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The extraordinary performance of large language models (LLMs) heightens the importance of detecting whether the context is generated by an AI system. More importantly, while more and more companies and institutions release their LLMs, the origin can be hard to trace. Since LLMs are heading towards the time of AGI, similar to the origin tracing in anthropology, it is of great importance to trace the origin of LLMs. In this paper, we first raise the concern of the origin tracing of LLMs and propose an effective method to trace and detect AI-generated contexts. We introduce a novel algorithm that leverages the contrastive features between LLMs and extracts model-wise features to trace the text origins. Our proposed method works under both white-box and black-box settings therefore can be widely generalized to detect various LLMs.(e.g. can be generalized to detect GPT-3 models without the GPT-3 models). Also, our proposed method requires only limited data compared with the supervised learning methods and can be extended to trace new-coming model origins. We construct extensive experiments to examine whether we can trace the origins of given texts. We provide valuable observations based

The Hercules kinematic group is a kinematic anomaly of stars observed in the solar neighbourhood (SNd). In this series of papers, we present a comprehensive study of this structure. This paper focuses on its chemical signatures over several groups of elements. The next paper discusses its kinematical properties. While studies suggested a non-native origin of Hercules stars due to the distinct chemical and kinematic features, previous studies focussed mainly on the Fe abundances. We adopt chemical data with abundances of elements from GALAH and APOGEE to seek further chemical implications on the origin. Our analysis reveals that the low alpha population of the low angular momentum Hercules group is significantly enhanced in iron-peak (Fe, Ni, Mn) and Odd-Z (Na, Al) elements, and slightly deficient in alpha elements (O, Ca, Ti) compared to kinematically local stars. The super enhancement in iron-peak elements and deficiency in alpha elements support their origin from the outer thin bar in the inner Galaxy. Moreover, the enhancement in Na and Al indicates these stars as the youngest stars in the old sequence from the inner thick disc. Hence, the origin of these stars can be related to

High-resolution origin-destination (OD) tables are essential for a wide spectrum of transportation applications, from modeling traffic and signal timing optimization to congestion pricing and vehicle routing. However, outside a handful of data rich cities, such data is rarely available. We introduce MOVEOD, an open-source pipeline that synthesizes public data into commuter OD flows with fine-grained spatial and temporal departure times for any county in the United States. MOVEOD combines five open data sources: American Community Survey (ACS) departure time and travel time distributions, Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LODES) residence-to-workplace flows, county geometries, road network information from OpenStreetMap (OSM), and building footprints from OSM and Microsoft, into a single OD dataset. We use a constrained sampling and integer-programming method to reconcile the OD dataset with data from ACS and LODES. Our approach involves: (1) matching commuter totals per origin zone, (2) aligning workplace destinations with employment distributions, and (3) calibrating travel durations to ACS-reported commute times. This ensures the OD data accurately reflects commuting patt

We investigate phase space transport in a two-dimensional stretched caldera potential using the Origin-Fate Map (OFM) framework, complemented by Lagrangian Descriptor (LD) analysis. The caldera potential, a model for reaction dynamics with multiple exit channels, is adjusted by a stretching factor lambda that controls the directional bias of the four-saddle landscape. Several OFMs are constructed for two Poincare surfaces of section using forwards and backwards symplectic integration to assign each initial condition a channel of origin and fate. Our results reproduce the highly symmetric lambda = 1.0 patterns reported in Hillebrand et al. (Phys. Rev. E 108, 024211, 2023), and reveal, for smaller lambda, pronounced channel imbalance, figure-eight transport loops, and complex mixed-channel chaotic regions. Long-time integrations show a reduction of trapped regions with boundaries that exhibit self-similarity under deep zoom, revealing fractal-like structures. High-resolution OFMs and LD gradient maps uncover lobe dynamics and manifold structures that govern transport, showing near-perfect alignment between LD ridges and OFM boundaries.

