With the rapid development of medical imaging technology, computer-assisted dynamic intraoperative navigation (CADIN) technology has been introduced into the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery due to its technological features of accurately localizing key anatomical structures during surgery. Registration is a key step in CADIN technology. In different application scenarios, the choice of the registration method directly determines the accuracy of the navigation feedback, which in turn affects the effectiveness and safety of the entire surgery. In this paper, by searching and analyzing the database of articles on the application of CADIN technology in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery for the years 2019-2025. The inclusion criteria are the application, optimization and system design of CADIN technology in oral and maxillofacial surgery. After screening 1069 articles, 42 articles were finally included. An analysis of the articles included in the study revealed that trauma and facial reconstruction guided by CADIN technology are hot research topics in the field of CADIN technology in oral and maxillofacial surgery. There are few reports on the use of CADIN technology to guide the endodontic treatment. In addition, the largest number of studies performed the registration process using the markerless. A review of the literature reveals that CADIN technology has great potential for practical clinical application in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery and that the selection of appropriate registration methods can improve the accuracy of oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures.
The advancement of 3D printing technology offers transformative potential in developing functional skin substitutes for scar prevention and tissue regeneration. This research investigates optimized bio-ink formulations comprising sodium alginate, gelatin, and keratin protein, evaluating their structural, mechanical, and biological properties through comprehensive characterization techniques. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed the structural morphology of raw materials and printed constructs, with sodium alginate exhibiting irregular shapes (100-200 µm diameter), gelatin displaying elongated particles (900-1000 µm diameter), and keratin featuring fibrous structures (300-500 µm diameter), all contributing to scaffold integration. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the retention of functional groups and formation of new molecular bonds during crosslinking. Rheological analysis highlighted an 81.8% increase in maximum shear stress, from 550 Pa in sodium alginate to 1000 Pa in sodium alginate-gelatin composites, demonstrating enhanced mechanical robustness and optimal shear-thinning behavior critical for printing. Tensile testing analysis revealed composition-dependent mechanical reinforcement, with the incorporation of 20% keratin leading to a maximum tensile strength improvement of approximately 64% relative to the alginate-gelatin matrix. Swelling and degradation studies indicated controlled hydration and improved structural stability of keratin-reinforced scaffolds over 48 h. In vitro biocompatibility was validated through brine shrimp toxicity tests, with keratin-enriched bio-inks achieving a 98% survival rate in seawater, a 5.55% improvement over sodium alginate-gelatin-only solutions. These findings underscore the synergistic role of gelatin in reducing toxicity and keratin in enhancing cellular attachment and tissue regenerative capabilities. This study concludes that the sodium alginate-gelatin-keratin bio-ink formulation offers superior platform for skin tissue engineering, combining enhanced printability, structural integrity, and biocompatibility.
Knee injuries are prevalent in the sports world, particularly during single and double-leg landings. These injuries can affect various structures of the knee, including ligaments, menisci, condyles, the patellar tendon and others. While body posture at the time of ground impact plays a significant role in the occurrence of such injuries, extrinsic factors such as fall height, contact conditions and landing surface properties are also critical. Additionally, the stiffness-damping characteristics of the human joints may contribute to the risk of knee injury. This paper proposes a new dynamic model to investigate the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic parameters on knee joint forces and moments during a double-leg landing task. The model considers the mass, posture and movement of the body segments, the stiffness-damping of the joints, the ground reaction force and the landing surface conditions. The calibration of the model is based on ground reaction force behaviour reported in the literature. A sensitivity analysis using the Morris method is conducted to evaluate the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic parameters on knee joint forces. The results indicate that foot, shank and thigh posture, as well as the fall height, have the most significant influence on the knee joint forces and moments. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of knee injuries and highlights the importance of considering both intrinsic and extrinsic factors in injury prevention strategies.
