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In this paper we further develop the theory of canonical approximations of Polishable subgroups of Polish groups, building on previous work of Solecki and Farah--Solecki. In particular, we obtain a characterization of such canonical approximations in terms of their Borel complexity class. As an application we provide a complete list of all the possible Borel complexity classes of Polishable subgroups of Polish groups or, equivalently, of the ranges of continuous group homomorphisms between Polish groups. We also provide a complete list of all the possible Borel complexity classes of the ranges of: continuous group homomorphisms between non-Archimedean Polish groups; continuous linear maps between separable Fréchet spaces; continuous linear maps between separable Banach spaces.
In this paper, we introduce InMD-X, a collection of multiple large language models specifically designed to cater to the unique characteristics and demands of Internal Medicine Doctors (IMD). InMD-X represents a groundbreaking development in natural language processing, offering a suite of language models fine-tuned for various aspects of the internal medicine field. These models encompass a wide range of medical sub-specialties, enabling IMDs to perform more efficient and accurate research, diagnosis, and documentation. InMD-X's versatility and adaptability make it a valuable tool for improving the healthcare industry, enhancing communication between healthcare professionals, and advancing medical research. Each model within InMD-X is meticulously tailored to address specific challenges faced by IMDs, ensuring the highest level of precision and comprehensiveness in clinical text analysis and decision support. This paper provides an overview of the design, development, and evaluation of InMD-X, showcasing its potential to revolutionize the way internal medicine practitioners interact with medical data and information. We present results from extensive testing, demonstrating the eff
Objective To develop an LLM based realtime compound diagnostic medical AI interface and performed a clinical trial comparing this interface and physicians for common internal medicine cases based on the United States Medical License Exam (USMLE) Step 2 Clinical Skill (CS) style exams. Methods A nonrandomized clinical trial was conducted on August 20, 2024. We recruited one general physician, two internal medicine residents (2nd and 3rd year), and five simulated patients. The clinical vignettes were adapted from the USMLE Step 2 CS style exams. We developed 10 representative internal medicine cases based on actual patients and included information available on initial diagnostic evaluation. Primary outcome was the accuracy of the first differential diagnosis. Repeatability was evaluated based on the proportion of agreement. Results The accuracy of the physicians' first differential diagnosis ranged from 50% to 70%, whereas the realtime compound diagnostic medical AI interface achieved an accuracy of 80%. The proportion of agreement for the first differential diagnosis was 0.7. The accuracy of the first and second differential diagnoses ranged from 70% to 90% for physicians, whereas
What does Artificial Intelligence (AI) have to contribute to health care? And what should we be looking out for if we are worried about its risks? In this paper we offer a survey, and initial evaluation, of hopes and fears about the applications of artificial intelligence in medicine. AI clearly has enormous potential as a research tool, in genomics and public health especially, as well as a diagnostic aid. It's also highly likely to impact on the organisational and business practices of healthcare systems in ways that are perhaps under-appreciated. Enthusiasts for AI have held out the prospect that it will free physicians up to spend more time attending to what really matters to them and their patients. We will argue that this claim depends upon implausible assumptions about the institutional and economic imperatives operating in contemporary healthcare settings. We will also highlight important concerns about privacy, surveillance, and bias in big data, as well as the risks of over trust in machines, the challenges of transparency, the deskilling of healthcare practitioners, the way AI reframes healthcare, and the implications of AI for the distribution of power in healthcare ins
We study Borel equivalence relations equipped with a uniformly Borel family of Polish topologies on each equivalence class, and more generally, standard Borel groupoids equipped with such a family of topologies on each connected component. Such "componentwise Polish topologies" capture precisely the topological information determined by the Borel structure of a Polish group action, by the Becker--Kechris theorem. We prove that conversely, every abstract such Borel componentwise Polish groupoid obeying suitable axioms admits a Borel equivalence of groupoids to a global open Polish groupoid. Together with known results, this implies that every such groupoid is Borel equivalent to an action groupoid of a Polish group action; in particular, the induced equivalence relations are Borel bireducible. Our results are also valid for Borel groupoids with componentwise quasi-Polish topologies; and under stronger uniformity assumptions, we show that such groupoids in fact themselves admit global quasi-Polish topologies. As a byproduct, we also generalize several standard tools for Polish groups and their actions to the setting of componentwise quasi-Polish groupoids, including Vaught transforms
