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The global shortage of nursing and other health care professionals threatens the stability of health care systems. Generation Z (Gen Z), born between 1995 and 2010, represents a critical cohort for the future of the health care workforce. Educational institutions are adapting teaching strategies to address the learning preferences and expectations of this generation to teach effectively and prevent attrition. While some evidence exists regarding Gen Z nursing students, there is limited data on students in specialized health care fields, such as pediatric nursing, midwifery, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, radiology assistance, and paramedicine. Because students in these programs often focus on vulnerable patient populations and must navigate technologically complex environments, the development of targeted teaching methods should be informed by data from these cohorts. This scoping review aims to map the existing literature on the learning preferences of Gen Z students in selected health care disciplines. This review follows the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. The search strategy comprises 3 stages: a preliminary search in the PubMed database, a comprehensive search across multiple databases, and a reference list screening. Studies focused on Gen Z university students enrolled in pediatric nursing, midwifery, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, radiology assistance, and paramedicine programs were included. Studies that include other generations or disciplines such as medicine or general nursing were excluded. Data extraction and analysis follow the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, and both qualitative and quantitative findings will be synthesized narratively and descriptively. A broad research team provides multidisciplinary expertise, enabling a team approach and conflict resolution during the review process. The search was conducted on December 18, 2024, in Scopus, CINAHL, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, and Academic Search Ultimate databases. The study was funded in December 2024. Screening of 590 unique records identified 2 (0.3%) eligible studies. The search was extended, and the Open Science Framework registration was updated. Searches in Embase and Emcare databases (July 2025) yielded 51 records. Following duplicate removal, 38 (74.5%) records underwent title and abstract screening. At the time of reporting, the research team will review the full texts and reference lists of 8 (21.1%) studies, to be followed by data extraction and analysis. Results are expected to be published by the end of July 2026. This review is expected to generate an evidence-informed overview of the learning preferences of Gen Z students across the selected health care disciplines. By identifying gaps and opportunities, the review aims to guide future research, curriculum design, and policy initiatives that strengthen the preparedness and retention of the upcoming health care workforce via tailored educational approaches. OSF Registries 10.17605/OSF.IO/UMD7X; https://osf.io/umd7x/overview. DERR1-10.2196/88232.
Pediatric brain tumors are rare and still represent the most common solid tumors in children and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the pediatric population. Compared to adult brain tumors, they exhibit distinct biology, anatomy, and clinical behavior, posing unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Artificial intelligence (AI) methods have the potential to improve diagnosis, disease monitoring, and treatment response assessment, but progress in pediatric neuro-oncology has been hampered by the lack of large, standardized, and publicly accessible datasets. We introduce the Brain Tumor Segmentation in Pediatrics (BraTS-PEDs) dataset, the first large-scale open-access benchmark data dedicated to pediatric brain tumor segmentation and analysis. The dataset comprises multiparametric MRI scans from 457 pediatric patients with high-grade gliomas, collected across multiple institutions and international consortia. Each case includes pre- and post-contrast T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and T2-FLAIR MRI sequences. Tumor subregions were annotated following the Response Assessment in Pediatric Neuro-Oncology (RAPNO) recommendations through a semi-automated process combining pediatric-specific auto-segmentation and expert manual refinement by neuroradiologists. The dataset is partitioned into training (n = 257), validation (n = 91), and hidden testing (n = 109) subsets to support reproducible benchmarking. BraTS-PEDs is the first large-scale, standardized resource for developing and evaluating AI algorithms in pediatric neuro-oncology. It provides a foundation for reproducible method comparison, model generalization across institutions, and future integration of imaging with molecular and clinical data for precision medicine applications.
