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Little is known about the role that perceivers' conceptual knowledge of the social and morphological aspects of facial expressions plays in emotion recognition. Here, we examine how smile conceptualisation and dynamics impact the categorisation of reward, affiliative, and dominance smiles based on the Simulation of Smiles Model. In Study 1 (n = 192), Polish participants read definitions of smiles formulated in either morphological or socio-functional terms. Next, they viewed dynamic or static expressions of these smiles and rated the extent to which each expression portrayed a reward, affiliative, and dominance smile. As predicted and consistent with previous studies, affiliative smiles were categorised more accurately when presented in dynamic than in static form. However, contrary to our expectations, the categorisation was more accurate when smiles were defined in morphological than socio-functional terms. Studies 2 (n = 196) and 3 (n = 265) replicated the advantage of morphological over socio-functional conceptualizations in UK-based samples but did not unambiguously support the role of dynamics in smile categorisation. Together, our findings suggest that the impact of expression dynamics on smile categorisation may be more complex than previously assumed and point to the role of smile conceptualisation in this process.

Statistical misreasoning is a key mechanism through which anti-vaccine narratives distort scientific information and undermine public confidence in immunisation. Although prior research has examined thematic and ideological features of vaccine misinformation, little is known about the specific errors in numerical reasoning that shape users' interpretations of vaccine-related data. A total of 597 Polish-language Facebook posts expressing anti-vaccine views and containing references to statistical information were analysed. Based on previous research on statistical cognition and an inductive review of the material, a coding scheme comprising ten categories of statistical misreasoning was developed and applied to all posts. Quantitative analyses were then conducted to examine how frequently these categories occurred and which combinations of errors appeared together. The most prevalent forms of misreasoning were the correlation-causation fallacy (70%, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001) and base rate neglect (58%, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Denominator neglect and cherry picking appeared in half of the posts, while the remaining categories were less frequent. Most posts contained multiple errors (median&#x2009;=&#x2009;4), and the most common configuration involved the correlation-causation fallacy, base rate neglect and denominator neglect. The distribution of error counts further showed that posts most often exhibited four distinct categories of misreasoning (23%), followed by three (19%) and five (17%), and overall a majority of posts (62%, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001) contained between one and four different types of errors. Co-occurrence analysis revealed stable structural patterns, with the strongest association observed between denominator neglect and intuitive reasoning error (&#x3d5;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.23; p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Anti-vaccine discourse exhibits systematic patterns of statistical misreasoning that shape erroneous interpretations of vaccine-related data, highlighting the need to address cognitive and statistical misunderstandings through targeted public health communication.

Beh&#xe7;et's disease (BD) is rare in European populations. Because clinical and immunological characteristics may differ between Caucasians and Middle Eastern patients, we analyzed BD patients from the Polish population. Data from eight patients with BD treated at a rheumatology clinic were analyzed and collected, including demographic data, clinical features, laboratory test results, comorbidities, and treatment options. The study included eight patients (mean age 38.2&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;13.7 years; 75% female). None of the patients had a family history of the disease. The mean delay in diagnosis was 5.28&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;4.6 years. The disease began with the development of mucosal ulcerations and a maculopapular rash, and some patients also developed anemia, alopecia, headaches, and arthritis. All patients had mucosal ulcerations and an erythematous or maculopapular rash; joint involvement occurred in 62.5%. Vascular complications (37.5%) included superior sagittal sinus thrombosis, ischemic stroke, and cephalic vein thrombosis. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (50%), dyslipidemia (37.5%), and depression (25%). Inflammatory markers were elevated in half of the patients and normalized after treatment. Antinuclear antibodies were positive in 62.5%, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in 25%. Patients were treated with glucocorticosteroids (100%) in combination with azathioprine (62.5%), cyclosporine (25%), methotrexate (12.5%), and hydroxychloroquine (25%). Data from a single center indicate that BD in Caucasians is characterized by heterogeneity in clinical manifestations and develops predominantly in women. The presence of ANA and ANCA antibodiescan be misleading and requires differential diagnosis. The course is generally mild, but severe symptoms (especially thrombosis) require close monitoring by a multidisciplinary team.