This data report introduces PolSeT (Polish Semantic Timbre), a dataset designed to facilitate research in psychoacoustics and Music Information Retrieval (MIR) in Polish and cross-cultural contexts. The dataset contains data from two sequential experiments. Experiment 1 (N=60) was a free-verbalization task aimed at creating a lexicon of Polish semantic descriptors. Using 11 stimuli, a total of 1901 descriptors (701 unique) were gathered. Experiment 2 (N=105) utilized this lexicon to conduct a semantic differential study, where participants rated 18 instrument sounds on 8 bipolar scales, with repeated trials for reliability analysis. The released dataset includes raw listener responses, comprehensive demographics (experience, gender, age), audio stimuli, and extracted acoustic features with Python extraction code. This dataset addresses a gap in open timbre research data, providing both the qualitative linguistic groundwork and the quantitative ratings necessary for psychoacoustic research and the training of multilingual semantic embedding models.
Recent studies indicate that Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 with Vision (GPT-4V) outperforms human physicians in medical challenge tasks. However, these evaluations primarily focused on the accuracy of multi-choice questions alone. Our study extends the current scope by conducting a comprehensive analysis of GPT-4V's rationales of image comprehension, recall of medical knowledge, and step-by-step multimodal reasoning when solving New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) Image Challenges - an imaging quiz designed to test the knowledge and diagnostic capabilities of medical professionals. Evaluation results confirmed that GPT-4V performs comparatively to human physicians regarding multi-choice accuracy (81.6% vs. 77.8%). GPT-4V also performs well in cases where physicians incorrectly answer, with over 78% accuracy. However, we discovered that GPT-4V frequently presents flawed rationales in cases where it makes the correct final choices (35.5%), most prominent in image comprehension (27.2%). Regardless of GPT-4V's high accuracy in multi-choice questions, our findings emphasize the necessity for further in-depth evaluations of its rationales before integrating such multimodal AI m
The article examines the theoretical, methodological, and technical foundations of research on audiovisual corpora within the field of digital humanities. It outlines the main transversal issues underlying the processes of constructing, exploiting, and interpreting such corpora, which are conceived as specific forms of textual data in the broad sense - that is, as sets of semiotic traces (written, visual, sound, or multimodal) that make it possible to document, analyze, and transmit domains of knowledge. The analysis is organized around five complementary themes. The first concerns the status and structure of textual data lato sensu: any data, regardless of its medium, participates in a meaningful representation of a domain and therefore requires a unified theoretical and methodological framework based on a transdisciplinary semiotic approach. The second theme addresses the documentary value of data and corpora, understood as the relevance of materials for documenting a research object in relation to the goals and perspectives of the projects in which they are used. This value depends both on provenance and reasoned selection, and on the pragmatic context of their use. The third th
This article introduces the first comprehensive benchmark for the Polish language at this scale: LLMzSzŁ (LLMs Behind the School Desk). It is based on a coherent collection of Polish national exams, including both academic and professional tests extracted from the archives of the Polish Central Examination Board. It covers 4 types of exams, coming from 154 domains. Altogether, it consists of almost 19k closed-ended questions. We investigate the performance of open-source multilingual, English, and Polish LLMs to verify LLMs' abilities to transfer knowledge between languages. Also, the correlation between LLMs and humans at model accuracy and exam pass rate levels is examined. We show that multilingual LLMs can obtain superior results over monolingual ones; however, monolingual models may be beneficial when model size matters. Our analysis highlights the potential of LLMs in assisting with exam validation, particularly in identifying anomalies or errors in examination tasks.