The biomechanical mechanism between genital hiatus (GH), intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is currently unclear. Therefore, two biomechanical models for comparative analysis are developed to discuss the biomechanical relations of IAP and GH with prolapse of anterior and posterior vaginal walls (AVW and PVW) in the injured pelvic floor system. Based on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvic floor of a healthy woman, we developed two 2D finite element models by using mechanical equivalence to represent the physiological and pathological states respectively. Both models contain hollow structure rectum. We simulated biomechanical characteristics of POP progression under different IAP and GH values in the PVW injury. In the pathological state with an IAP of 83.9 cmH2O, the descending displacement of the cervix increased from 14.3 to 20.9 mm when the GH increased from 10 to 40 mm. The maximum stress of AVW and perineal body (PB) rose from 0.343 to 0.611 MPa, from 0.190 to 0.974 MPa, respectively. Compared with the physiological state, the initial GH is a significant influence on POP progression. The increase of GH leads to a reduction or loss of biomechanical support for the bladder. The influence of IAPs and GH interaction exacerbates the injury and mechanical imbalance in the pathological state, which triggers increased stress in the AVW and PB, the descending displacements of the cervix and PVM, and exacerbates POP progression.
Numerical techniques in the context of osteoporosis and osteoporotic pelvic fracture could potentially contribute toward the development of patient-specific diagnosis. In most finite element simulations of the pelvis the associated ligaments are often neglected due to the modeling complexities involved. This study aims to develop a 3D volume-based continuum approach for these ligaments. The pelvic ligaments were generated based on segmentation of magnetic resonance imaging data from specific patients. Closed volume models were generated based on segmentation and assembled with the 3D models of the corresponding pelvic bones, which themselves were generated from computed tomography data. The resulting pelvic assembly with the ligamentous boundary conditions was numerically simulated under two specific loading conditions: the double-leg stance and double-leg stance with an additional lateral bending moment. The stress state under the force of simulated upper body weight showed a maximum deformation of 0.16 mm at the center of the sacral promontory; this shifted toward the periphery of the sacral promontory and closer to the sacroiliac joint with the addition of the bending moment as well as the contact space between the sacrum and the ilium. The results demonstrated that some of the critical deformation zones are seen in the ligaments and also near their contact regions with the pelvic bones. The approach used for modeling these ligaments, when limited to using 1D springs or force-based boundary conditions, cannot fully factor-in these critical stress concentration zones. As such, this study highlights the necessity of incorporating accompanying ligaments into pelvic bone numerical models.
Magnetically controlled growing rods are used for the surgical treatment of early onset scoliosis. However, one of the key concerns around the use of these rods is the extensive titanium alloy metallosis seen at revision surgery. To quantify the wear causing this metallosis, for the first time the internal wear volumes from magnetically controlled growing rods have been measured. A cohort of 30 retrieved rods was measured, from 18 cases (6 single rods and 12 dual rod constructs) after an average time in vivo of 1120 days. Another pair of rods explanted after 30 days due to infection served as a negligible-wear datum to validate the methodology. From each retrieved rod, the wear volume of the extending bar component and of the outer casing component was measured. This was achieved through geometric measurements of the components, with the geometry of the internal aspect of the outer casings determined using a replicating compound and then measuring the replica. The average wear volume of the retrieved rods was 71.8 (21.2-201.9) mm3 which equated to an average wear rate of 23.4 (6.9-65.8) mm3/year. Of the 32 rods measured, 21 were 90 mm in length and 11 were 70 mm in length. The 90 mm rods showed a statistically significant greater wear than the 70 mm rods (p = 0.007); this may be attributed to the greater extension length available in the 90 mm rods, and thus for greater wear under boundary lubrication. The wear volumes measured from the retrieved growing rods are substantial and of concern in this paediatric population.
In podiatry, polymeric orthopedic insoles are widespread, to optimize athletic performances or for diabetic care. Despite computer-aided design development, the choice of materials, their distribution in the sole and their thickness is empirical. The research question of this study is to determine the relationship between the properties of the materials of a sole, the stacking of these materials, and the overall mechanical response of the sole. Cohort studies are inefficient to solve this complex problem, due to numerous parameters, nor to elucidate the effort transmission through the insoles. In this study, finite element simulations are used for the prediction of the pressure distribution at the interface between the foot and the insole for a range of commercial podiatric insole materials with Shore hardness between 18 and 60 (3 ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers, Poron© polyurethane and an elastomer). After measuring the mechanical properties of these materials, the simulated pressure distribution under various insoles was compared to measured pressure distribution. For 15 configurations, simulated pressure agrees with measured pressure for 84% of the sensors. In addition to validating the finite element methodology for podiatric insoles, the hyper foam law parameters determined for each material in this study can be used to predict the mechanical reaction of insole - foot systems.