We consider statistical methods for reduction of multivariate dimensionality that have invariance and/or commutativity properties under the affine group of transformations (origin translations plus linear combinations of coordinates along initial axes). The methods discussed here differ from traditional principal component and coordinate approaches in that they are origin-centric. Because all Cartesian coordinates of the origin are zero, it is the unique fixed point for subsequent linear transformations of point scatters. Whenever visualizations allow shifting between and/or combining of Cartesian and polar coordinate representations, as in Biplots, the location of this origin is critical. Specifically, origin-centric visualizations enhance the psychology of graphical perception by yielding scatters that can be interpreted as Dyson swarms. The key factor is typically the analyst's choice of origin via an initial "centering" translation; this choice determines whether the recovered scatter will have either no points depicted as being near the origin or else one (or more) points exactly coincident with this origin.

It is a growing direction to utilize unintended memorization in ML models to benefit real-world applications, with recent efforts like user auditing, dataset ownership inference and forgotten data measurement. Standing on the point of ML model development, we introduce a process named data origin inference, to assist ML developers in locating missed or faulty data origin in training set without maintaining strenuous metadata. We formally define the data origin and the data origin inference task in the development of the ML model (mainly neural networks). Then we propose a novel inference strategy combining embedded-space multiple instance classification and shadow training. Diverse use cases cover language, visual and structured data, with various kinds of data origin (e.g. business, county, movie, mobile user, text author). A comprehensive performance analysis of our proposed strategy contains referenced target model layers, available testing data for each origin, and in shadow training, the implementations of feature extraction as well as shadow models. Our best inference accuracy achieves 98.96% in the language use case when the target model is a transformer-based deep neural ne

I show that exoplanets can be used to test origins scenarios. Origins scenarios start with certain initial conditions, proceed via a network of chemical reactions and, if successful, result in a chemistry that is closer to a living system than the initial conditions. Exoplanet environments can be applied to test each of these three aspects of origins scenarios. I show what tests can be applied to the UV-driven cyanosulfidic scenario and how the application of some of these tests has already falsified certain versions of this scenario. Testing initial conditions has replaced certain reactants with others and has affected the overall chemical network underlying the cyanosulfidic scenario. The sequence of reactions the scenario invokes provide a predicted upper limit on the ubiquity of life in the universe that has ample room for improvement. The outcome of the experiments in different environments is part of a predicted distribution of biosignature detections that can be compared to future observed distributions.

It is argued that there are three `origins' of cosmic rays; the origin of the particles, the origin of the energy, and the site of the acceleration. The evidence for each origin is discussed and a plausible synthesis outlined for the particles of Galactic origin where the energy comes mainly (but not exclusively) from supernova explosions, the site of the acceleration is at strong collisionless shock waves, and the accelerated particles come from the interstellar and circumstellar material swept over by these shocks. If these shocks are capable (as indicated by recent observations and theoretical work) of significantly amplifying magnetic fields this picture appears capable of explaining the cosmic ray particles at all energies below the `ankle' at $3\times10^{18}\,\rm eV$. The particles above this energy are generally taken to be of extra-galactic origin and possible acceleration sites for these UHE particles are briefly discussed.

From a modern perspective cosmology is a historical science in so far that it deals with the development of the universe since its origin some 14 billion years ago. The origin itself may not be subject to scientific analysis and explanation. Nonetheless, there are theories that claim to explain the ultimate origin or "creation" of the universe. As shown by the history of cosmological thought, the very concept of "origin" is problematic and can be understood in different ways. While it is normally understood as a temporal concept, cosmic origin is not temporal by necessity. The universe can be assigned an origin even though it has no definite age. In order to clarify the question a view of earlier ideas will be helpful, these ideas coming not only from astronomy but also from philosophy and theology.

