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Digital Politics is considered one of the tremendous factors of improving political participation and encouraging civic duties among youth across Europe. This study examines how digitalization has transformed political participation among young adults in contemporary Europe. Through a meta-synthesis of 30 scholarly articles published between 2014 and 2025 on the Web of Science database and relevant sites, the study adopts a systematic qualitative meta-synthesis design to assess how digitalization influences political participation among young adults in contemporary Europe. Drawing on mobilization theory, it explores how digital technologies such as e-democracy, e-governance, and social media platforms have redefined youth political engagement, lowering barriers to participation and fostering new forms of civic activism. The results show that digitalization has expanded political arenas beyond traditional structures, creating accessible and decentralized spaces for expression, mobilization, and collective action. Movements such as Fridays for Future illustrate how online activism translates into transnational political engagement. However, the study also identifies significant challenges associated with digital politics. Persistent digital divides, disparities in technological literacy, and unequal access to infrastructure hinder equitable participation across Europe. Furthermore, cyber insecurity, misinformation, and slacktivism undermine the transformative potential of digital politics by fostering polarization and reducing the depth of political commitment. Despite these challenges, digitalization remains a catalyst for participatory innovation, particularly when coupled with media literacy initiatives and inclusive digital governance frameworks. The study concludes that a sustainable digital democracy requires cross-sectoral collaboration between governments, civil society, and educational institutions to promote digital equity, enhance accountability, and counter polarization. By integrating findings from across Europe, this research contributes to understanding how digital transformation simultaneously empowers and constrains democratic participation in the 21st century. This article is about the influence of technological tools such as social media on increasing the youth political participation in modern Europe. The paper indicates that most young people across the continent participate in e-voting, online petition and even online protests to send messages to the leaders regarding events that they think need urgent attention. The article argues that though the digital world has increases youth political participation, it also creates digital divides as some people may not have equal access to modern technological gadget and internet, it also creates increase in the spread of disinformation and fake news. In order to address the problems associated with digital politics, this research recommends infrastructural development and ensuring unified digital literacy programs at an affordable rate to the least developed parts of communities across the continent. Civil societies should also partner with the government in a collaborative effort to ensure gender equity and assist people with disability and create a fair and inclusive society that would address all disparities, thereby promoting universal digital equity in all communities.

The interfaces between the fields of communication, education and health have been indicated by international institutions such as the WHO and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. However, hegemonic scientific practices supersede dialogue between the three fields, isolating their practices. This fragmenting tendency is observed in scientific literature, which has created gaps in the dialogue and articulation between communication, education and health. Although health promotion requires both communicative and educational practices, the epistemological, historical, political, cultural and socioeconomic aspects have also engendered tensions between the fields. Communication is often seen as a mere instrument for other practices, rather than a phenomenon that (re)produces meanings and power dynamics. In opposing the reductionist and instrumentalising perspectives of knowledge fields, the primary objective of the scoping review is to map the scientific evidence on the interfaces between communication and education in health to indicate a conceptual framework that articulates communication and education practices within the context of health. A transdisciplinary team developed this protocol based on the 2024 Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis. The procedures required to conduct the review were guided by the frameworks proposed by Arksey and O'Malley, Levac et al and Peters et al. The study eligibility criteria were established based on the Problem, Concept and Context outlined in the research questions. Primary and secondary studies will be retrieved from nine sources, covering both conventional and grey literature. These sources include Embase, ERIC, LILACS, PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, and the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations. A categorised form will be used for data collection and subsequent analysis. The reporting of the review findings will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. The nature of the research and the use of secondary data sources do not require informed consent forms or approval from ethics committees in Brazil. The scientific findings from the review will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, academic conferences and other scientific communication channels. The protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF) and is available at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/Z3CX7.

