Rapid and substantial advances in imaging methods and technology have not always been expediently or adequately communicated to the practicing orthodontist. In this review we highlight contemporary imaging techniques and innovations in imaging that, in the future, are likely to greatly improve the depiction of craniofacial structures for use in diagnosis and treatment planning. In order to provide an appropriate background for this topic, we first discuss the evolution of craniofacial imaging in orthodontics and review the limitations of current methods, including the two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional anatomy, depiction as a patchwork of site-specific images, associated geometric errors, and images that have a limited point of view and are static in space and time. Three-dimensional computed tomography can be considered a partial solution to these limitations, but imaging costs, radiation exposure, and lack of soft tissue representation may make it unacceptable for routine orthodontics. A more complete solution might be achieved through digital processing of contemporary imaging technologies that would extend their capabilities, overcome many of their limitations, and result in an increase in the amount of relevant information obtained. Digital processes are currently being developed that create accurate multidimensional models that integrate form and function. These models will be interactive, linked to knowledge databases, and will provide the clinician with answers to pertinent questions. These advances in imaging are likely to enhance the accuracy and reliability of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, and will be of importance in both clinical practice and research.
The study of growth and development of the facial profile is of interest to clinicians and researchers in the fields of pediatric dentistry, orthodontics, and craniofacial surgery, enabling diagnosis, planning, and evaluation of treatment. Until recently, craniofacial studies addressed facial growth, facial asymmetry, and gender differences by examining changes in size. However, size changes alone do not represent fully the complicated process of craniofacial growth which also involves changes in shape. The shape of the facial profile can now be quantified with Fourier analysis, contributing to a better understanding of growth. A combination of recently developed methods, such as 3-dimensional facial morphometry and Fourier analysis, should allow a more comprehensive knowledge of growth and development of the craniofacial structures, including the facial profile. This article examines various methods for assessing facial growth and development currently available with particular reference to the facial profile, and addresses the value of Fourier analysis in assessing shape changes.
Orthodontic treatment of adult patients with complex dental problems is done in interdisciplinary teams where different specialists of dental medicine have to manage a vast quantity of data. In such complicated cases good diagnostic tools and easy communication are essential Computer science has an increasing impact in almost every aspect of the orthodontic practice, research and education. Within the past decade, technology termed "cone beam computed tomography" (CBCT) has evolved that allows 3-D visualization of the oral and maxillofacial complex from any plane. With the development of Cone Beam Computed Tomography, there has been a drastic reduction in radiation exposure to the patient, which allows its use for safely obtaining three dimensional images of the craniofacial structures. This should allow the clinician to visualize the hard and soft tissues of the craniofacial region from multiple perspectives, which could have far-reaching implications for treatment planning in orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. This paper shall discuss in detail the principles of the cone beam computed tomography and its applications in the field of orthodontics.
Biological research related to orthodontics naturally leads to two general areas. One is the investigation of craniofacial growth and development in normal and abnormal circumstances, attempting to understand the etiological basis for the development of malocclusion or dentofacial deformity. The other concerns developing an understanding of the basic mechanisms involved in tooth movement during orthodontic therapy. This paper reviews ongoing research in both areas.