The possibility that the major part of all extrasolar hadronic cosmic rays with energies above 10 MeV/n is of extragalactic origin is discussed. Recent observational results on the galactocentric cosmic-ray density gradient and very high gamma-ray emission do not support expectations from the simplest models with a Galactic origin of cosmic rays. The hypothesis that ``flux trapping'' of extragalactical cosmic rays occurs in the Galactic confinement volume is advanced. Taking this phenomenon into account, I explicitely discuss how previous objections against an extragalactic origin of hadronic cosmic rays loose their strength. The local energy density of hadronic cosmic rays and other observational facts can be understood in a very natural way assuming an extragalactical origin. A promising scenario seems to be a Galactic origin of electrons and an extragalactic origin of hadrons.

The goal of this chapter is to review hypotheses for the origin of the Pluto system in light of observational constraints that have been considerably refined over the 85-year interval between the discovery of Pluto and its exploration by spacecraft. We focus on the giant impact hypothesis currently understood as the likeliest origin for the Pluto-Charon binary, and devote particular attention to new models of planet formation and migration in the outer solar system. We discuss the origins conundrum posed by the system's four small moons. We also elaborate on the implications of these scenarios for the dynamical environment of the early transneptunian disk, the likelihood of finding a Pluto collisional family, and the origin of other binary systems in the Kuiper belt. Finally, we highlight outstanding open issues regarding the origins of the Pluto system and suggest areas of future progress.

Random numbers are central to cryptography and various other tasks. The intrinsic probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics has allowed us to construct a large number of quantum random number generators (QRNGs) that are distinct from the traditional true number generators. This article provides a review of the existing QRNGs with a focus on their various possible features (e.g., device independence, semi-device independence) that are not achievable in the classical world. It also discusses the origin, applicability, and other facets of randomness. Specifically, the origin of randomness is explored from the perspective of a set of hierarchical axioms for quantum mechanics, implying that succeeding axioms can be regarded as a superstructure constructed on top of a structure built by the preceding axioms. The axioms considered are: (Q1) incompatibility and uncertainty; (Q2) contextuality; (Q3) entanglement; (Q4) nonlocality and (Q5) indistinguishability of identical particles. Relevant toy generalized probability theories (GPTs) are introduced, and it is shown that the origin of random numbers in different types of QRNGs known today are associated with different layers of nonclassical

Insight into the origin of bulges is saught in this review only from the properties of their stellar populations. Evidence concerning the age of the Galactic bulge stellar population is reviewed first, then the case of the bulge of M31 is discussed. The similarity of bulges and ellipticals is then illustrated, inferring that the problems of the origin of bulges and of the origin of ellipticals may well be one and the same: i.e. the origin of galactic spheroids. In this mood, the current evidence concerning the age of the bulk stellar populations of early-type galaxies is then reviewed, both for low- as well as high-redshift galaxies, and both for cluster as well as field ellipticals. All reported evidence argues for the bulk of stars in galactic spheroids having formed at high redshift, with only minor late additions and small dependence on environment. In the final, more speculative Section an attempt is made to evaluate how current formation scenarios can account for this observational evidence. The role of spheroids in the cosmic star formation and metal enrichment history is also briefly discussed. Finally, some critical questions are asked, which answers may help our further u

For the critical branching random walk in $\mathbb{Z}^{4}$ with branching at the origin only we find the asymptotic behavior of the probability of the event that there are particles at the origin at moment $t\rightarrow \infty $ and prove a Yaglom type conditional limit theorem for the number of individuals at the origin given that there are particles at the origin.

It is generally regarded that the bulk of cosmic rays originate in the Galaxy and that those below the 'knee' (the rapid steepening in the energy spectrum) at a few PeV come from Galactic supernovae, the particles being accelerated by the shocks in the supernova remnants. At higher energies, there are problems in that conventional SNR - which surely constitute the bulk of the sources - have a natural limit at a few tens of PeV (for iron nuclei). The question of the origin of particles above this limit is thus an open one. Here we examine a number of possibilities: a variety of supernovae and hypernovae, pulsars, a Giant Galactic Halo and an Extragalactic origin. A relevant property of any model is the extent to which it can provide the lack of significant irregularity of the energy spectrum. Although it is appreciated that spectral measurements are subject to systematic as well as random errors we consider that contemporary data are good enough to allow at least some progress in this field. In the search for origin above PeV energies we conclude that shocks in the Galactic Halo, whatever their source (Galactic wind, relativistic plasmoids - 'cannonballs', multiple shocks from super