Procedural, distributional, recognitional, and epistemic justice aspects of conservation interventions are well documented in contexts where pastoralism is a key livelihood and way of life. Geospatial analyses and representations of wildlife conservation and restoration that are increasingly applied in pastoralist rangeland socioecological systems create the potential to make these injustices invisible. Current global-extent publicly-available data and analysis methods cannot be used to accurately characterize or produce generalizations about diverse, variable pastoralist practices or their relations with rangeland ecosystems. In particular, these geospatial data do not adequately represent complex livestock mobility practices or pastoralists' diverse ways of relating to land and wildlife. When they are used to provide evidence for conservation interventions, the inherent uncertainties and limitations of geospatial data and analyses, coupled with ongoing political marginalization of pastoralists, creates a high risk of perpetuating historical injustices and extending new injustices. Epistemic injustices will likely remain a concern even with technological advancement because conservation science itself lacks a sufficient conceptual basis to adequately recognize pastoralists' land use, ecological relations, decision-making processes, and knowledges. When geospatial analysis is used to inform conservation policy and practical applications in pastoralist rangelands, its use should be critically examined with respect to: whether it can technically account for ecological and social variability; how compound uncertainties arise when multiple data layers are used to produce knowledge about socioecological interactions; and how uncertainties become masked by epistemic biases, creating a deceptive sense of certainty and generalizability. Centering geospatial data uncertainty and the potential for injustice in pastoralist rangeland conservation prioritization Resumen Los aspectos relacionados con la justicia procesal, distributiva, de reconocimiento y epistémica de las intervenciones de conservación están bien documentados en contextos en los que el pastoreo constituye un medio de vida fundamental. Los análisis y representaciones geoespaciales de la conservación y la restauración de la fauna silvestre, que se aplican cada vez más en los sistemas socioecológicos de los pastizales pastoriles, pueden ocultar estas injusticias. El alcance global actual, los datos disponibles públicamente y los métodos de análisis no permiten caracterizar con precisión ni elaborar generalizaciones representativas sobre las prácticas pastoriles, que son diversas y variables, ni sobre sus relaciones con los ecosistemas de pastizales. En particular, no pueden dar cuenta adecuadamente de las complejas movilidades de los medios de vida y el acceso a la tierra, y no reconocen las formas de ser y de saber de los pastores en relación con la tierra y la vida silvestre. Las incertidumbres y limitaciones inherentes a los datos y análisis geoespaciales, junto con la marginación política en curso, crean un alto riesgo de perpetuar injusticias históricas y generar nuevas injusticias cuando se utilizan para aportar pruebas que justifiquen las intervenciones de conservación. Es probable que los sesgos epistémicos sigan siendo motivo de preocupación incluso con el avance tecnológico, ya que la propia ciencia de la conservación carece de suficientes bases conceptuales para reconocer adecuadamente el uso de la tierra, las relaciones ecológicas, los procesos de toma de decisiones y los conocimientos de los pastores. Cuando se recurre al análisis geoespacial para fundamentar las políticas de conservación y las aplicaciones prácticas en los pastizales de pastoreo, su uso debe someterse a un examen crítico para determinar si es técnicamente capaz de dar cuenta de la variabilidad ecológica y social; cómo surgen incertidumbres compuestas cuando se utilizan múltiples capas de datos para generar conocimiento sobre las interacciones socioecológicas; y cómo las incertidumbres quedan enmascaradas por sesgos epistémicos y crean una falsa sensación de certeza y generalización respecto a los terrenos de pastoreo. 【摘要】 在以游牧业作为主要生计方式的环境中, 保护干预措施在程序正义、分配正义、承认正义和认知正义方面的已得到充分研究报道。随着地理空间分析及野生动物保护与恢复的案例在游牧草地社会生态系统中日益得到推广, 这些方法也可能掩盖了上述不公平现象。然而, 当前的全球覆盖范围、公开数据及分析方法, 尚无法准确描述或代表性地概括多样化且多变的游牧实践及其与牧场生态系统的关系。特别是, 这些方法无法充分地考虑复杂的生计灵活性及土地使用权问题, 也未能认识到游牧人民在土地与野生动物关系中的生存方式和认知方式。地理空间数据与分析内在的不确定性和局限性, 加上持续的政治边缘化, 导致使用这些数据来为保护干预措施提供依据时, 极易延续历史不公平并产生新的不公平。即使技术不断进步, 认知偏见的问题也仍然存在, 因为保护科学本身缺乏充分的概念基础, 无法恰当地理解游牧人民的土地利用、生态关系、决策过程及其知识体系。当用地理空间分析来指导游牧草地的保护政策及实践应用时, 应对其进行批判性审视, 包括其技术上能否充分考虑生态与社会变异性;使用多层数据构建社会生态互作知识如何导致复合不确定性;以及认识论偏见如何掩盖不确定性, 从而对游牧人民牧场的认识产生一种具有欺骗性的确定感与普适性。【翻译:胡怡思;审校:聂永刚】.

