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Contents: Preface. Introduction to Psychophysiology. Concepts in Psychophysiology. The Nervous System and Measurement of Its Activity. The EEG and Behavior I: Motor and Mental Activities. The EEG and Behavior II: Sensation, Attention, Perception, Conditioning, and Sleep. Event-Related Brain Potentials and Behavior I: Measurement, Motor Activity, Hemispheric Asymmetries, and Sleep. Event-Related Potentials and Behavior II: Mental, Sensory, Attentional, and Perceptual Activities. Event-Related Slow Brain Potentials and Behavior. Neuroimaging, Neuromagnetism, and Behavior. Muscle Activity and Behavior. Electrodermal Activity (EDA) and Behavior. Pupillary Response and Behavior. Eye Movements, Eye Blinks, and Behavior. Heart Activity and Behavior I: Developmental Factors, Motor and Mental Activities, Perception, Attention, and Orienting Responses. Heart Activity and Behavior II: Stress, Emotions, Motivation, Personality, Social Factors, Brain Interactions, and Conditioning. Blood Pressure, Blood Volume, and Behavior. Applied Psychophysiology I: Detection of Deception, Vigilance, Job Design, and Workload. Applied Psychophysiology II: Auditory and Visual System Tests, Nervous System Disorders, Clinical Neurology, and Behavior Disorders. Applied Psychophysiology III: Biofeedback and Psychoneuroimmunology. Environmental Psychophysiology. Appendix: Laboratory Safety.
Many animal populations are in decline as a result of human activity. Conservation practitioners are attempting to prevent further declines and loss of biodiversity as well as to facilitate recovery of endangered species, and they often rely on interdisciplinary approaches to generate conservation solutions. Two recent interfaces in conservation science involve animal behavior (i.e., conservation behavior) and physiology (i.e., conservation physiology). To date, these interfaces have been considered separate entities, but from both pragmatic and biological perspectives, there is merit in better integrating behavior and physiology to address applied conservation problems and to inform resource management. Although there are some institutional, conceptual, methodological, and communication-oriented challenges to integrating behavior and physiology to inform conservation actions, most of these barriers can be overcome. Through outlining several successful examples that integrate these disciplines, we conclude that physiology and behavior can together generate meaningful data to support animal conservation and management actions. Tangentially, applied conservation and management problems can, in turn, also help advance and reinvigorate the fundamental disciplines of animal physiology and behavior by providing advanced natural experiments that challenge traditional frameworks.
Emotion theories commonly postulate that emotions impose coherence across multiple response systems. However, empirical support for this coherence postulate is surprisingly limited. In the present study, the authors (a) examined the within-individual associations among experiential, facial behavioral, and peripheral physiological responses during emotional responding and (b) assessed whether emotion intensity moderates these associations. Experiential, behavioral, and physiological responses were measured second-by-second during a film that induced amusement and sadness. Results indicate that experience and behavior were highly associated but that physiological responses were only modestly associated with experience and behavior. Intensity of amusement experience was associated with greater coherence between behavior and physiological responding; intensity of sadness experience was not. These findings provide new evidence about response system coherence in emotions.
There are few behavioral effects as ubiquitous as the speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT). From insects to rodents to primates, the tendency for decision speed to covary with decision accuracy seems an inescapable property of choice behavior. Recently, the SAT has received renewed interest, as neuroscience approaches begin to uncover its neural underpinnings and computational models are compelled to incorporate it as a necessary benchmark. The present work provides a comprehensive overview of SAT. First, I trace its history as a tractable behavioral phenomenon and the role it has played in shaping mathematical descriptions of the decision process. Second, I present a "users guide" of SAT methodology, including a critical review of common experimental manipulations and analysis techniques and a treatment of the typical behavioral patterns that emerge when SAT is manipulated directly. Finally, I review applications of this methodology in several domains.