The clockwork mechanism provides a natural way to obtain hierarchical masses and couplings in a theory. We propose a clockwork model that has nine clockwork generations. In this model, the candidates of the origin of the neutrino mixings are nine Yukawa mass matrix elements $Y^{aβ}$ that connect neutrinos and clockwork fermions, nine clockwork mass ratios $q_{aβ}$, and nine numbers of clockwork fermions $n_{aβ}$, where $a, β=1,2,3$. Assuming $|Y^{aβ}|=1$, the neutrino mixings originate from the pure clockwork sector. We show that the observed neutrino mixings are exactly obtained from a clockwork model in the case of the $q_{aβ}$ origin scenario. In the $n_{aβ}$ origin scenario, the correct order of magnitude of the observed neutrino mixings is obtained from a clockwork model.

Chaos is usually referred to the sensitivity to initial conditions in which the nonlinearity plays a crucial role. Beyond such a mathematical description, the understanding of the underlying physical origin of the chaos is still not very clear. Here we study the dissipative chaos from the perspective of the nonequilibrium dynamics. This was not fully investigated in the traditional chaos theory, despite of the Lorenz's original discovery of chaos from the nonequilibrium atmosphere. We found that the nonequilibriumness as the degree of detailed balance breaking can be quantified by the appearance of the steady state probability flux in the state space. We uncovered that the dynamical origin of the onset and offset of the dissipative chaos such as Lorentz attractor is from the sudden appearance and disappearance of such nonequilibrium flux. We also uncovered that the dissipation associated with the flux quantified by the entropy production rate gives the thermodynamical origin of dissipative chaos. The sharp changes in the degree of nonequilibriumness by the flux and the entropy production rate also provide alternative quantitative indicators for the onset and offset of the dissipati

The phenomenon of life is discussed within a framework of its origin as defined by four hypotheses. The 1. hypothesis says: Life, as we know, is (H-C-N-O) based and relies on the number of bulk (Na-Mg-P-S-Cl-K-Ca) and trace elements (Cr-Mn-Fe-Co-Ni-Cu-Zn-Se-Mo-I-W, and possibly Li-B-F-Si-V-As). It originated when the element abundance curve of the living matter and of the Universe, coincided. The 2. hypothesis is: Life originated in an interstellar molecular cloud with the critical role of dust particles. The 3. hypothesis arises from the 1. and states: Because of the Universe ageing, life originated only once. The dust forming planetary system and stars already contained an excess of L-type amino acids and D-type sugars, therefore, the emerging life on any planet had to be chiral. Consequently, the 4. hypothesis has been formed: Chirality is a sine qua non-condition for the emergence of life. The arguments supporting these hypotheses are put forward based on numerous astrophysical observations and physics laws.

The IceCube (IC) collaboration recently reported the detection of TeV-PeV extraterrestrial neutrinos whose origin is yet unknown. By the photon-neutrino connection in $pp$ and $pγ$ interactions, we use the \fermi-LAT observations to constrain the origin of the IC detected neutrinos. We find that Galactic origins, i.e., the diffuse Galactic neutrinos due to cosmic ray (CR) propagation in the Milky Way, and the neutrinos from the Galactic point sources, may not produce the IC neutrino flux, thus these neutrinos should be of extragalactic origin. Moreover, the extragalactic gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may not account for the IC neutrino flux, the jets of active galactic nuclei may not produce the IC neutrino spectrum, but the starburst galaxies (SBGs) may be promising sources. As suggested by the consistency between the IC detected neutrino flux and the Waxman-Bahcall bound, GRBs in SBGs may be the sources of both the ultrahigh energy, $>10^{19}$eV, CRs and the $1-100$~PeV CRs that produce the IC detected TeV-PeV neutrinos.