Children and adolescents with pharmacoresistant epilepsy (PRE) show marked individual cognitive and emotional variability not fully accounted for by demographic or clinical variables. This exploratory pilot study characterizes neuroanatomical abnormalities and their relationships with neuropsychological functioning in a pediatric patient cohort with PRE due to type II focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). Retrospective data were obtained from patients with histopathologically confirmed FCD II who completed presurgical evaluations including high-resolution 3T MRI and neuropsychological assessment. Voxel-based morphometric MRI postprocessing using the Morphometric Analysis Program (MAP18) provided age-adjusted quantitative characterizations of within-lesion MRI features [Junction (gray-white matter junction blurring), Extension (abnormal gyration), and Thickness (cortical thickening in the regional lesion)]. Associations between MRI feature z-scores and cognitive domain composite scores were evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficients and multivariable linear and logistic regression models, controlling for seizure side and site. Lesion ROI volumes were also analyzed to evaluate their associations with MRI feature z-scores and neuropsychological function. We included 24 patients [mean age = 13.8; 58% male] with FCD IIa (n = 8; 33%) or FCD IIb (n = 16; 67%). Patients with FCD IIb had higher mean and maximum Junction z-scores compared to those with FCD IIa (Cohen's d = 1.00 and 1.07). Mean and maximum Thickness z-scores were negatively associated with attention (r = -0.32; r = -0.47) and general cognitive ability (GCA; r = -0.46; r = -0.41). Mean Thickness z-scores were also negatively associated with visuospatial skills (r = -0.34). In regression models, higher mean and maximum Thickness were associated with poorer GCA scores (estimate (se): -14.98 (6.88), p = 0.042; -5.76 (2.41), p = 0.027, respectively), and higher maximum Thickness was associated with worse attention scores (estimate (se): -6.02 (2.60), p = 0.032). Lesion volumes were not associated with MRI feature z-scores, cognition, self-reported mood or anxiety. Our findings showed that lesional neuroanatomical abnormalities, particularly increased cortical thickness, were associated with poorer cognitive performance in pediatric patients with FCD II. Future research in larger, more diverse samples is needed to identify other factors contributing to neuropsychological variability in this population. We studied 24 pediatric patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy (PRE) and a confirmed diagnosis of focal cortical dysplasia type II (FCD II) to examine how MRI findings relate to thinking abilities. Patients with FCD IIb showed more pronounced MRI abnormalities than FCD IIa. Greater cortical thickening within the lesion was associated with difficulties in overall cognitive ability, attention, and visuospatial skills. After adjusting for seizure side and site, the relationships between cortical thickness and reduced overall cognitive ability and attention performance remained significant. Findings suggest that specific MRI features may serve as imaging markers of cognition in pediatric patients with FCD II.
Demyelinating diseases constitute the most frequent cause of non-traumatic neurological disability in the pediatric population. Conventional MRI, while sensitive to focal white matter injury, lacks specificity to discern between edema, demyelination and axonal loss. This study aimed to employ advanced MRI biomarkers-specifically macromolecular tissue volume (MTV) and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI)-derived metrics-to assess myelin integrity (myelin volume fraction, MVF), axonal density (neurite density index, NDI), and the g-ratio in pediatric patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). Thirty-nine pediatric patients (MS, n = 15; NMOSD, n = 6; MOGAD, n = 11), including 7 age-matched heathy controls, underwent 3 Tesla MRI as part of a cross-sectional study. Multi-echo gradient echo and multi-shell diffusion sequences were acquired to compute MTV and NODDI metrics. Lesional and normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) were segmented, and imaging metrics (MVF, NDI, and g-ratio) were compared across groups. Correlations between imaging biomarkers and clinical measures were also examined. MS demonstrated significantly higher lesional g-ratio than MOGAD (p = 0.02) and NMOSD (p = 0.02) and lower MVF than NMOSD (p = 0.006), indicating greater relative myelin loss. NAWM partitioning identified higher deep-NAWM ODI in MS patients than controls (p = 0.04). Within the MS cohort, 25ftW was associated with g-ratio, MVF, and NDI measures for both whole-brain and deep NAWM. Advanced MRI biomarkers provide a more nuanced characterization of microstructural alterations in pediatric demyelinating diseases. The distinct imaging profiles-highlighting greater demyelination in MS versus MOGAD and NMOSD-support the utility of these metrics for targeted clinical management and therapeutic stratification. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to further validate their role in monitoring disease progression and treatment response.