Abstract Catch-and-release practices are common in recreational fisheries, yet little is known about the behavior, physiology, and ultimate fate of released fish. We used a combination of radiotelemetry (external attachment) and nonlethal blood sampling (i.e., the blood concentrations of lactate and glucose and plasma concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Na+, K+, and Cl−) to assess the relationship between the prerelease physiological status and postrelease behavior and mortality of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. The experiments were conducted at two temperatures: approximately 15°C and 21°C. Immediately after capture by standard angling techniques, largemouth bass were exposed to air for 0 to 15 min to assess the consequences of air exposure at two moderate water temperatures. Fish exposed to air for long periods (approximately 10 min or more) had significantly higher concentrations of blood glucose 30 min after air exposure and took significantly longer to regain equilibrium than fish exposed for shorter periods (approximately 3 min or less). The responses of other physiological indicators were inconsistent. Interestingly, at lower water temperatures, males had greater initial concentrations of glucose and AST than females, revealing the importance of sexual differences in the response to angling stress. The fish exposed to air for longer durations tended to exhibit behavioral impairments and remained close to the release site longer than those exposed for short periods. Despite exposure to air for lengthy periods, no postrelease mortality was observed during the 5-d monitoring period. Although the two water temperatures that we used were moderate for this species, a number of sublethal differences (e.g., physiological disturbances and behavioral impairments) were evident in the longer-air-exposure treatment group, highlighting the need to minimize air exposure during catch-and-release angling to maintain the welfare of angled fish.
This study examined the effects of emotional suppression, a form of emotion regulation defined as the conscious inhibition of emotional expressive behavior while emotionally aroused. Ss (43 men and 42 women) watched a short disgust-eliciting film while their behavioral, physiological, and subjective responses were recorded. Ss were told to watch the film (no suppression condition) or to watch the film while behaving "in such a way that a person watching you would not know you were feeling anything" (suppression condition). Suppression reduced expressive behavior and produced a mixed physiological state characterized by decreased somatic activity and decreased heart rate, along with increased blinking and indications of increased sympathetic nervous system activity (in other cardiovascular measures and in electrodermal responding). Suppression had no impact on the subjective experience of emotion. There were no sex differences in the effects of suppression.
Literature concerned with the appearance of smolts (silvery color, streamlined body form), their physiology (salinity relationships, endocrinology), and their behavior (territorial and schooling) is discussed in relation to key steps that may have been taken in the evolution of the parr–smolt transformation and seagoing behavior. In this discussion, it is assumed that Salmonidae evolved in fresh water, that the genus Oncorhynchus originated in a large area of brackish water such as the Sea of Japan, and that schooling oncorhynchids (for example O. gorbuscha and O. keta) are the most specialized of the seagoing salmonids while species of char (Salvelinus) and trout (Salmo) are more primitive.
Although many persons with obesity can lose weight by lifestyle (diet and physical activity) therapy, successful long-term weight loss is difficult to achieve, and most people who lose weight regain their lost weight over time. The neurohormonal, physiological, and behavioral factors that promote weight recidivism are unclear and complex. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases convened a workshop in June 2019, titled "The Physiology of the Weight-Reduced State," to explore the mechanisms and integrative physiology of adaptations in appetite, energy expenditure, and thermogenesis that occur in the weight-reduced state and that may oppose weight-loss maintenance. The proceedings from the first session of this workshop are presented here. Drs. Michael Rosenbaum, Kevin Hall, and Rudolph Leibel discussed the physiological factors that contribute to weight regain; Dr. Michael Lowe discussed the biobehavioral issues involved in weight-loss maintenance; Dr. John Jakicic discussed the influence of physical activity on long-term weight-loss maintenance; and Dr. Louis Aronne discussed the ability of drug therapy to maintain weight loss.
Abstract Induced triploidy is widely accepted as the most effective method for producing sterile fish for aquaculture and fisheries management. Artificially produced triploids generally differ from conspecific diploids in three fundamental ways: they are more heterozygous, they have larger but fewer cells in most tissues and organs, and their gonadal development is disrupted to some extent. Despite these basic biological differences, triploids are similar in most respects to diploids when examined at the whole animal level. The only clear differences relate to the effects of impaired gametogenesis on the reproductive physiology and behavior of triploids, especially in females. Other apparent differences include reduced aggressiveness, occasional specific morphological abnormalities, and inferior performance when reared under suboptimal conditions. The causes of these latter two problems are poorly understood but must be addressed if triploids are to be used more extensively. Keywords: triploidysterilitycell sizecell number.
Longitudinal study of 2 cohorts of children selected in the second or third year of life to be extremely cautious and shy (inhibited) or fearless and outgoing (uninhibited) to unfamiliar events revealed preservation of these 2 behavioral qualities through the sixth year of life. Additionally, more of the inhibited children showed signs of activation in 1 or more of the physiological circuits that usually respond to novelty and challenge, namely, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the reticular activating system, and the sympathetic arm of the autonomic nervous system. It is suggested that the threshold of responsivity in limbic and hypothalamic structures to unfamiliarity and challenge is tonically lower for inhibited than for uninhibited children.