Textbook Outcome (TO) is increasingly used as a composite measure of surgical quality in colorectal cancer, but its binary structure may obscure why the endpoint is not achieved. We evaluated component-specific and domain-specific patterns of TO failure after robotic colorectal cancer surgery. This multicenter retrospective cohort study analyzed consecutive adult patients undergoing elective colorectal cancer resection at five Polish tertiary referral centers between January 2022 and August 2025. TO required 30-day survival, R0 resection with &#x2265;&#x2009;12 lymph nodes retrieved, no surgical reintervention, no unplanned stoma, no major postoperative complication, and length of stay&#x2009;&#x2264;&#x2009;14 days without 30-day readmission. For interpretative analysis, TO failure was decomposed into radicality, pathological staging, surgical safety, functional preservation, and recovery domains. Failure burden was assessed among patients not achieving TO. Among 1,124 eligible patients, 785 had complete TO data: 312 open, 169 laparoscopic, and 304 robotic resections. TO was achieved in 469 patients (59.7%), with crude rates of 62.2% after open, 71.0% after laparoscopic, and 51.0% after robotic surgery. The dominant failed domain after robotic surgery was pathological staging failure, mainly retrieval of fewer than 12 lymph nodes, present in 95 of 149 robotic TO failures (63.8%). Radicality, surgical safety, and recovery failures were not disproportionately increased after robotic surgery. Among patients who did not achieve TO, most failures reflected a single failed component or domain. After adjustment, including adjustment for neoadjuvant treatment, robotic surgery was not independently associated with overall Textbook Outcome achievement or pathological staging failure. Robotic colorectal cancer surgery showed a distinct TO failure fingerprint. Global TO rates should be interpreted alongside component-specific and domain-specific failure patterns, particularly in rectal cancer.

Infective endocarditis (IE) following transcatheter valvular interventions, including transcatheter aortic valve implantation and transcatheter edge-to-edge repair, is an uncommon but life-threatening complication associated with major diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. As indications for structural interventions continue to expand, the burden of device-related IE is expected to increase. This expert opinion, jointly developed by the Association of Valvular Heart Disease and the Association of Cardiovascular Intervention of the Polish Cardiac Society, summarizes contemporary evidence regarding the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of transcatheter valve-related IE. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation-related IE occurs at an estimated incidence of 0.3-2.0 per 100 person-years and is associated with high in-hospital and long-term mortality, whereas transcatheter edge-to-edge repair-related IE is less frequent but similarly associated with poor outcomes. Clinical presentation is frequently atypical, particularly in elderly and in patients with multimorbidity, resulting in delayed diagnosis. Echocardiography remains the first-line imaging modality but is often limited by prosthesis-related artifacts. Multimodality imaging, particularly electrocardiography-gated cardiac computed tomography and in selected cases positron emission tomography, substantially improves diagnostic accuracy and detection, especially of perivalvular complications. Management relies on prolonged pathogen-directed intravenous antibiotic therapy, but surgical intervention should be considered in all patients, with a significant indication for surgery in patients with uncontrolled infection, heart failure, embolic complications, or extensive tissue destruction. Preventive measures, including maintaining strict periprocedural asepsis and targeted antibiotic prophylaxis, remain essential. IE after transcatheter valvular interventions therefore represents a rare but devastating complication requiring high clinical vigilance, multidisciplinary management, and individualized treatment strategies to improve outcomes.