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm of intermediate biological potential, characterized by spindle cell proliferation and significant inflammatory component. This study aimed to determine the clinicopathologic characteristics, the clinical outcomes of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor cases in the low-volume pediatric surgery service in a developing country. The study included data from all IMTcases diagnosed and operated from 2010 to 2024 at the Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo. Three pediatric patients (two females, one male) diagnosed with IMT were analyzed for demographic, clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and outcome parameters. All tumors were located in the abdominal or abdominopelvic region, with a median patient age of 4 years. Clinical manifestations included non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms (n=2) and systemic signs such as fever (n=2), weight loss and weakness (n=1). Complete surgical resection was conducted in all patients, and all experienced complete remission without recurrence. Histopathological analysis revealed consistent presence of spindle cells within a prominent inflammatory milieu, rich in plasma cells and lymphocytes. Immunohistochemically, all tumors were positive for vimentin, ALK, and SMA, while ALK-FISH analysis (performed in one case) was negative. No significant nuclear atypia or mitotic activity was observed. Our study showed the constant of its heterogeneous morphology, and significance of IMTs immunophenotype, particularly in older children, where the inflammatory component is more pronounced. ALK gene alterations are commonly associated with IMT, as well as with other types of pediatric neoplasms, however, favorable outcomes in our cohort study, raise question regarding further need to clarify the prognostic significance of molecular findings and their potential therapeutic implications.
Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the second most common pediatric malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in children. Although advances in therapy have improved survival, survivors experience neurocognitive decline related to tumor location, surgery, and radiation. Understanding how white matter integrity-assessed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-relates to neurocognitive outcomes is essential for developing treatment-sparing strategies that preserve long-term function. This retrospective study included 171 neurocognitive assessments and at least 2 time-matched DTI scans from 68 pediatric brain tumor patients. Healthy controls (n = 80) were drawn from the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics repository. Axial diffusivity (λ‖), radial diffusivity (λ⊥), mean diffusivity (MD), and fractional anisotropy (FA) were quantified across 168 neuroanatomical substructures. Temporal changes in DTI were modelled using linear fits, and associations with Wechsler Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ), Working Memory Index (WMI), and Processing Speed Index (PSI) were analyzed using Pearson's correlation. Longitudinal assessment revealed median annual declines in IQ and WMI. Changes in white matter diffusivity significantly correlated with neurocognitive outcomes, particularly within the cerebellum, cerebellar and cerebral peduncles, thalamus, and corpus callosum. Increases in λ‖ and MD were associated with declines in IQ, WMI, and PSI, while increases in FA correlated with improved WMI. Loss of white matter integrity was associated with neurocognitive decline in pediatric brain tumor survivors. These findings support the development of interventions aimed at preserving brain function and long-term quality of life by monitoring and mitigating factors associated with neurocognitive change.