Adaptive remodeling of trabecular bone surrounding orthopedic implants plays a critical role in maintaining prosthesis stability and preventing aseptic loosening caused by stress shielding and osteolysis. This study presents a numerical model approach combining Finite Element Analysis and Weinans' bone remodeling model to evaluate the initial density adaptation response of peri-prosthetic femoral trabecular bone under the critical loading condition occurring during the toe-off phase of normal gait. A high-fidelity model incorporating cortical and trabecular bone regions was developed to calculate stress distribution and strain energy density within the peri-prosthetic region. The mechanical stimulus field obtained from the Finite Element Model was subsequently used to evaluate localized remodeling activation and density-related adaptation tendencies. The results showed that localized regions near the stem tip exceeded the ultimate compressive strength of trabecular bone (7.18 MPa), suggesting potential osteolytic activity confined to a limited area. In contrast, stress in the cortical bone remained below reported failure thresholds. Regions subjected to elevated mechanical stimulus exhibited increased trabecular bone density and corresponding improvements in predicted mechanical strength, reaching values close to 10 MPa. The simulations also demonstrated that density adaptation reduced local deformation, thereby promoting mechanical stabilization at the prosthesis-bone interface. These findings support the trabecular bone's capacity to adapt mechanically to implant-induced loading conditions and demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed framework for evaluating peri-prosthetic remodeling behavior and implant load-transfer mechanisms.
This study explores the combined effects of backpack loading and smartphone dual tasking on gait dynamic stability. Unlike previous separate investigations, it systematically examines their individual and interactive influences on postural stability. An experimental protocol simulated smartphone use during backpack-loaded walking. Kinematic and kinetic data from 15 female university students were collected via 3D motion capture and analyzed using inverse dynamics. An innovative computational method assessed margin of stability (MOS), investigating biomechanical mechanisms of postural instability. Smartphone tasks disrupt pelvic, lumbar, and lower limb kinetics/kinematics, reducing walking speed and increasing instability risk. Backpack loading altered knee range of motion and ankle/metatarsophalangeal moments, with 15% body weight (BW) loads showing significant destabilizing effects. Instability correlated strongly with hip, lumbar, and metatarsophalangeal parameters. Combined tasks exacerbated effects, including reduced gait velocity and the kinematic parameters and degrees of freedom variations. Both backpack loading and mobile phone dual tasking significantly altered movement characteristics, force exertion patterns, and gait stability during walking in the pelvis, hip joints, and lumbar spine, with demonstrable interaction effects between these factors. Across the pelvis, hip joints, lumbar spine, and lower extremity joints, adaptations in joint range of motion and peak moments generated distinct mechanical adjustments to compensate for attentional distraction and center-of-mass deviation induced by these combined variables.
The rupture of vulnerable plaques is associated with life-threatening cardiovascular events such as heart attacks and strokes. While promising medicine therapies could regress the plaque burden and prevent their rupture, no drug delivery device is currently available to deliver medicine directly, efficiently, and effectively into the arterial wall. In this study, a novel device is proposed and analysed. It comprises of a hollow nitinol coil element coupled to a catheter balloon. Finite element analyses were used to determine key geometric constraints of the coil element, including the wire diameter and number of revolution of coils. A catheter balloon inflation model was developed and validated against inflation experiments using corresponding balloons. Different coil geometries were affixed to the balloon model and inflated. It was observed that the balloon sustained an increasing deformation as the wire diameter and number of revolutions increased. Foreshortening of the coil, similar to stent expansion, was also observed. The device will need to be designed to accommodate for the foreshortening of the coil. It was concluded that any number of coil revolution between 0.5 and 3 could be used with a wire diameter of 0.18 mm or smaller. If the wire diameter is larger than 0.18 mm, then only a half revolution coil could be used without obstructing the balloon inflation. From a clinical perspective, smaller wires are more advantageous as they allow for easier navigation to the target lesion due to their smaller diameter and increased flexibility.