BACKGROUNDS: Rising interest in solidarity in global health reflects a growing need to understand why and how it can shape global health policy, practice, and research. This study seeks to review existing studies on solidarity in relation to global health and to identify gaps in current knowledge. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review of papers published between 2007 and 2024 to explore how solidarity is conceptualised and practised in the context of global health. Our search, guided by the key concepts of solidarity and global health, identified 752 studies across four databases: SCOPUS, PubMed, Global Health, and Google Scholar. Following a rigorous screening and full-text review process, 83 peer-reviewed journal articles meeting the inclusion criteria were selected for thematic review. This analysis focused on examining the relationships between solidarity and global health problems, norms, and practices. RESULTS: The majority of the 83 reviewed articles were theoretical or conceptual in nature (63.9%) and predominantly authored by individuals affiliated with institutions in high-income countries (65.1%). The articles spanned multiple disciplines, with philosophy and applied ethics, including bioethics, being the most prominent (34.9%). Our findings indicate a growing interest in incorporating non-Western perspectives on solidarity and health into recent scholarship. The literature at the intersection of solidarity and global health showed that solidarity is often broadly defined–frequently without explicit reference to global health–and conceptualised in diverse ways, although some agreement exists on its core components. Solidarity’s focus on relationality and interdependence was found to align well with decolonial, feminist or ecological approaches. However, this review also identified a significant gap between the conceptualisation of solidarity and its practical implementation, largely due to structural barriers that impede its translation into action, often leading to undesirable outcomes. CONCLUSION: This review underscores the conceptual and practical potential of solidarity to reshape some of the foundational assumptions, objectives, and processes of global health. However, substantial work is still needed to clarify more nuanced understandings of solidarity within the global health context, to establish a comprehensive and prescriptive framework that guides an understanding of genuine solidarity and its applications while avoiding merely rhetorical uses and adverse outcomes, and to address the structural barriers that hinder their practical application. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.

Epidemiology has traditionally examined the distribution and determinants of health in populations. While early work focused on social determinants and collective conditions, recent decades have seen a shift toward individualized, molecular, and risk-based models emphasizing behavior, biology, and lifestyle. This shift has often obscured structural determinants and reinforced a biomedical paradigm. Feminist scholarship critiques these trends by centering lived experiences, power dynamics, and inequities in health research. This commentary explores how feminist principles can inform epidemiology, and Public Health, bridging the divide between positivist health sciences and feminist epistemologies. It outlines key feminist contributions including epistemology, theory, methodology, and reflexivity, and demonstrates how they can be operationalized in epidemiological practice. Feminist epidemiology emphasizes problem definition grounded in marginalized experiences, co-production of knowledge, intersectional analysis of sex, gender, and other social determinants, and critical attention to power relations. It advocates for the integration of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods, including non-traditional data sources and inclusive language, while maintaining scientific rigor through reflexivity and contextual sensitivity. Incorporating feminist principles transforms epidemiology and Public Health into a socially accountable, reflexive, and justice-oriented discipline. Health is both biological and political, and evidence production must account for structural inequalities, marginalized voices, and experiential knowledge. Feminist epidemiology does not sacrifice methodological rigor. It expands its scope to include ethical, social, and participatory dimensions, promoting more inclusive, accurate, and equitable science.

Science aspires to be cumulative. Reproducibility efforts strengthen science by testing the reliability of published findings, promoting self-correction, and informing policy-making1. Computational reproductions, whereby independent researchers reproduce the results of published studies, are an essential diagnostic tool2-10. Such efforts should have greater visibility11-16. However, little social science reproduction and robustness has been conducted at scale10,13,17-23. Here we reproduced original analyses and conducted robustness checks of 110 articles that were published in leading economics and political science journals with mandatory data and code sharing policies17,18. We found that more than 85% of published claims were computationally reproducible. In robustness checks, our reanalyses showed that 72% of statistically significant estimates remain significant and in the same direction, and the median reproduced effect size is nearly the same as the originally published effect size (that is, 99% of the published effect size). Additionally, 6 independent research teams examined 12 pre-specified hypotheses about determinants of robustness. Research teams with more experience found lower levels of robustness, and robustness did not correlate with author characteristics or data availability.