Measuring differential renal function (DRF) is critical for managing children with congenital and acquired urological diseases. MAG-3 renal scintigraphy is the most widely used clinical technique; dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) provides a radiation-free and high-resolution alternative method for assessing DRF. To evaluate the agreement between DRF values derived from DCE-MRI and MAG-3 scintigraphy-derived DRF in pediatric patients. This retrospective study included 23 pediatric patients (age range, 3 months-20 years; mean±SD, 8.3±7.4 years) who underwent DCE-MRI embedded in MR urography (MRU) protocol and MAG-3 studies within 6 months. DCE-MRI was performed using a golden-angle radial dynamic stack-of-stars acquisition with golden-angle sparse parallel (GRASP) reconstruction, and analyzed the renal filtration rate with a two-compartment tracer kinetic model. DRF values from DCE-MRI were compared with those from MAG-3, using both default (n=23) and C-shaped background regions for MAG-3 analysis, where raw data were available (n=16). Agreement was evaluated using Bland-Altman analysis, Pearson and concordance correlations, and paired statistical tests. With default MAG-3 background analysis (n=23), mean DRF difference (MAG-3 minus DCE-MRI) was 0.4% (95% CI, -3.3% to 4.2%), with 95% limits of agreement of -16.7% to +17.5%. Concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) was 0.870 (95% CI, 0.718-0.942). Within the pre-defined clinically acceptable margin of ±10%, 78.3% (18/23) of cases fell, with a mean absolute difference of 6.1%. With C-shaped background subtraction in the subset with available raw MAG-3 data (n=16), mean difference was -2.3% (95% CI, -6.7% to 2.0%), limits of agreement -18.3% to +13.6%, and CCC 0.845 (95% CI, 0.614-0.943). Pearson correlation was strong in both analyses (n=23: r=0.872, 95% CI, 0.719-0.945; n=16: r=0.866, 95% CI, 0.648-0.953; both P<0.001). No clinically significant systematic or proportional bias was detected in either analysis. DCE-MRI demonstrates strong linear association and concordance with MAG-3 scintigraphy for pediatric differential renal function assessment with no clinically significant systematic bias, though the observed measurement variability indicates caution is warranted when comparing values near surgical decision thresholds. C-shaped background correction is recommended for MAG-3 in hydronephrotic kidneys to optimize inter-modality agreement.
Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare pediatric thoracic malignancy that typically presents with nonspecific respiratory symptoms and only exceptionally with spontaneous hemothorax. We report 3 pediatric cases in which PPB initially manifested as severe spontaneous hemothorax: a 2-year-old boy presenting in hemorrhagic shock with right-sided hemothorax (PPB type III), a 3-year-old boy with nontraumatic left hemothorax (PPB type II), and a 3-year-old girl initially suspected of having a vascular malformation who was ultimately diagnosed with PPB type II. In all cases, prompt recognition and a coordinated multidisciplinary approach involving emergency management, surgery, oncology, and intensive care enabled effective treatment. All patients completed therapy and are alive and in good clinical condition at the last follow-up. These cases highlight that, although uncommon, PPB should be included in the differential diagnosis of spontaneous hemothorax in pediatric patients.
Focal cerebral arteriopathy-inflammatory type (FCA-i) is a leading cause of pediatric arterial ischemic stroke, but diagnostic challenges persist, particularly in East Asian populations where moyamoya disease (MMD) prevalence is high. The focal cerebral arteriopathy severity score quantifies arteriopathy severity but has not been validated in East Asian cohorts. We aimed to validate the focal cerebral arteriopathy severity score in Korean pediatric patients with FCA-i and compare temporal progression patterns with unilateral MMD. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of children with arterial ischemic stroke presenting to Seoul National University Hospital between January 2002 and December 2024. Patients were classified according to the Childhood Arterial Ischemic Stroke Standardized Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation criteria. The focal cerebral arteriopathy severity score was applied to serial magnetic resonance angiograms at baseline, peak severity, and final follow-up. Among 216 children with arterial ischemic stroke, 132 patients (61.1%) demonstrated arteriopathy, including 49 with FCA-i (median age, 8.6 [interquartile range (IQR), 6.4-11.3] years; 55% male), 60 with MMD (median age, 5.7 [IQR, 3.1-9.2] years; 43% male), and 13 with arterial dissection (median age, 7.0 [IQR, 3.1-10.4] years; 62% male). In FCA-i patients, the severity score correlated significantly with baseline infarct burden (ρ=0.42; P=0.0069) and exhibited characteristic monophasic evolution with early peak at 2 months followed by gradual recovery reaching lowest values at 11 months. Patients with unilateral MMD demonstrated consistently higher severity scores at all timepoints compared with FCA-i (baseline: 6.0 versus 2.0; final: 8.0 versus 3.0; P<0.001) without radiographic recovery. A baseline severity score ≥8.0 predicted contralateral progression in unilateral MMD with an area under the curve of 0.962 (sensitivity, 0.83; specificity, 0.91). The focal cerebral arteriopathy severity score demonstrates validity as a dynamic biomarker for monitoring FCA-i in Korean pediatric patients, exhibiting characteristic monophasic recovery patterns that distinguish it from progressive unilateral MMD.