After facing extinction in the early 20th century, populations of the two remnant genetic lines of European bison are now under continuous health monitoring. Faecal samples were taken from five Polish and one German herd of European bison over the course of several years. Through metagenomic sequencing, the bacterial and archaeal microbiome as well as the resistome of these samples could be characterized. Significant differences were mainly found between the bacterial microbiome of samples taken from droppings as opposed to rectal samples. Apart from this, the microbiome and resistome had low differentiation, showing no significant influence of individual factors or location. Oscillospiraceae, Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroidaceae were the dominant bacterial families, the archaeome was mostly made up by Methanobacteriaceae. Genes from resistance classes like Aminoglycosides and Macrolide, Lincosamide and Streptogramine were present. This study characterises the microbiome and resistome of the European bison with the help of metagenomics, providing novel insights into its biology.

This research examines how identifying an animal as an individual influences children's willingness to consume that animal, as well as meat derived from conspecifics and different species. Across two studies involving Polish preschoolers aged 5-6 (Study 1: N&#x202f;=&#x202f;94; Study 2: N&#x202f;=&#x202f;105), we examined whether presenting a chicken with a name and distinct preferences would reduce children's willingness to consume that specific animal, as well as their preference for chicken meat (poultry) and meat from a different species (pork) during a toy sandwich-building task. Study 2 further compared two forms of identification: unique exemplar identification versus similar exemplar identification (highlighting traits shared with the species). Results consistently revealed that identifying a unique exemplar had a conditional effect on willingness to consume the identified animal and its conspecifics, but did not extend to meat from other species. Animal's identifiability reduced both children's intentions to consume the identified animal (Study 1) and their actual preference for chicken slices in the sandwich-building task (Studies 1 and 2). However, these effects emerged among children who did not report a strong liking for meat. Overall, the findings suggest that although animal identifiability can reduce children's intentions to consume meat, its impact is moderated by preexisting food preferences and shows limited generalization across species.

Printed electronics is an emerging technology that has already transformed the world around us by enabling the fabrication of flexible, lightweight, and large-area electronic devices. However, achieving simultaneous optimization of electrical conductivity, environmental stability, mechanical flexibility, and cost efficiency remains a critical challenge. Nanowires (NWs) have gained prominence in various applications due to their high surface area to volume ratio. Silver NWs (Ag NWs) in particular have established themselves as leading platforms for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE), however their high cost and material consumption limit widespread adoption. While copper NWs (Cu NWs) offer cost advantages and comparable conductivity to silver; rapid oxidation and corresponding increase in resistivity in ambient conditions restrict their widespread adoption. Cu@Ag core-shell NWs (Cu@Ag NWs) are a promising solution, combining the cost efficiency of copper with the oxida0074ion resistance of silver through a strategic thin-shell design. This mini-review focuses on recent advances in Cu@Ag NWs synthesis, focusing particularly on kinetically controlled approaches that achieve conformal silver shells lowering the consumption of silver. We examine synthesis methodologies, including galvanic displacement and chemical reduction, discuss mechanisms underlying long-term environmental stability, and evaluate integration pathways for printed electronics applications including, transparent conductive films, flexible displays, wearable devices, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. Challenges and future considerations, including shell uniformity control, ink formulation optimization, and multi-functional coating systems incorporating protective oxide layers, are also addressed. This review provides a comprehensive framework for advancing Cu@Ag NWs technology toward practical commercial implementation in next-generation flexible and printed electronics.

The expression of metazoan replication-dependent histone genes is controlled by NPAT and U7 snRNP. NPAT activates transcription of histone genes during S-phase, whereas U7 snRNP is a multi-subunit endonuclease that cleaves the resultant transcripts at the 3' end, yielding mature histone mRNAs. In cycling cells, NPAT and U7 snRNP with its four unique components, U7 snRNA, Lsm10, Lsm11 and FLASH, are highly enriched in Histone Locus Bodies (HLBs), nuclear condensates formed near histone gene loci. Here, we show that in muscle and neural cells that have ceased to replicate their chromatin and permanently exited the cell cycle, HLBs are dismantled and NPAT, FLASH and Lsm11 are detected in the cytoplasm. This observation suggests that in postmitotic cells, NPAT and U7 snRNP become repurposed for functions unrelated to generating histone mRNAs. We identified a highly conserved region in Lsm11 that engages in various protein-protein interactions and likely acts as a universal platform that controls the assembly, localization and function of Lsm11 complexes, including U7 snRNP, during cell growth and differentiation. Since the assembly of U7 snRNP requires SMN, the protein mutated in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), our results may provide a new perspective on pathophysiology of this neuromuscular disorder.