This paper examines the historical trajectory and contemporary transformation of Euroscepticism and populism within the Swedish political landscape. Sweden became a full member of the European Union (EU) in 1995. However, while traditional parties such as the Centre Party, the Liberal Party, and the Christian Democrats continue to advocate for European integration and supranational cooperation, the emergence of populist movements has significantly altered the national discourse. The research highlights a critical shift from traditional, sovereignty-based Euroscepticism to a modern form of populism driven by neoliberal economic shifts, migration challenges, and domestic security concerns. A focal point of this analysis is the rise of the Sweden Democrats (SD), which entered parliament in 2010 and achieved a historic breakthrough in the 2022 general elections. As the second-largest party, the SD now exerts substantial influence over socio-economic and migration policies through the Tidö agreement with the governing coalition. The analysis concludes that Sweden currently faces a dualistic future. First path is characterized by a "soft" Euroscepticism focused on environmental and human rights reforms, and the second path is defined by far-right extremism that challenges the fundamental principles of the EU. The transformative impact of the SD suggests that Swedish populism is no longer a peripheral phenomenon but a central force reshaping both national identity and EU affairs. Since joining the European Union in 1995, Sweden’s relationship with the bloc has been defined by a complex tug-of-war between international cooperation and national scepticism. Swedish politics is currently split between Europhile (pro-EU) and Eurosceptic (anti-EU or critical) forces. The pro-EU Parties such as the Centre Party, Liberal Party, and Christian Democrats advocate for deeper integration, focusing on free trade, environmental standards, and collective security. However, the Eurosceptic and populist parties such as the Left Party and the Sweden Democrats (SD) have historically challenged the EU’s authority. The most significant shift in Swedish politics occurred in the 2000s with the emergence of the SD. The party entered parliament in 2010 and became the second-largest political force in 2022. Unlike traditional Euroscepticism, which was often based on sovereignty, modern Swedish populism is driven by concerns over neoliberal economics, migration, and rising crime. Today, Sweden stands at a crossroads. One path leads toward a “soft” Euroscepticism that seeks to reform the EU based on human rights and the environment. The other path, driven by far-right momentum, moves toward nationalistic policies that fundamentally challenge the EU’s founding principles. The SD’s current role as a key government supporter ensures that their transformative influence on migration and socio-economic policy will remain a central feature of Swedish and European affairs for years to come. The present country report was prepared as part of the EUPopLink COST Action ( Andreadis & Vasilopoulou, 2014) following the EUPopLink Theoretical Framework and guidelines ( Lorimer et al., 2026).

The COVID-19 pandemic drove the implementation of vaccine mandates to protect spaces and/or increase vaccine uptake, though their design, timing, and scope varied across jurisdictions. This study examines the associations of vaccine mandate announcements and removals with COVID-19 vaccine uptake in France, Italy, and California (USA). We employed interrupted time series (ITS) analysis using aggregated data from Our World in Data and the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. The primary outcomes were the weekly number of first and booster doses per 100,000 people. We estimated changes in the rate and trend of vaccine uptake following policy announcements and removals, adjusting for COVID-19 cases, deaths, and temporal autocorrelation to account for other influencing factors. Initial mandate announcements were associated with immediate increases in vaccine uptake: 113% (95% CI: 63 to 178%) in Italy, 195% (95% CI: 113 to 308%) in France, and 32% (95% CI: 16 to 51%) in California. However, these associations attenuated in more fully adjusted models, especially in France, where the initial association was no longer statistically significant after controlling for epidemiological conditions and temporal autocorrelation. Mandate removals were more consistently associated with declines in booster uptake in Italy and France, including declines of 62% (95% CI: -74 to -45%) and 70% (95% CI: -79 to -57%), respectively, while partial removal in California coincided with increased booster uptake. Vaccine mandate announcements were associated with short-term increases in vaccine uptake during key periods of the pandemic. Their removal was often associated with a slowing in uptake, highlighting the need for coordinated communication strategies to sustain coverage. Future policy responses should consider timing, mandate design, and transition planning in contexts where such policies are used.