This letter to the editor discusses a recent multi-institutional study that developed a noninvasive deep learning-based radiomics score derived from preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to predict event-free survival in pediatric hepatoblastoma. The original study by Yang and Li published in World Journal of Radiology, leveraged convolutional neural networks to extract high-dimensional features from T1 and T2 sequences, the researchers developed an integrated nomogram that combines these imaging signatures with traditional markers like alpha-fetoprotein and the pretreatment extension of disease stage. This model significantly outperforms standard clinical predictors, offering preliminary evidence for an MRI-based approach to preoperative risk stratification that warrants further large-scale validation.
IntroductionLeukemia is one of the most prevalent cancers in children. The use of total marrow and lymphoid irradiation (TMLI) via helical tomotherapy (TOMO) as a conditioning regimen prior to bone marrow transplant (BMT) has been widely adopted in clinical practice. Accurate and efficient segmentation of target volumes and organs at risk (OARs) is a prerequisite for precise TMLI. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of deep learning-based auto-segmentation technology (using 2D U-net and 3D V-net models) for target volumes (bone marrow and lymphatic drainage regions) and organs at risk (OARs) in pediatric total marrow and lymphoid irradiation (TMLI).MethodsThis study was designed as a retrospective study. Thirty-six pediatric patients treated with TMLI between 2018 and 2024 were included. Target volumes and OARs were manually segmented and refined. The CT images and corresponding contours were imported into the AccuLearning workstation (Manteia Company, Xiamen, China) to train, validate, and test based on 2D U-net and 3D V-net deep learning models. The auto-segmentation performance was evaluated on 6 test cases using the Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC), Hausdorff Distance (HD), and Average Surface Distance (ASD).ResultsFinally, analysis revealed DSC values >0.7 for all OARs except lenses segmented by the 3D V-net model. For target volumes, bone structures achieved high segmentation accuracy.ConclusionThe 3D V-net model demonstrated superior performance compared to the 2D U-net model. Auto-segmented contours generated by the 2D U-net and 3D V-net models, with minor manual adjustments, are clinically applicable for TMLI radiotherapy planning.
Although cognitive disorders in children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) are linked to abnormalities in spontaneous neural activation and functional connectivity (FC), the specific neural activation patterns remain uncertain, especially in young children with PWS. The current study set out to explore specific local and global neural activation in pediatric PWS using the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and seed-based whole brain FC. Information was gathered from 35 pediatric PWS patients and 33 healthy controls (HC). Both groups' ALFF and ReHo values were computed, and FC were constructed on the basis of altered ALFF and ReHo regions. The relationships between altered ALFF, ReHo, and FC and the Griffiths Developmental Scales (GDS) of the PWS group were analyzed using partial correlation analysis. Both ALFF and ReHo exhibited decreases in occipital lobe, temporal lobe, and cingulate gyrus, and altered ReHo was present in parietal lobe, frontal lobe, and basal ganglia areas. Moreover, ALFF and ReHo also exhibited increases in occipital and temporal lobes. Decreased FC was detected in the visual network (VN), sensorimotor network (SMN), salience network (SAN), and default mode network (DMN). The SMN-, cingulate-, and occipital lobe-related neural activation patterns were significantly positively correlated with the GDS score. The PWS group was characterized mainly by decreased neuronal physiological function and the ReHo was similar to ALFF but more extensive. The decreased local and global brain neural activation patterns may serve as early physiological indicators of cognitive abnormalities.