In case of extra-articular fractures, internal fixation is usually performed using implants such as Intramedullary nails (IMN), medial plates (MP), and lateral plates (LP). Recently, an innovative "sandwich" technique has been introduced for treating acetabular defects. The efficacy of such a technique to treat comminuted extra-articular distal femoral fractures has never been investigated. Therefore, the current study aims to compare the biomechanical performances of three implants, that is, medial plate, lateral plate, and IM nails, with and without the "sandwich" bone grafts. A CAD model of composite bone was used in the study. An extra-articular comminuted distal femoral fracture (2.5 cm) was virtually created in the intact femur using the Materialize 3-matics™ software. The fracture fixation was performed using three implant systems (IMN, MP, and LP) with and without bone graft. A tetrahedral volume mesh was generated, and simulations were performed corresponding to the loading condition of the single leg stance of a person. The use of "sandwich" bone grafts was observed to reduce implant stresses by 4.4%, 57.3%, and 66.2%, and displacements by 17.4%, 56.6%, and 59.7%, in the cases of IMN, MP, and LP, respectively. The Finite Element results showed that the IM nail provided the best results regarding the von Mises distribution, displacement of the implant bone assembly, displacement of the fracture fragments, and contact sliding. Furthermore, the use of Cerament®-filled bone grafts considerably reduced von Mises stresses in the implants and the displacements of the implant-bone assembly.
Although fully cortical-threaded screws are introduced as a design adaptation tailored to the cortical-dominant load path of modified cortical bone trajectory (MCBT) fixation, the biomechanical consequences of this design across the screw-bone interface and fusion construct remain insufficiently defined. Therefore, this study compared fully cortical-threaded MCBT screws with clinically used dual-threaded screws through an integrated experimental and finite element (FE) framework, spanning in vitro ovine vertebral biomechanical test and specimen-specific L4 vertebra and L1-S1 fusion models. At the screw level, compared with the control group, fully cortical-threaded MCBT screws increased maximum pull-out strength by 111.2% and multidirectional stiffness by 75%-89% in L4 vertebral FE analysis, with biomechanical testing showing corresponding increases of 39.1% in insertion torque and 41.9% in maximum pull-out strength. At the fusion-construct level, fully cortical-threaded MCBT fixation limited fused-segment motion and decreased stress across the cage, instrumentation, and vertebral bone, indicating a more coordinated load-transfer pattern rather than a simple increase in interface-level strength. These effects were consistent across fusion strategies, but procedure-specific mechanics remained evident, with PLIF producing more symmetric load sharing and TLIF retaining intrinsic asymmetry owing to unilateral facet joint resection. Overall, the fully cortical-threaded screw design for MCBT promoted continuous and stable bone-screw load transfer, translating interface-level gains into coordinated load distribution, greater fusion-construct stability, and lower deformation-driven stress concentration. These findings indicate that aligning screw architecture with the cortical-dominant load path is a mechanically rational design strategy within MCBT fixation, particularly in biomechanically demanding settings.
The camera calibration process (CCP) is an essential procedure in computer vision techniques (CVT) affecting the 3D reconstruction accuracy as it involves computing the parameters needed to determine 3D information from 2D images. The CCP performance depends on the model used to approximate the camera behavior, and on the intrinsic and extrinsic conditions used. Inadequate CCP conditions may result in large 3D reconstruction errors. Although in human gait analysis (HGA) applications some works have focused on studying the influence of CCP conditions on the reconstruction accuracy, there is a lack of methodological guidelines on optimal calibration conditions. In order to bridge this research gap, in this paper an investigation to evaluate the influence of the CCP conditions, such as the number of calibration points, camera type, image size and calibration pattern size, on the accuracy of 3D reconstruction for HGA, is presented. A linear CVT based on the Direct Linear Transformation (DLT) algorithm was selected. The results have shown that the 3D reconstruction accuracy increases with the number of calibration points, the quality of the cameras, the image size and the calibration pattern size. Adequate reconstruction errors for HGA (smaller than 1%) can be obtained when using the homogeneous CVT, 24 calibration points, conventional cameras, image size of 1280 pixels × 1024 pixels, and a large calibration pattern (1.2 m × 0.7 m × 1.0 m). This CVT and CCP conditions can be obtained with relatively low-cost equipment, making it attractive for clinical use in low-income countries.