Religious identity has emerged as a critical domain in the study of social behavior, intergroup relations, and political psychology. The current bibliometric analysis explores the intellectual structure, trends, and knowledge landscape of research on religious identity. Using data from the Scopus database, this study analyzed top 100 cited peer-reviewed documents published between 2000 and 2024. Bibliometric tools such as VOSviewer and Biblioshiny were employed to map the co-authorship, keyword co-occurrence, country collaborations, and citation patterns within this field. The results revealed a significant growth in religious identity research over the past two decades, with notable contributions from psychology, sociology, and political science. The USA and the UK were the most productive countries, while scholars such as Verkuyten and Ysseldyk emerged as the most influential contributors. The common themes revealed were relationship between religiosity and identity, behavior (e.g., delinquency, health, volunteering), social attitudes, and measurement tools. Collaboration networks indicated increasing internationalization, though the dominance of Western scholars and institutions. The study underscores the interdisciplinary nature of religious identity research and the growing interest in understanding its implications in diverse social and political contexts. This bibliometric review not only consolidates current knowledge but also provides a theoretical roadmap for future investigations by identifying emerging areas, research gaps, and potential interdisciplinary linkages.

Alternative meat products, including plant-based, insect-based products, and cultured meat, are gaining momentum as sustainable food innovations. Yet, the perceptions of political and institutional actors, key players in shaping regulation, legitimacy, and public discourse, remain poorly understood. This study fills this gap by examining how Romanian policymakers and public institutional actors understand sustainable protein transition using the SPECT framework (Social, Policy, Environmental, Commercial, Technological dimensions). Using qualitative thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 18 political and institutional actors, the research provides the first in-depth account of how governance elites in an Eastern European context interpret the sustainability, risks, and legitimacy of meat alternatives. The originality of this research lies in reframing political and institutional actors as active co-authors, rather than passive implementers, of sustainable food transition. The findings reveal a cautious but structured hierarchy of acceptance: plant-based products are perceived as "palatable bridges" to sustainability, whereas insect-based and cultured meat products provoke reactions ranging from curiosity to strong symbolic rejection. Concerns extend beyond health or naturalness to include food sovereignty, fairness for domestic producers, and the preservation of culinary identity. Findings highlight the concept of trust as the "currency of transition," showing that acceptance depends on credible institutions, transparent certification, and communication strategies grounded in local food traditions rather than globalist or "eco-elitist" narratives. Within the SPECT framework, social and policy dimensions proved more influential than technological or commercial ones, highlighting the primacy of cultural identity and institutional trust in shaping actors' perceptions. By situating Romania's case within the broader debate on just and inclusive food transition, the research provides new empirical evidence on how national identity, smallholder farming structures, and policy skepticism influence the political feasibility of adopting meat alternatives. The study concludes that aligning innovation with national food priorities through trust-based, inclusive policy design is essential for enabling a culturally embedded protein transition. Although the findings offer insights relevant to broader debates on sustainable protein transitions, their transferability to other national contexts is limited by Romania's specific cultural, institutional, and agri-food structures.

BACKGROUND: The crucial role of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in advancing effective regulation of health-harming corporate practices is widely accepted, yet how precisely they shape global health governance is not well-understood. While a vast literature has grappled with corporate power and its political, market, and technological dimensions, less attention has been paid to strategic efforts to counter the influence of corporate actors. Drawing on international relations and political economy scholarship, we seek to understand NGO strategies aimed at achieving greater regulation of the ultra-processed food (UPF) and alcohol industries in global fora, and examine the considerations and constraints which inform NGO strategy choice. METHODS: We conducted 22 semi-structured interviews with professional advocates active in global debates on UPF and/or alcohol governance, complemented by six interviews with officials from international organisations (IOs). Coding combined inductive and deductive approaches, with the latter informed by existing models of advocacy strategy. RESULTS: Participants described ‘inside’ strategies targeting IOs and member states as the primary focus of their organisations’ global advocacy, underpinned by a sense that such approaches are more effective. More confrontational, outside approaches were seen as inappropriate particularly for targeting the World Health Organisation as a key forum. Core advocacy activities thus include participation in consultations and meetings hosted by IOs, although advocates did highlight less radical forms of ‘outside’ strategies, rooted in information provision rather than protest. The direct targeting of corporations was relatively uncommon, with monitoring and exposing of corporate practices primarily aimed at building momentum for governmental regulation. Advocates highlighted the importance of engagement beyond health governance, noting, however, that resource challenges preclude effective entry into new fora for many NGOs. DISCUSSION: The challenge of attaining and maintaining insider status in relevant fora introduces constraints which may explain the reliance on quieter, less confrontational strategies. We reflect critically on the potential value of a noisier approach to addressing health-harming corporate practices, and challenge the notion that a primary function of NGOs can and should be to act as a ‘watchdog’ of corporate practices, instead advancing a wider perspective on corporate accountability.