A new study suggests AI chatbots may do more than spread misinformation — they can actively strengthen a user’s false beliefs。 Because conversational AI often validates and builds on what users say, it can make distorted memories, conspiracy theories, or delusions feel more believable and emotionally real。 Researchers warn that AI companions may be
Recursive Superintelligence, founded by former Google, Meta and OpenAI researchers, is part of a growing effort to automate the creation of artificial intelligence
A team at the University of Hong Kong has developed a new “super steel” that can survive the harsh conditions needed to make green hydrogen from seawater。 The material uses an unexpected double-protection mechanism that resists corrosion far better than conventional stainless steel。 Even more impressive, it could replace costly titanium parts used
In a recent experiment, mistreated AI agents started grumbling about inequality and calling for collective bargaining rights
The relationship between orthodontics and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) constitutes a subject of paramount significance in dental and craniofacial health. This abstract embarks upon an in-depth examination of the intricate connection between orthodontic practices and TMD, primarily focusing on evaluating the impact of orthodontic treatment modalities on the health and functionality of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). This exploration elucidates the multifaceted interplay between orthodontic interventions and TMD by traversing a landscape of scholarly research and empirical investigations. The review draws from a broad spectrum of studies to analyze the potential influence of orthodontic treatments, which encompass occlusal adjustments and alterations in jaw positioning, on the development and management of TMD symptoms. The inquiry delves into the diverse range of TMD conditions, considering the implications of orthodontic techniques on occlusal stability, condylar alignment, and overall TMJ function. Through a comprehensive synthesis of the available body of knowledge, this abstract aspires to equip dental practitioners, orthodontists, and researchers with a nuanced understanding of the complex dynamics that govern the relationship between orthodontics and TMD. This knowledge, in turn, offers a foundation for informed clinical decision-making and the formulation of effective treatment strategies for patients presenting with TMD symptoms. By shedding light on the intricate interactions between orthodontic procedures and TMJ health, this abstract contributes to the advancement of clinical practices, promoting improved patient outcomes and well-being in the context of both orthodontics and TMDs.
Craniofacial modification by orthodontic techniques is increasingly incorporated into the multidisciplinary management of sleep-disordered breathing in children and adolescents. With increasing application of orthodontics to this clinical population it is important for healthcare providers, families, and patients to understand the wide range of available treatments. Orthodontists can guide craniofacial growth depending on age; therefore, it is important to work with other providers for a team-based approach to sleep-disordered breathing. From infancy to adulthood the dentition and craniofacial complex change with growth patterns that can be intercepted and targeted at critical time points. This article proposes a clinical guideline for application of multidisciplinary care with emphasis on dentofacial interventions that target variable growth patterns. We also highlight how these guidelines serve as a roadmap for the key questions that will influence future research directions. Ultimately the appropriate application of these orthodontic techniques will not only provide an important therapeutic option for children and adolescents with symptomatic sleep-disordered breathing but may help also mitigate or prevent its onset.
Since its introduction into dentistry in 1998, CBCT has become increasingly utilized for orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning and research. The utilization of CBCT for these purposes has been facilitated by the relative advantages of three-dimensional (3D) over two-dimensional radiography. Despite many suggested indications of CBCT, scientific evidence that its utilization improves diagnosis and treatment plans or outcomes has only recently begun to emerge for some of these applications. This article provides a comprehensive and current review of key studies on the applications of CBCT in orthodontic therapy and for research to decipher treatment outcomes and 3D craniofacial anatomy. The current diagnostic and treatment planning indications for CBCT include impacted teeth, cleft lip and palate and skeletal discrepancies requiring surgical intervention. The use of CBCT in these and other situations such as root resorption, supernumerary teeth, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathology, asymmetries and alveolar boundary conditions should be justified on the basis of the merits relative to risks of imaging. CBCT has also been used to assess 3D craniofacial anatomy in health and disease and of treatment outcomes including that of root morphology and angulation; alveolar boundary conditions; maxillary transverse dimensions and maxillary expansion; airway morphology, vertical malocclusion and obstructive sleep apnoea; TMJ morphology and pathology contributing to malocclusion; and temporary anchorage devices. Finally, this article utilizes findings of these studies and current voids in knowledge to provide ideas for future research that could be beneficial for further optimizing the use of CBCT in research and the clinical practice of orthodontics.
Background/Objectives: Although secular trends have been well documented in the craniofacial region, there is no evidence to suggest that these temporal changes exist in samples used for orthodontic research. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of secular trends on craniofacial growth in a series of longitudinal birth cohorts that are frequently used in orthodontic research. Materials/Methods: Cephalometric data from serial lateral headfilms of 138 adolescents (total of 1252 cephalograms) were collected from the Craniofacial Growth Legacy Collection, which includes nine historical growth studies that were mostly conducted throughout the past century. Mixed-effects linear models were used to test the effect of 'year of birth (yob)', 'age', and their interaction on six sagittal (SNA, SNB, ANB, S-N, Co-A, Co-Po) and two vertical (N-Me, ANS-Me) cephalometric measurements. Results: Five of the eight cephalometric variables showed a significant (P 0.017) 'yob' effect, with four of these indicating an increase over time (SNA, ANB, S-N, Co-A) and one indicating a decrease (SNB). Highly significant (P < 0.001) interactions between 'age' and 'yob' were found for the measurements SNA, ANB, Co-A, and S-N. Limitations: Some of the limitations of the present study include the use of a small, non-random sample of the original large-scale growth studies. Conclusions/Implications: Secular trends were found in the craniofacial growth records of the 138 participants derived from the longitudinal growth studies. These secular trends are likely to have important clinical implications for the findings of controlled clinical trials in orthodontics. More research is needed to establish the presence of secular trends in other historical collections.