The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanical influence on the aortic tissue when exposed to the liquid jet blasting effect produced by the aortic cannula during cardiothoracic surgery. Aortic tissue from seven porcine hearts was exposed to a continuous liquid jet from an aortic cannula positioned in a simple flow loop. After 4 h of exposure, samples were obtained from the aortic root using a twin punch device. Additionally, tissue was harvested from seven untouched aortic roots serving as our control group. Uniaxial tensile testing was conducted to measure the ultimate strength and Young's modulus. Furthermore, we analysed the samples using dynamic mechanical analysis in the frequency range from 0.5 to 5 Hz. There were no significant differences in ultimate tensile strength or Young's modulus between the test group and control group. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed significant increases in both mean storage modulus (44%) and mean loss modulus (73%) in the exposed samples. There was a tendency towards higher tanδ in the test group, suggesting altered viscoelastic behaviour. These findings indicates that the liquid jet exposure influences the viscoelastic properties of the aortic wall and makes it stiffer. Further studies should incorporate histological and microstructural analyses to confirm mechanical alterations at the tissue level. Clinically, such changes may contribute to local wall injury, altered flow dynamics, or plaque destabilisation during cardiopulmonary bypass. This highlighting the need for optimisation of cannula flow direction and velocity to minimise the mechanical impact on the aortic wall.
The mechanical integrity of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement is crucial for the long-term fixation of orthopaedic implants, yet it is often compromised by porosity introduced during mixing. This study investigates the influence of mixing technique and vacuum level on the structural and mechanical properties of PMMA bone cement. Three clinically relevant mixing approaches, open bowl, vacuum bowl and vacuum cartridge were evaluated at vacuum levels ranging from 0 to 650 mm Hg. Cylindrical PMMA specimens were produced and their porosity assessed using high-resolution micro-computed tomography (µCT), with corresponding mechanical properties determined through compressive testing in accordance with ISO 5833:2002. µCT analysis revealed significant reductions in porosity at higher vacuum levels, particularly with the vacuum cartridge system. A strong and significant negative correlation was observed between compressive strength and porosity (R2 = 0.864), while specimen mass showed no predictive value for mechanical performance. Although vacuum mixing reduced porosity, no consistent changes in Young's modulus were detected across the mixing groups. These findings emphasise the importance of porosity control in bone cement preparation and highlight the limitations of current ISO standards. The study advocates for improved testing protocols that more accurately reflect clinical conditions to enhance the predictive value of in vitro assessments of PMMA cement performance.
This study aimed to develop a low-cost 3D-printed scleral depressor and evaluate its mechanical performance, safety margins, and ocular biomechanical effects. A Schepens-style depressor was developed and printed in PLA. Examiners performed two different tests: (1) the maximum simulated scleral depression force, using both the 3D-printed and conventional steel depressors, and (2) a breakage test performed only on the 3D-printed device, determining its mechanical failure threshold for probabilistic safety analysis. Peak forces were applied to the porcine belly and recorded by a precision balance with slow-motion video analysis. A third test, which was conducted exclusively with the 3D-printed depressor, was performed using one ex vivo porcine eye model to correlate the applied force with the induced intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. The pressure-volume behavior was modeled via the Friedenwald rigidity coefficient. One unit of the depressor prototype consumed 3.06 g of PLA, with an estimated cost and print time of U$ 0.06 and 22 min, respectively. The simulated indentations produced forces of 21.21 ± 6.23 N (3D-printed depressor) and 25.02 ± 4.64 N (steel depressor), with no significant difference between devices. The 3D-printed instrument breakage point was 63.27 ± 10.72 N, with a 2.98 factor of safety (FS) and 3.39 reliability index (β). In the porcine model, scleral depression produced a 15.63 ± 8.13 mmHg increase in IOP, requiring 0.191 ± 0.09 N (FS = 331.2 and β = 5.88). The 3D-printed depressor demonstrates effective mechanical robustness, wide safety margins, and functional equivalence to steel instruments, supporting the use of customizable, low-cost 3D-printed depressors in training and clinical settings.
Orthodontic brackets are removed from the teeth surfaces after fixed appliance therapy using debonding pliers, but the applied forces are unknown. There is a need for clinicians to know the debonding forces and so this study was aimed to develop an orthodontic debonding force measurement device and to test it in vitro. The device consists of an Orthodontic debonding plier with 3D printed handle covers to adapt the Force Sensitive Resistors (FSRs) which in-turn is attached to an electronic circuit made with a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) connected with a microcontroller. The forces applied by the plier during removal of orthodontic brackets were captured through an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) software display. The device was tested using 20 artificial lower premolar teeth with brackets bonded on the labial (outer) surface of the teeth. Forces generated from both the handles of the plier were recorded for each sample. The descriptive statistics along with Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was performed. Between the tested samples, the least debonding force at the tip of the plier was 66.67 N and highest was 141.26 N with a mean of 111.61 N. Higher forces were recorded in the plier's upper handle which had contact with palm and thumb finger than the lower handle with the remaining finger's contact. The preliminary in vitro testing of the developed orthodontic debonding force measurement device was found functionally satisfactory. The device is simple to use and will be beneficial to the clinicians in monitoring the debonding forces.