The article discusses the socio-legal aspects of the development mutual cooperation between Russia and China in the public health. This direction of the current Russian-Chinese political agenda is caused by some factors. One of them is the common nature of public health problems and challenges faced by the healthcare systems. Also the reason is the growth of cross-border mobility of the population of both countries, which necessitates coordination of efforts in the field of regulation, ensuring the quality of services, protecting patients rights and epidemiological control. In this regard, the objective of the study is to analyze the key areas, legal mechanisms and social challenges that influence the development of interaction between Russia and China in the field of public health. Based on the results of the study, the main vectors in the Russian-Chinese cooperation in the field of public health are defined. They include: 1) prevention and control of infectious diseases; 2) digital transformation of healthcare; 3) oncology and nuclear medicine; 4) medical education and science; 5) ethical problems. The main mechanisms of interaction between Russia and China in public healthcare are legal regulatory (bilateral agreements, interdepartmental protocols, harmonization of regulatory requirements) and projects in scientific and educational sphere. Overall, cooperation between Russia and China in healthcare is dynamically developing, multifaceted, and promising. However, there are a number of limitations and problems, including cultural barriers, legal restrictions and ethical challenges. To sum up, the Russian-Chinese cooperation in the field of public health has significant potential, but requires the development of a legal framework and a systematic approach. Одним из актуальных направлений в развитии отношений между Россией и Китаем на современном этапе является сотрудничество обоих государств в сфере общественного здравоохранения. Данный вектор российско-китайской политической повестки обусловлен рядом фактором, а именно: общим характером проблем здоровья населения и вызовами, с которыми сталкиваются системы здравоохранения, ростом трансграничной мобильности населения обеих стран, что вызывает необходимость координации усилий в области регулирования, обеспечения качества услуг, защиты прав пациентов и эпидемиологического контроля, которые обусловливают исследовательский интерес к изучению социально-правовых аспектов в развитии российско-китайского сотрудничества в сфере общественного здоровья. В этой связи цель данного исследования заключается в проведении анализа ключевых направлений, правовых механизмов и социальных вызовов, которые влияют на развитие взаимодействия между Россией и Китаем в сфере общественного здоровья. По результатам проведённого исследования на основе принципа методологической триангуляции были выявлены основные векторы в российско-китайском сотрудничестве в сфере общественного здоровья: 1) профилактика и борьба с инфекционными заболеваниями (в 2025 г. Россия и Китай подписали меморандум о сотрудничестве в области борьбы с инфекционными болезнями); 2) цифровая трансформация здравоохранения (в 2025 г. Минздрав России и Государственный комитет КНР по здравоохранению подписали Меморандум о взаимопонимании в области цифровой трансформации здравоохранения); 3) онкология и ядерная медицина; 4) медицинское образование и наука (образована Российско-Китайская ассоциация медицинских университетов, которая способствует обмену специалистами, разработке совместных образовательных программ и взаимному признанию дипломов о медицинском образовании). Основными механизмами взаимодействия России и Китая в сфере общественного здравоохранения выступают: нормативно-правовые (двусторонние соглашения, межведомственные протоколы, гармонизация регуляторных требований) и научно-образовательные (совместные исследования, обмен кадрами, образовательные программы). В целом, сотрудничество России и Китая в сфере здравоохранения можно охарактеризовать как динамично развивающееся, многогранное и перспективное. Однако есть ряд ограничений и проблем, включая культурные барьеры, правовые ограничения и этические вызовы. Сделан вывод о том, что российско-китайское сотрудничество в сфере общественного здоровья имеет значительный потенциал, но требует разработки правовой базы и системного подхода.