A review of literature on Perca fluviatilis and P. flavescens indicated one difference (in the position of the predorsal bone) sufficient to maintain their separateness as species. Otherwise they are overwhelmingly equivalent biologically. Their distributions are limited by the same effects of temperature, current speed, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. They are similar in gonadal development and age at first maturity; in the effects of water temperature and latitude on spawning time, and of environmental fertility on fecundity; in spawning behavior, fecundity, and the course of larval development. Growth capacities are similar and their expression subject to population density and temperature in the same way. Both species are adapted to a diet of small live animals, but will take whatever is available; cannibalism is characteristic, and may begin at the same early feeding stage. The two species show similarities in diurnal periodicity of feeding and in total food consumption. They also have the same pattern of development of light responses, of schooling, of activity and of daily and seasonal migrations. Within the fish community they fulfill the same role as converters of invertebrate foods into a form suitable for consumption by terminal fish predators, especially Stizostedion spp., influencing the population dynamics of their predators in similar ways. Key words: Percidae, morphology, physiology, ecology, Perca, life history, growth, reproduction, yellow perch, Eurasian perch
Abstract What are emotions? What are feelings? How can they be both central events of our experience as human beings and ephemera that seem to occur unbidden by the mind and beyond our control? Do feelings prompt behavior, or is a feeling merely the shadow of an action? Why is the expectation of pain often worse than the pain itself? Philosophers have searched for answers to such questions over centuries of thought and study. All of us wonder why emotion is sometimes so destructive, and so often the focus of mental disorder. Is a wholly rational consciousness the true ideal? Are emotions of any use?
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Abstract A growing body of evidence from across taxa suggests that exposure to elevated levels of glucocorticoids during early development can have long-term effects upon physiological and behavioral phenotypes. Additionally, there is some, though limited, evidence that similar early exposure can also negatively impact cognitive ability. Following pioneering mammalian studies, several avian studies have revealed that the responsiveness of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as an adult can be explained by levels of corticosterone, the avian glucocorticoid, the individual experienced as a nestling or even as an embryo via yolk exposure. Studies also suggest that perinatal exposure to corticosterone can have effects upon avian ‘personalities’ or coping styles, and findings from mammalian studies suggest that these long-term effects are mediated epigenetically via altered expression of relevant DNA sequences. Although a consistent pattern across-species has yet to emerge, recent work in Florida scrub-jays Aphelocoma coerulescens found that baseline corticosterone levels in 11-day-old nestlings explained 84% of the variation in ‘personality’ (bold vs. timid) when those individuals were tested approximately seven months later. Nestlings with elevated corticosterone levels were more timid than those individuals that as nestlings experienced relatively low corticosterone levels. Some researchers have suggested that parents might use such mechanisms to ‘program’ their offsprings’ phenotype to best fit prevailing environmental conditions. This review will visit what is known about the links between stressful developmental conditions that result in exposure to elevated corticosterone and the short- and long-term effects of this steroid hormone upon central nervous system function and whether alterations thereof are beneficial, deleterious, or neutral. It will concentrate on examples from birds, although critical supporting studies from the mammalian literature will be included as appropriate.
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Secretions of male accessory glands contain a variety of bioactive molecules. When transferred during mating, these molecules exert wide-ranging effects on female reproductive activity and they improve the male's chances of siring a significant proportion of the female's offspring. The accessory gland secretions may affect virtually all aspects of the female's reproductive activity. The secretions may render her unwilling or unable to remate for some time, facilitating sperm storage and ensuring that any eggs laid will be fertilized by that male's sperm. They may stimulate an increase in the number and rate of development of eggs and modulate ovulation and/or oviposition. Antimicrobial agents in the secretions ensure that the female reproductive tract is a hospitable environment during sperm transfer. In a few species the secretions include noxious chemicals. These are sequestered by developing eggs that are thereby protected from predators and pathogens when laid.
As important aquaculture species worldwide, shrimps and crabs are thermophilic animals with a feeble thermoregulation ability. Changes in environmental factors are the main reason for the decrease in the immunity and disease resistance ability of cultured organisms. Water temperature is one of the most common abiotic stress factors for aquatic ectotherms. It influences nearly all biochemical and physiological processes in crustaceans, resulting in an imbalance in ion and water homeostasis, neuromuscular function loss, cellular dehydration, and altered metabolic pathways. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on the effects of low temperature on the physiological response, and the behavior, development, and growth of shrimp and crab. We suggest a deeper research to understand the physiological processes involved in thermoregulation; this knowledge could be used to reduce the adverse effects in the shrimps and crabs during the culture.