Parental involvement in a child's self-monitoring and treatment, including challenges encountered during treatment, influences the life satisfaction of caregivers of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This study aimed to assess the level of life satisfaction among parents of children with T1DM and to examine the impact of selected sociodemographic and medical factors on life satisfaction. The study was conducted between September 1st, 2024, and March 1st, 2025, using a questionnaire designed by the author and the standardized Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Participants were parents of children aged 2 to 18 with a diagnosis of T1DM for more than one year, who were receiving care at four Diabetes Centers in the Mazovian, Pomeranian, and Warmian-Masurian voivodeships in Poland. A total of 327 parents of children with T1DM participated in the study. The mean ages of mothers and fathers were 41.5&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;6.6 years and 44.1&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;7.1 years, respectively, and the average age of the children was 11.8&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;3.9 years. The mean duration of diabetes was 5.47&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;3.62 years. The median SWLS sten score was 6.0 (4.0&#xf7;7.0). Higher life satisfaction was observed among professionally active fathers, parents living in nuclear families, and parents reporting a very good financial situation. Parents of children with T1DM who consulted a psychologist, psychotherapist, or psychiatrist reported lower life satisfaction. The life satisfaction of parents of children with T1DM was average. The parents of children with T1DM who have lower life satisfaction more likely to seek psychological support. The study demonstrated the influence of the roles of family members (mother vs. father), the father's employment status, family structure, and the family's financial status on life satisfaction. Independent sociodemographic factors were parent/caregiver and family financial status. Given the complexity of T1DM management, multidisciplinary support is essential for both children and their families. Efforts should be made to protect the mental health of children with T1DM and their parents. Facilitated access to specialist care should be prioritized. Nurses should develop family-centered care plans and work to reduce factors that negatively affect the life satisfaction of children and their families. The current parental life satisfaction score is important in providing daily care for children with T1DM. If the parental life satisfaction is low, the family should be provided with psychological support. Nurses should actively cooperate with psychologists, psychotherapists, and social workers in caring for children with T1DM, and should also inform caregivers on the current methods of support for families of children with chronic diseases. Up-to-date parental life satisfaction should be assessed during follow-up visits with educational nurses (diabetes educators) at the Diabetes Clinic. The development and implementation of a screening questionnaire would be a valuable component of nursing care planning for children with T1DM and their parents, as it would enable the rapid identification of the needs of both children and their parents (e.g., regarding education, emotional support, and caregiving). This would facilitate comprehensive, family-centered, and personalized care, while helping to prevent caregiver burnout, and improve the quality of family functioning in their home environment. These measures would support the individualization of care plans, enable early crisis intervention, and improve communication between parents and healthcare professionals. Healthcare professionals play a key role in identifying parental difficulties and ensuring specialized care for those most in need. A holistic and systemic approach that addresses both physical and mental health is crucial for improving the outcomes, self-monitoring results, and treatment of T1DM in children and adolescents, as well as for improving the quality of life of children and their parents.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a particularly aggressive and therapeutically challenging subtype of breast tumor, frequently marked by the relatively high expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). As a tyrosine kinase, this enzyme plays a crucial role in driving tumor cell proliferation, progression, and metastases. This review describes the restricted clinical benefits of single EGFR targeting, its expression profile across TNBC subtypes, and the genomic and non-genomic determinants of EGFR transcription, followed by the possibilities of combinatorial and multi-targeted therapy approaches. By analyzing patterns of gene expression in EGFR-high and EGFR-low samples, additional co-targeting factors were identified, which could enhance the efficacy of anti-EGFR strategies in TNBC and serve as more precise and personalized treatment standards. The impact of simultaneous EGFR and selected factors on patient survival is presented. Finally, we mention the available nanocarriers capable of delivering two inhibitors, siRNAs, and antibodies, or their mixtures, for the reduction of EGFR and co-expressed partners.