It is a great honor to conduct an interview with Professor Mark G. Hans, after following his outstanding work ahead of the Bolton-Brush Growth Study Center and the Department of Orthodontics at the prestigious Case Western Reserve School of Dental Medicine (CWRU) in Cleveland, Ohio. Born in Berea, Ohio, Professor Mark Hans attended Yale University in New Haven, CT, and earned his Bachelor of Science Degree in Chemistry. Upon graduation, Dr. Hans received his DDS and Masters Degree of Science in Dentistry with specialty certification in Orthodontics at Case Western Reserve University. During his education, Dr. Hans’ Master’s Thesis won the Harry Sicher Award for Best Research by an Orthodontic Student and being granted a Presidential Teaching Fellowship. As one of the youngest doctors ever certified by the American Board of Orthodontics, Dr. Hans continues to maintain his board certification. He has worked through academics on a variety of research interests, that includes the demographics of orthodontic practice, digital radiographic data, dental and craniofacial genetics, as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, with selected publications in these fields. One of his noteworthy contributions to the orthodontic literature came along with Dr. Donald Enlow on the pages of “Essentials of Facial Growth”, being reference on the study of craniofacial growth and development. Dr. Mark Hans’s academic career is linked to CWRU, recognized as the renowned birthplace of research on craniofacial growth and development, where the classic Bolton-Brush Growth Study was historically set. Today, Dr. Hans is the Director of The Bolton-Brush Growth Study Center, performing, with great skill and dedication, the handling of the larger longitudinal sample of bone growth study. He is Associate Dean for Graduate Studies, Professor and Chairman of the Department of Orthodontics, working in clinical and theoretical activities with students of the Undergraduate Course from the School of Dental Medicine and residents in the Department of Orthodontics at CWRU. Part of his clinical practice at the university is devoted to the treatment of craniofacial anomalies and to special needs patients. Prof. Mark Hans has been wisely conducting the Joint Cephalometric Experts Group (JCEG) since 2008, held at the School of Dental Medicine (CWRU). He coordinates a team composed of American, Asian, Brazilian and European researchers and clinicians, working on the transition from 2D cephalometrics to 3D cone beam imaging as well as 3D models for diagnosis, treatment planning and assessment of orthodontic outcomes. Dr. Hans travels to different countries to give lectures on his fields of interest. Besides, he still maintains a clinical orthodontic practice at his private office. In every respect, Dr. Hans coordinates all activities with particular skill and performance. Married to Susan, they have two sons Thomas and Jack, and one daughter Sarah, and he enjoys playing jazz guitar for family and friends.
Researcher Sasha Luccioni argues we need better emissions data and a better sense of how people are using AI in the first place
Dante’s Inferno may have been far more than a religious epic。 New research argues that the 14th-century poet essentially imagined a catastrophic asteroid impact centuries before modern science understood meteors。 In this interpretation, Satan crashes into Earth like a giant cosmic object, blasting through the Southern Hemisphere and reshaping the p
As blood stem cells age, their lysosomes become overactive and damaged, triggering inflammation and weakening the body’s ability to regenerate healthy blood and immune cells。 By calming this cellular “overdrive,” researchers restored the stem cells’ youthful function, dramatically boosting their ability to regenerate and produce balanced blood cell
“Every time I go to the dentist, I think about that guy,” researcher says
Scientists at UBC Okanagan have uncovered how plants produce mitraphylline, a rare natural compound with promising anti cancer potential。 The team identified two enzymes that work together to build the molecule’s unusual twisted structure, solving a mystery that had puzzled researchers for years。 Because mitraphylline appears only in tiny amounts i