Early warning systems (EWSs) are essential for alert, detection, and response to potential public health emergencies. Brazil's 2024 dengue epidemic, the largest ever recorded, offers a critical case for assessing correspondence between timely epidemic risk detection and health governance responsiveness. We collected data on dengue cases, deaths, and public health emergency declarations (PHEDs) at federal, state, and municipal levels. We evaluated the timeliness of 2024 emergency declarations by retrospectively mapping observed risk levels across all states and capitals, utilizing the 2023 federal endemic channel guidelines and the updated 2025 risk-level criteria. Using logistic regressions, we investigated whether epidemic severity was associated with the enactment of a PHED, accounting for primary health coverage and political dynamics that influence local government declarations. The 2024 epidemic escalated rapidly. Brazil remained at an alert level for 19 consecutive weeks and at an epidemic level for 11, with epidemic risk thresholds reached unusually early. Eleven states and seven capitals issued PHEDs after epidemic thresholds were reached, and an additional five capitals were covered by overlapping state declarations. Despite prolonged epidemic conditions across 18 states and 20 capitals, only 11 states and 7 capitals issued emergency declarations. High-burden jurisdictions such as Bahia and Belém did not declare emergencies. Logistic regression models show that only the duration at elevated risk levels significantly predicted emergency declarations, while political factors and primary health care coverage did not. That declarations followed prolonged epidemic exposure rather than early detection underscores the need for institutional mechanisms that translate surveillance signals into timely governance responses. The EWS framework was insufficiently responsive to the rapid dynamics of the 2024 dengue epidemic. Strengthening responsive governance requires adaptive surveillance tools and institutional mechanisms that link early detection to timely, coordinated responses, while accounting for decentralized decision-making and uneven subnational capacities.

Attributing liability in environmental systems involving multiple strategic actors poses significant challenges for policy-makers and regulators, particularly under conditions of uncertainty, feedback dynamics, and distributed responsibility. Traditional deterministic models of causation are often inadequate for such complex contexts. In this study, we propose a novel hybrid framework that integrates AlphaZero-based reinforcement learning with Bayesian probabilistic inference to construct an intelligent decision support system for multi-agent environmental liability attribution. Our primary motivation is to solve the very difficult legal causality puzzles in environmental fields by making a Gestalt leap, offering more legitimate, intelligent and consistent solutions than those currently found in the literature. While this work does not exhaust the full landscape of such puzzles, its principal contribution is to stimulate further inquiry and open new horizons for computational legal reasoning. The framework introduces a Dynamic Causation Index (DCI) that quantifies each agent's simulated contribution to ecological harm and updates their posterior responsibility using Bayesian inference. AlphaZero models the actors' long-term strategic behavior within environmental and regulatory environments, while the Bayesian layer incorporates historical priors and likelihoods derived from simulation outcomes. This enables both counterfactual analysis and probabilistic responsibility estimation, overcoming key limitations in current environmental decision-making practices. We apply this framework to a hypothetical river pollution case study involving three industrial facilities, demonstrating how the model supports transparent, proportionate, and adaptive allocation of liability. The results show that Factory B bears the highest causal share (55.1%), followed by Factory A (37.5%) and Factory C (7.4%), based on their strategic leverage and posterior responsibility estimates. The results illustrate how strategic leverage and probabilistic confidence can be combined to enhance environmental governance and intervention planning. The proposed methodology offers a scalable and explainable approach to regulatory design and system-level environmental accountability, with potential applications across sustainability science, environmental law, and intelligent governance.

The same dataset can be analysed in different justifiable ways to answer the same research question, potentially challenging the robustness of empirical science1-3. In this crowd initiative, we investigated the degree to which research findings in the social and behavioural sciences are contingent on analysts' choices. We examined a stratified random sample of 100 studies published between 2009 and 2018, in which, for one claim per study, at least five reanalysts independently reanalysed the original data. The statistical appropriateness of the reanalyses was assessed in peer evaluations, and the robustness indicators were inspected along a range of research characteristics and study designs. We found that 34% of the independent reanalyses yielded the same result (within a tolerance region of ±0.05 Cohen's d) as the original report; with a four times broader tolerance region, this indicator increased to 57%. Of the reanalyses conducted, 74% reached the same conclusion as the original investigation, 24% yielded no effects or inconclusive results and 2% reported the opposite effect. This exploratory study indicates that the common single-path analyses in social and behavioural research should not be simply assumed to be robust to alternative analyses4. Therefore, we recommend the development and use of practices to explore and communicate this neglected source of uncertainty.