Over the past decade, interest in research on bacteriophage Receptor Binding Proteins (RBPs) of tailed bacteriophages has increased substantially, reflecting a broader resurgence in phage research. Once underestimated, RBPs have now become the focus of extensive investigation, largely due to their promising applications in pathogen diagnostics, host-range engineering for improved phage therapy, and the development of tailocins, protein-based antibacterial agents capable of inhibiting or eliminating bacterial cells. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on RBPs function and applications, with particular emphasis on their translational potential. We systematically analyzed recent literature, focusing on structural, biochemical, and functional studies that elucidate mechanisms of host recognition and explore emerging biotechnological and therapeutic uses. The reviewed studies highlight significant advances in understanding RBPs specificity, modular architecture, and adaptability. These features enable targeted bacterial recognition and manipulation of host range. Furthermore, we demonstrate that RBPs can be effectively engineered to be repurposed for diagnostic and antimicrobial applications. Together, these findings position RBPs as a foundational platform for next-generation phage-based technologies and their translation into clinical and industrial applications.

Lignin, a waste component of lignocellulosic biomass, can be valorized as a feedstock for chemical production. One promising approach is its electrochemical degradation under controlled conditions using a suitable electrocatalyst. However, achieving complete utilization of lignin remains challenging. In this work, residues remaining after partial electrochemical depolymerization of Kraft lignin were investigated as precursors for the preparation of activated carbon intended for adsorption and catalytic applications. The degradation process was performed for up to 360&#xa0;min at -1.5&#xa0;V vs. Ag/AgCl using Cu, Ag, Al, or Ni electrocatalysts in the presence of potassium carbonate, which remained in the material after the process and could subsequently act as a chemical activating agent during carbonization at 850&#xb0;C for 4&#xa0;h. As a result, the obtained carbons exhibited a highly developed specific surface area and micro/mesoporosity. Longer electrochemical exposure produced materials with more ordered stacked-layer structures, an increased mesopore volume, and a reduced content of surface oxygen functional groups. Nevertheless, these changes did not diminish their effectiveness in the adsorption of phenol from aqueous solutions or the catalytic oxidation of sulfurous acid to sulfuric acid. The catalytic activity could be further enhanced by nitrogen doping introduced by gas-phase NH3 treatment.

Genetic variation in cytokine genes may influence cytokine-related signaling, metabolism, and exercise-related phenotypes, yet large-scale population data remain scarce. This study examined whether five polymorphisms in interleukin-6 (IL6; rs1800795; rs1800796; rs1800797), interleukin-15 (IL15; rs1589241), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-&#x3b1;; rs1800629) associate with physiological, biochemical, and performance-related traits in healthy adults. For VO2max-stratified analyses, 501 healthy Polish adults underwent physiological, biochemical, and genomic assessments, classified by maximal oxygen uptake using sex-and age-adjusted reference categories. Whole-cohort analyses were performed for biochemical and hematological traits in up to 962 participants. IL6 rs1800795 CC genotype showed an exploratory higher serum-iron (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.004) and hematocrit (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.033). The IL6 C-G-G haplotype (rs1800795-rs1800796-rs1800797) was associated with higher serum-iron (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.0012, within-phenotype FDR-adjusted p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.002). TNF-&#x3b1; rs1800629, showed a model-dependent association with lower aerobic fitness classification in grouped analyses (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.006). A-allele carriers had lower odds of higher-fitness classification under the dominant model and AG heterozygotes showed the strongest association under overdominant model. Grouped analyses; AG heterozygotes (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.037) had higher LDL cholesterol, was not retained in whole-cohort adjusted-analyses. IL15 showed no single-locus effects but an exploratory multi-locus genotype combination, IL15 CC/CT&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;TNF-&#x3b1; GG, associated with higher odds of aerobic fitness classification (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.004). Whole-cohort analyses: IL6 rs1800795 was associated with serum-iron, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and RBC after adjustments. Findings provide preliminary evidence of modest, trait-specific associations between cytokine-related genetic variation and hematological, metabolic, and aerobic fitness-related phenotypes. IL6 rs1800795 mainly associated with iron-related and hematological traits; TNF-&#x3b1; rs1800629 findings were model-dependent and inconsistent. IL15 CC/CT&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;TNF-&#x3b1; GG combination is exploratory, requiring independent replication.