The primary aim is to identify pancreatic parenchymal imaging markers of fibrosis in children with chronic pancreatitis (CP). Secondary aims include describing the pattern of histopathologic fibrosis in different pancreatic regions and examining the impact of fibrosis on exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) and baseline glycemic status. Single center cross-sectional study that included children aged 0-21 years who underwent total pancreatectomy islet auto-transplantation (TPIAT) prior to December 2022. Those with prior pancreatic surgeries, missing imaging, or missing histology were excluded. Ninety-five patients (56% female, median age 13.3 y) were included. Multiple parenchymal imaging variables were significantly associated with histologic pancreatic fibrosis. A 5 mL decrease in segmented pancreas volume (odds ratio (OR)=1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-1.4, P<0.05) and 0.1 unit decrease in T1 signal intensity ratio (SIR) pancreas/spleen (P/s) (OR=1.7, 95% CI: 1.2-2.2, P<0.05) had increased fibrosis odds. A multivariable model with pancreas volume and T1 SIRp/s predicted severe fibrosis with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.8 (95% CI:0.7-0.9). Histologic fibrosis scores showed substantial agreement between pancreatic sampling locations (kappa=0.7, 95% CI: 0.6-0.9). EPI by fecal elastase (FE-1) was associated with increased odds of severe fibrosis (OR=11.7, 95% CI: 2.5-54.1, P<0.05) and higher Ammann scores were seen in participants with prediabetes and diabetes (9.0, interquartile range (IQR): 8.0-12.0, P=0.08). The pancreatic parenchyma provides insights into pediatric CP through fibrosis assessment, which correlates with pancreatic function. A predictive model using pancreas volume and T1 SIR shows promise for forecasting pancreatic parenchymal fibrosis in children with CP.
Rasmussen syndrome (RS) is a rare, immune-mediated, progressive epileptic encephalopathy. A comprehensive understanding of its heterogeneous clinical course, along with the identification of prognostic and early determinants, is crucial for timely intervention. To this end, we retrospectively analyzed 21 pediatric RS patients (2014-2024). Collected data encompassed epidemiology, clinical course, cognition, neuroimaging, immunology, histopathology, and treatment. Primary outcomes included the time from onset to the appearance of different clinical symptoms and cerebral atrophy. Cognitive decline was assessed through longitudinal Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) measurements. Mean age at onset was 7.3 years; 52.4% were < 8 years. All patients presented with epilepsy as their initial manifestation and age at onset correlated with time to cognitive decline (r = 0.578, p = 0.049), motor symptoms (r = 0.568, p = 0.034) and epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) (r = 0.765, p = 0.004), identifying an age of 8 years as a cut-off to predict a different disease course. EPC occurred in 57.1% (median: 6.5 months) and its early onset was associated with a precocious appearance of motor deficit (r = 0.863, p < 0.001) and cerebral atrophy (r = 0.753, p = 0.007). The severity of cognitive decline was not related to age at disease onset, rapidity of development of cognitive impairment or baseline cognitive status. Four patients displayed atypical, slow-progressing forms with minimal deficits. Immunotherapy achieved partial or transient seizure control in most cases; rituximab was effective in 50%, particularly when started 2-5 years post-onset. Hemispherectomy yielded seizure freedom in 69.2%, with better postoperative FSIQ linked to higher preoperative FSIQ (r = 0.640, p = 0.025) and younger surgical age (r = -0.621, p = 0.003). Age at onset is a key prognostic factor in RS. The development of epilepsy and EPC, cognitive and motor impairment show a strong temporal association. The degree of cognitive decline does not parallel other clinical markers. Post-surgical cognitive outcomes are better in patients operated at a younger age and with greater cognitive preservation. We propose a clinical framework integrating immunotherapy selection and surgical planning to optimize outcomes and guide patient counseling.