Longitudinal stent deformation (LSD) caused by insufficient longitudinal strength of stent has become one of the serious complications of stent intervention. Although an auxetic stent, as highly promising stent, has already been widely used in the interventional field, its resistance to longitudinal deformation has not yet been studied. In this study, three types of stents were designed and their LSD were studied and compared with conventional stents. Finite element analysis was used to investigate the effects of Poisson's ratio, stent structural design, tensile force application location, circumferential cell number, and expansion diameter on LSD. The results showed that a more pronounced auxetic tendency contributes to enhancing the stent's capability to resist longitudinal deformation. Auxetic stents exhibited superior longitudinal strength compared to conventional stents. Increasing the number of connecting struts was found to enhance longitudinal strength. A cell design featuring a convex hexagonal shape was shown to improve the longitudinal strength of stents. Moreover, an increase of the number of circumferential cells led to an increase of longitudinal strength. It was also observed that the stent ends were more susceptible to longitudinal deformation than the midsection. Additionally, longitudinal strength was found to decrease with the increase of stent expansion diameter. This study may provide insights for the structural design of high-performance stents and rational selection of stents with resistance to LSD.
The leading cause of revision surgeries in ankle arthroplasty is aseptic loosening of the tibial implant, resulting from adverse bone remodelling and insufficient osseointegration. Aseptic loosening depends on multiple factors, such as the design of the implant, the porous surface of the implant, the quality of bone, implant positioning, wear debris, etc. The extent to which the design of porous architecture and its relationship with aseptic loosening failure mechanisms remains unexplored. The study aims to identify the lattice design of porous rhombic dodecahedron architecture of tibial implants that would be able to maximise bone formation and reduce stress shielding using macro-micro finite element (FE) analysis with machine learning (ML) approach. The study entails the macro-microscale FE modelling of four porous rhombic dodecahedron tibial implants (PRDTI), referred as PRDTI50, PRDTI60, PRDTI70, and PRDTI80. Based on macro-micro-FE determined dataset, four artificial neural network (ANN)-based ML algorithms were trained and validated for faster prediction of bone ingrowth. Results evidenced that von Mises stress in the tibia exhibited elevated stresses for PRDTI80 and PRDTI70 implants compared to PRDTI60, PRDTI50, and solid implant. Bone ingrowth results indicated that the PRDTI70 implant exhibited higher amounts of bone formation. The study proposes the PRDTI70 implant is a viable option for designing tibial implants to simultaneously reduce stress shielding and maximises bone ingrowth. This preclinical analysis sheds light on the role of porous structure design in bone formation for the development of porous tibial prostheses for TAR to prevent revision instances.
In recent years, hierarchical porous structures have garnered extensive attention across multiple disciplines, inspired by their natural counterparts. While structural hierarchy significantly affects overall performance, the mechanistic influence of multiple hierarchical parameters on scaffold mechanical properties remains insufficiently systematized. In this study, a series of hierarchical porous scaffolds (with macro-to-micro pore size ratios of at least 10) featuring different hierarchical parameters were designed and fabricated. The presence of hierarchical structures and the effects of varying hierarchical spacing and pore size parameters on macroscopic structural performance were analyzed through experimental and computational methods. Results indicate that the introduction of hierarchical structures has a significant impact on the mechanical properties of scaffolds. As hierarchical pore size increases or spacing decreases, the mechanical properties of the structure exhibit a decreasing trend, and the maximum reduction in the compressive modulus reaches 25.82% and 45.62%, respectively. Moreover, a coupling mechanism exists between pore size and spacing, and the trend of simulation and experimental results aligns. These findings demonstrate that synergistic tuning of hierarchical parameters enables effective control over scaffold mechanical behavior. This offers new insights and lays a solid theoretical and experimental foundation for developing ideal bone scaffolds with tunable mechanical properties.