To compare biochemical risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in kidney transplant recipients (KTx) with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who used continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices or underwent simultaneous kidney and pancreas (SPK) transplantation during long-term follow-up. 22 graft recipients with T1D using CGM (KTx CGM) and 22 patients with T1D after SPK were included in the study. Study groups were matched for age and diabetes duration at the time of transplantation, age at the time of the study, sex, body mass index (BMI), total duration of dialysis therapy, dialysis modality, pretransplant CVD, and rates of kidney re-transplantation. Biochemical markers of glycemic control and risk for CVD were assessed over a 9-11 year follow up period. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1c were higher in the KTx CGM versus SPK group (6.5 [4.9; 7.8] vs 4.7 [4.4; 5.6] mmol/L, p<0.01, and 6.7 [5.9; 7.5] vs 5.2 [5.1; 5.4]%, p<0.001, respectively). Total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) did not differ between groups. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations were lower in the KTx CGM vs the SPK group (2.35 &#xb1; 0.66 vs 2.96 &#xb1; 1.13 mmol/L, p=0.056). Triglyceride values were higher in the KTx CGM vs SPK group (1.29 &#xb1; 0.45 mmol/L vs 1.02 &#xb1; 0.39 mmo/L, p<0.05). Serum creatinine was higher (122.7 &#x3bc;mol/L vs 87.2 &#x3bc;mol/L, p< 0.01), and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) were lower (73.8 &#xb1; 25.0 vs 51.3 &#xb1; 18.6 ml/min.1.73 m2, p< 0.01) in the KTx CGM vs the SPK group. Application of CGM technology in kidney graft recipients with T1D enabled good control of glucose levels and allowed for normalization of a number of biochemical risk factors for CVD. Pancreas transplantation remains the optimal procedure in achieving physiological blood glucose levels in T1D kidney recipients.

The aim of this study was to sonochemically synthesize SnS and SnS2 quantum dots modified in situ with organic dye. For this purpose Rhodamine B, a dye from the xanthene group, is used. The resulting nanomaterials were characterized with the following techniques: X-ray powder diffraction, XPS, Raman and EDX spectroscopic techniques to confirm the production of desired compounds. HR-TEM observations prove the formation of quantum dots while the Tauc method was used to study the optical energy bandgap of both modified and unmodified nanomaterials. Raman studies showed not only that nanometric samples of SnS and SnS2 were obtained, but the recorded fluorescence from Rhodamine B indicates the presence of its molecules on the surface of these nanoparticles. The modification with Rhodamine B preserved the morphology and phase composition of tin sulphides but caused the occurrence of additional electron transitions as revealed by Tauc analysis. The contact angle measurements showed increase and decrease of contact angle due to modification with dye, for SnS2 and SnS respectively. The photo- and sonocatalytic activities of both modified and unmodified quantum dots are studied and compared, including kinetic analyses, investigations of influence of degree of functionalization and catalyst's amount, and determination of reactive intermediates (scavenging experiments). The modification of SnS with Rhodamine B improved it's sono- and photocatalytic activity. The investigation of the best catalyst after 5 cycles of sonocatalytic process showed it's oxidation to SnO2. Scavenging experiments revealed that the main reactive intermediate in the case of SnS with optimized amount of dye was radical anion &#x2022;O2-. Finally, the n-th order kinetic model provided the most accurate description of photocatalytic processes.