE stressors. A dose-response relationship emerged: compared to children with no ACEs, those with four or more ACEs showed higher internalizing (incidence ratio [IR] = 4.24) and externalizing problems (IR = 3.42) and lower prosocial behaviour (IR = 0.90). Girls showed greater internalizing vulnerability; boys showed more externalizing problems. ACE effects on internalizing problems strengthened with age. ACEs are strongly associated with internalizing, externalizing and prosocial outcomes from childhood to adolescence. Findings highlight the need for tiered, gender-sensitive and developmentally appropriate interventions in low-resource settings.

We study the extent to which exposure to COVID-19 relates to healthcare professionals' prosociality. Drawing on empirical evidence from an incentivized experiment and a companion survey of healthcare professionals (HCPs) at a large Italian hospital (N = 194), we find that different forms of exposure to COVID-19 predict their altruistic motivation in heterogeneous ways. HCPs who worked in COVID-19 wards or had a close relative or friend severely affected by the virus are more than 5 percentage points more likely to prioritize patient welfare over personal gain, with the association for professional exposure being mostly driven by female HCPs, especially nurses. Conversely, personally contracting COVID-19 is associated with a 6 percentage point decline in prosociality. Our results highlight that different experiences of need shape prosocial behavior in hospital settings.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are neuroendocrine-disrupting chemicals that produce adverse neurodevelopmental effects. PBDEs have been implicated as risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is characterized by abnormal psychosocial functioning and is commonly comorbid with cognitive deficits and sensory abnormalities. Here, we used a mouse model with translationally relevant exposure to establish direct causal evidence that maternal transfer of a commercial mixture of PBDEs, DE-71, produces ASD-relevant behavioral and neuroendocrine deficits in male offspring. C57Bl6/N mouse dams were exposed to a commercial PBDE mixture, DE-71, via oral administration of 0 (vehicle control, VEH/CON), 0.1 (L-DE-71), or 0.4 (H-DE-71) mg/kg b.w./day for 10 weeks, spanning from 3 weeks prior to gestation through the end of lactation at postnatal day (PND) 21. Mass spectrometric analysis indicated a dose-dependent transfer of PBDEs (in ppb) to brains of F1 male offspring at PND 30, with reduction in levels by PND 110. DE-71-exposed adult F1 male offspring displayed ASD-relevant abnormal neurobehavioral phenotypes, including impaired social novelty preference (SNP) despite intact general sociability and exaggerated repetitive behavior. There were also milder effects on long-term social recognition memory (SRM). DE-71-exposed mice also displayed altered olfactory discrimination of social odors without altered odor preference for non-social odors, impaired novel object recognition memory, and reduced open field habituation relative to VEH/CON. However, no changes were observed in sensorimotor, anxiety-, or depressive-like behaviors. At the molecular level, DE-71-exposed males displayed deregulated gene markers of prosocial neuropeptides, oxytocin, vasopressin, and PACAP systems in hypothalamic and forebrain regions. Oxt was upregulated in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN); Avp was upregulated in the PVN and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) but downregulated in the lateral septum (LS); Avp1ar and Adcyap1 were upregulated in the BNST; and Adcyap1r1 was upregulated in the PVN, supraoptic nucleus (SON), and BNST. Peripheral OXT was increased in L-DE-71 males, while no changes in plasma AVP were observed. These findings demonstrate that developmental PBDE exposure produces enduring behavioral and neuroendocrine phenotypes that resemble core domains of ASD, which may result from early neurodevelopmental reprogramming within central social and memory networks.

How does temporarily activating an interdependent (vs. independent) self-construal shape costly decisions to benefit others? Using a within-culture, between-participants priming experiment, cognitive computational modeling, and event-related potentials (ERP), we examined the pathway from situationally activated self-construal to prosocial risky behavior (PRB). Interdependent (vs. independent) priming promoted PRB through heightened internalized reputation concern. Computationally, this was accompanied by lower sensitivity to self-gain and higher sensitivity to joint-gain, patterns consistent with reduced loss aversion and heightened guilt aversion, respectively. Neurally, interdependent priming was associated with a distinct ERP profile: smaller N1, larger N2, and smaller P3, compatible with attenuated early attentional capture, heightened conflict during value revaluation, and diminished cognitive effort during choice execution. These findings suggest that situationally activated self-construal can temporarily recalibrate decision weights and their neural correlates, offering one plausible pathway through which the self-concept shapes altruistic risk-taking. Because the design held a broader cultural context constant, the results isolate the effect of the primed self-schema and await cross-cultural replication.

The distribution of students' personality traits may indicate whether an admission system selects candidates suited to medical practice. While many countries use multi-step selection procedures, Norwegian medical schools admit students based solely on upper-secondary school grade point averages (GPA). We primarily aimed to characterise the personality profiles of medical students at the University of Oslo, and then compare them with previous studies of the Norwegian general population and medical students from systems in countries using alternative admission models. We conducted an observational study of newly admitted medical students, 2022-2026 (mean age&#x2009;=&#x2009;22.1 years, SD&#x2009;=&#x2009;4.2; 68% female). Personality was assessed using the Big Five Inventory (BFI; five cohorts, n&#x2009;=&#x2009;535, response rate (RR)&#x2009;=&#x2009;89%) and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI; six cohorts, n&#x2009;=&#x2009;632, RR&#x2009;=&#x2009;95%). BFI scores were compared with available historical data: general Norwegian workers, German final-year, and French first&#x2011; and third&#x2011;year medical students using one&#x2011;sample t&#x2011;tests. MBTI types were compared with previous studies on U.S. and South Korean medical students and the Norwegian general population using chi-squared tests. Norwegian medical students scored significantly higher than Norwegian workers on all BFI dimensions (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). They also scored higher in Agreeableness than German final-year and French first- and third-year students (4.33 vs 4.17, 3.80 and 3.60, respectively) and lower in Neuroticism (2.50 vs. 2.85, 3.00 and 3.00; all p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Norwegian students' MBTI personality-type distribution differed significantly from the Norwegian general population and U.S. and South Korean medical students (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Most students were Judging (78%) and Extraverted (70%), with ENFJ the most frequent personality type among women (29%) and ENTJ among men (25%). Medical students admitted through the Norwegian GPA-only admission system at UiO demonstrated high Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, with a marked overrepresentation of ENFJ women and ENTJ men. These findings indicate a consistently prosocial and structured, but relatively narrow, personality profile. While this profile includes interpersonal and organisational characteristics that may be relevant to clinical practice, the observed distribution also raises questions about limited diversity in personality type distribution and gender-related patterns in recruitment to medical education.