We present Polish Information Retrieval Benchmark (PIRB), a comprehensive evaluation framework encompassing 41 text information retrieval tasks for Polish. The benchmark incorporates existing datasets as well as 10 new, previously unpublished datasets covering diverse topics such as medicine, law, business, physics, and linguistics. We conduct an extensive evaluation of over 20 dense and sparse retrieval models, including the baseline models trained by us as well as other available Polish and multilingual methods. Finally, we introduce a three-step process for training highly effective language-specific retrievers, consisting of knowledge distillation, supervised fine-tuning, and building sparse-dense hybrid retrievers using a lightweight rescoring model. In order to validate our approach, we train new text encoders for Polish and compare their results with previously evaluated methods. Our dense models outperform the best solutions available to date, and the use of hybrid methods further improves their performance.
The results of Brownian dynamics simulations of a single DNA molecule in shear flow are presented taking into account the effect of internal viscosity. The dissipative mechanism of internal viscosity is proved necessary in the research of DNA dynamics. A stochastic model is derived on the basis of the balance equation for forces acting on the chain. The Euler method is applied to the solution of the model. The extensions of DNA molecules for different Weissenberg numbers are analyzed. Comparison with the experimental results available in the literature is carried out to estimate the contribution of the effect of internal viscosity.
We investigate some basic descriptive set theory for countably based completely quasi-metrizable topological spaces, which we refer to as quasi-Polish spaces. These spaces naturally generalize much of the classical descriptive set theory of Polish spaces to the non-Hausdorff setting. We show that a subspace of a quasi-Polish space is quasi-Polish if and only if it is level Π_2 in the Borel hierarchy. Quasi-Polish spaces can be characterized within the framework of Type-2 Theory of Effectivity as precisely the countably based spaces that have an admissible representation with a Polish domain. They can also be characterized domain theoretically as precisely the spaces that are homeomorphic to the subspace of all non-compact elements of an ω-continuous domain. Every countably based locally compact sober space is quasi-Polish, hence every ω-continuous domain is quasi-Polish. A metrizable space is quasi-Polish if and only if it is Polish. We show that the Borel hierarchy on an uncountable quasi-Polish space does not collapse, and that the Hausdorff-Kuratowski theorem generalizes to all quasi-Polish spaces.
Medicine, including fields in healthcare and life sciences, has seen a flurry of quantum-related activities and experiments in the last few years (although biology and quantum theory have arguably been entangled ever since Schrödinger's cat). The initial focus was on biochemical and computational biology problems; recently, however, clinical and medical quantum solutions have drawn increasing interest. The rapid emergence of quantum computing in health and medicine necessitates a mapping of the landscape. In this review, clinical and medical proof-of-concept quantum computing applications are outlined and put into perspective. These consist of over 40 experimental and theoretical studies. The use case areas span genomics, clinical research and discovery, diagnostics, and treatments and interventions. Quantum machine learning (QML) in particular has rapidly evolved and shown to be competitive with classical benchmarks in recent medical research. Near-term QML algorithms have been trained with diverse clinical and real-world data sets. This includes studies in generating new molecular entities as drug candidates, diagnosing based on medical image classification, predicting patient pe
Within the archival sector, digitization has long been a strategic initiative to ensure greater availability of historical documents. In recent years, the promotion of guidelines and standards, combined with technological advancements, has established methodologies and best practices and developed tools to facilitate massive digitization projects. However, despite the availability of technological solutions and guidelines, digitization is intended mostly to scan documents and make the outcome images available online. This practice can be problematic in representing the complex fonds structure made of relations, the archival bond that establishes the natural ordering of documents into archival units. This is particularly relevant when the fonds also has a multimedia component, such as an audiovisual component, that is often reproduced on different platforms disconnected from textual documents. This article addresses the challenges linked to digitization in the archival sector and proposes a methodological framework for representing fonds with respect to their native organization. For this purpose, the International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF) is employed to configure a s