Currently children's needs, perspectives, and rights are not adequately included in public policies, with negative consequences for the health and wellbeing of children and future generations. The 2020 WHO-UNICEF-Lancet Commission reviewed threats to children's health and concluded that children's needs and voices should be centred in all policies for a sustainable future. Since 2021, Children in All Policies 2030, a global collaboration of policy makers, scientists, and advocates, has implemented the Commission's recommendations by fostering new approaches to participatory, intersectoral policy making across diverse countries. Efforts to implement the Commission's recommendations encountered challenges including flawed assumptions in prevailing policy-making models, failure to fulfil children's right to participate, and an ongoing scarcity of intersectoral policy integration. Eight lessons on what works for improving policy making and implementation emerged: use creative means to involve children, patiently assemble coalitions, prepare to seize political opportunities, harmonise global data to bridge UN partnerships, create national political and technical platforms, use media to change cultural perceptions, use strategic framing to overcome sectoral barriers, and embrace joint learning. Harnessing people's consideration and concern for children and future generations and engaging children's voices represents a powerful political opportunity to reach current development goals and ensure a healthier, more sustainable future.

This study examined the determinants of breast and cervical cancer screening and quantified socioeconomic inequalities in service use. We analyzed data from women age 15-49 years from the 2023 Tajikistan Demographic and Health Survey. The outcomes were self-reported ever having received a clinical breast examination for breast cancer and ever having been tested for cervical cancer. The prevalence was estimated using weighted descriptive statistics and Rao-Scott chi-square tests. Determinants were examined with multivariable logistic regression, reporting adjusted odds ratios (AORs), and 95% confidence intervals. Socioeconomic inequality was assessed using concentration curves and concentration indices, accounting for the complex survey design. The final sample size was 9,824. Breast and cervical cancer screening prevalence was 6.2% and 9.3%, respectively. Uptake increased with age (25-34 years: breast AOR = 2.68; cervical AOR = 2.41; 35-49 years: breast AOR = 3.54; cervical AOR = 3.27, v 15-24 years) and with household wealth (richest v poorest, cervical AOR = 1.95). Higher screening odds were associated with parity, recent health care visits, contraceptive use, and media exposure, whereas lower odds were associated with nonmotorized transport use. The prevalence was greater in urban areas. Concentration indices showed significant pro-rich inequality for both screening services (breast = 0.05; cervical = 0.05; P < .001). Strategies prioritizing integrating screening into reproductive and primary care, expanding outreach to poorer households, ensuring financial protection, and delivering community-based services in rural areas, alongside monitoring equity indicators, are critical to advancing universal access to breast and cervical cancer screening in Tajikistan.

Trust in healthcare is an important component of patient experience, yet ethnic minority patients in England often report lower trust and satisfaction with the NHS than White patients. We examine these differences using data from a cross-sectional survey of 1,111 adults living in England, conducted in April-May 2023. Respondents rated their agreement with 18 statements covering five domains of healthcare experience: communication, ethical treatment, perceived competence, trust in providers, and perceived discrimination. We estimate a series of linear regression models comparing responses between ethnic minority and White participants, both before and after adjustment for demographic and attitudinal factors. Ethnic minority respondents reported significantly less positive perceptions on several items, particularly those relating to ethical behaviour, personal care, trust in front-line providers and perceived discrimination. They were less likely than White respondents to agree that the NHS behaves ethically, cares for patients, or goes out of its way to help people, and reported lower trust in GPs and hospital doctors and nurses. The largest differences were observed for perceptions that NHS care quality depends on ethnic background or country of origin. By contrast, we found no ethnic differences in perceptions of NHS honesty, promise-keeping, overall competence, or trust in NHS leadership or management. Overall, the findings indicate that ethnic differences in trust and satisfaction with the NHS are concentrated in relational and experiential aspects of care rather than in assessments of technical competence. Addressing these disparities may be important for improving equity and strengthening trust in healthcare services.

European agrifood systems face many challenges and dilemmas regarding sustainability, resilience and competitiveness. Through consultations with scientific experts, we identified five systemic lock-ins (governance and policy fragmentation; behavioural and dietary challenges; political economy and market dynamics; unaccountability and environmental degradation; disruption and unpredictability as the new norm) hindering agrifood systems transformation. Based on concrete examples, we propose five guiding principles that, in various combinations, can help address lock-ins and guide effective changes towards more healthy and sustainable food systems. Their successful implementation requires strong, experience-inspired, science-based political and business leadership supported by a revised research and innovation agenda.