Endocrine disorders in pediatric patients often involve a variety of imaging modalities as part of a diagnostic workup or disease surveillance. This pictorial essay and review of the literature highlights adrenal and reproductive system imaging findings related to endocrine-related diseases. This review includes descriptions of normal adrenal gland anatomy and imaging characteristics, as well as the clinical presentations and diagnostic imaging of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and of benign and malignant adrenal masses. Additionally, normal reproductive tract development and puberty will be covered, followed by an overview of Müllerian anomalies, 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Differential diagnostic considerations, appropriate imaging protocols, and clinical management strategies will be discussed.
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We report a case of ischio-pubic ramus synchondrosis in an 11-year-old elite athlete initially misinterpreted as a tumor on MRI. We aim with this case to highlight the role of the advanced technique Virtual Non-Calcium imaging in photon-counting CT as a new low-dose imaging modality with straightforward interpretation, even for junior radiologists.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a common malignant tumor in children, accounting for approximately 7% of all childhood malignancies, with a higher incidence rate among adolescents. After standardized treatment, the overall survival rate exceeds 80%. Lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL), mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (mB-NHL), and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) account for 90% of pediatric and adolescent NHL cases. The Lymphoma Group of the Oncology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association has organized multidisciplinary experts from pediatric oncology, pediatrics, internal medicine, pathology, and radiology. Based on domestic and international evidence-based evidence and extensive clinical experience, this consensus has been developed focusing on NHL common in children and adolescents (including LBL, mB-NHL, and ALCL), covering clinical manifestations, auxiliary examinations, pathological diagnosis, clinical staging, and treatment. It aims to provide evidence-based guidance for standardized clinical practice and further improve patient survival rates. 非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）是常见的儿童恶性肿瘤，约占所有儿童恶性肿瘤的7%，在青少年中发病率更高。经过规范治疗，总生存率超过80%。淋巴母细胞性淋巴瘤（LBL）、成熟B细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤（mB-NHL）和间变性大细胞淋巴瘤（ALCL）占儿童和青少年NHL的90%。中华医学会肿瘤学分会淋巴瘤学组组织儿童肿瘤科、儿科、内科、病理科、影像科等多学科专家，依据国内外循证证据及临床经验广泛征集意见，针对儿童和青少年好发的非霍奇金淋巴瘤（包括LBL、mB-NHL和ALCL），在临床表现、辅助检查、病理诊断、临床分期和治疗方面凝练共识意见，以期为临床规范化治疗提供循证依据，进一步提高患者的生存率。.
To investigate the clinical utility of computed tomography (CT) in the quantitative evaluation of pediatric tracheal morphology in the context of pulmonary artery sling surgery. A retrospective analysis was performed on 17 pediatric cases diagnosed with pulmonary artery sling at Fujian Children's Hospital between April 2021 and May 2025. CT imaging data were reconstructed and quantitatively analyzed to objectively evaluate tracheal morphological changes pre- and post-operatively. Both ultrasound and CT can accurately detect pulmonary artery slings. Among the various noninvasive methods available for assessing tracheal morphology and obtaining quantitative measurements, we rely more heavily on CT. In this study, 12 of the 17 pediatric patients underwent postoperative CT follow-up. Quantitative CT assessment of the trachea in these 12 patients before and after surgery demonstrated improvement in tracheal narrowing postoperatively compared with preoperative status, as measured by both diameter and cross-sectional area. Postoperative narrow-to-wide ratios increased, and tracheal carina angles decreased. The diameter-based NWR increased from 0.41 ± 0.17 to 0.73 ± 0.12; the area-based NWR increased from 0.22  ±  0.19 to 0.52 ± 0.13; and the tracheal carina angle decreased from 120.32° ± 10.58°to 77.11° ± 10.60°. All observed differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001). CT imaging serves as a comprehensive diagnostic tool, enabling the identification of pulmonary artery slings as well as the detection of associated cardiovascular anomalies and tracheal abnormalities, thereby facilitating preoperative surgical planning. Furthermore, quantitative CT analysis of tracheal morphology both pre- and post-surgery provides a more precise and objective evaluation of tracheal changes.