The lattice gauge theory community produces large volumes of data. Because the data produced by completed computations form the basis for future work, the maintenance of archives of existing data and metadata describing the provenance, generation parameters, and derived characteristics of that data is essential not only as a reference, but also as a basis for future work. Development of these archives according to uniform standards both in the data and metadata formats provided and in the software interfaces to the component services could greatly simplify collaborations between institutions and enable the dissemination of meaningful results. This paper describes the progress made in the development of a set of such archives at the Fermilab lattice QCD facility. We are coordinating the development of the interfaces to these facilities and the formats of the data and metadata they provide with the efforts of the international lattice data grid (ILDG) metadata and middleware working groups, whose goals are to develop standard formats for lattice QCD data and metadata and a uniform interface to archive facilities that store them. Services under development include those commonly assoc
The dissertation describes ergodic properties of some stochastic dynamical systems generated by Markov chains with values in the state space which is a Polish space. The mathematical model describing the process of cell division is analyzed. The assumptions are satisfied, among others, by the model introduced by J.J. Tyson and K.B. Hannsgen, J. Math. Biol. (1986). Within the thesis the existence of a unique invariant measure is established and asymptotic stability of the model is verified. In addition, the rate of convergence of the sequence of measures, transformed by the subsequent iterations of Markov operator, to the unique invariant measure is evaluated. Further investigation of the model (in terms of its ergodic properties) concerns establishing the proofs of the central limit theorem and the law of the iterated logarithm. The results presented in the dissertation solve interesting mathematical problems, but, since they are inspired by the biological process of cell division, they may be also important for biology.
The last few years have seen rapid progress in transitioning quantum computing from lab to industry. In healthcare and life sciences, more than 40 proof-of-concept experiments and studies have been conducted; an increasing number of these are even run on real quantum hardware. Major investments have been made with hundreds of millions of dollars already allocated towards quantum applications and hardware in medicine. In addition to pharmaceutical and life sciences uses, clinical and medical applications are now increasingly coming into the picture. This chapter focuses on three key use case areas associated with (precision) medicine, including genomics and clinical research, diagnostics, and treatments and interventions. Examples of organizations and the use cases they have been researching are given; ideas how the development of practical quantum computing applications can be further accelerated are described.
Phosphorus (P) is considered to be one of the key elements for life, making it an important element to look for in the abundance analysis of spectra of stellar systems. Yet, there exists only a handful of spectroscopic studies to estimate the P abundances and investigate its trend across a range of metallicities. We have observed full HK band spectra at a spectral resolving power of R=45,000 with IGRINS instrument. Abundances are determined using SME in combination with 1D MARCS stellar atmosphere models. The investigated sample of stars have reliable stellar parameters estimated using optical FIES spectra (GILD; Jönsson et al. in prep.). In order to determine the P abundances from the 16482.92 Angstrom P line, we take special care of the CO($ν=7-4$) blend. We determine the C, N, O abundances from atomic carbon and a range of non-blended molecular lines (CO, CN, OH) which are aplenty in the H band region of K giant stars, assuring an appropriate modelling of the blending CO($ν=7-4$) line. We present [P/Fe] vs [Fe/H] trend for 38 K giant stars in the metallicity range of -1.2 dex $<$ [Fe/H] $<$ 0.4 dex. We find that our trend matches well with the compiled literature sample of
Contemporary semantic description of logic is based on the ontology of all possible interpretations, an insufficiently clear metaphysical concept. In this article, logic is described as the internal organization of language. Logical concepts -- logical constants, logical truths and logical consequence -- are defined using the internal syntactic and semantic structure of language. For a first-order language, it has been shown that its logical constants are connectives and a certain type of quantifiers for which the universal and existential quantifiers form a functionally complete set of quantifiers. Neither equality nor cardinal quantifiers belong to the logical constants of a first-order language.
An attempt is made to evaluate progress of the Polish astrophysical research of stars and of the inter-stellar medium (ISM) on the basis of scientific paper citations in the ADS database. Rather modest citation levels were observed in the years before the mid-1950's. In the years 1958 - 1973, thanks to the partly opened foreign contacts and to strong support from astronomers of the older generation, work of a number of young, energetic enthusiasts reached the world science levels and formed a strong basis for the well recognized, international successes of the next generations.