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Few models in modern oral and maxillofacial surgery practice rival the efficiency of a single site with multiple surgeons. This article illustrates the many advantages and challenges of this practice setting, highlighting differences seen from other types of practices. Keys to success include equality in decision-making, fair compensation minimizing competition yet rewarding productivity, and efficient scheduling with minimal variation among the doctors. Creating a systems-based approach to minimize errors, consistently provide high staff and patient satisfaction and allowing each doctor an opportunity to pursue interests outside the office are the hallmarks of an independent setting that fosters collaboration and success.

Practicing within an academic dental school environment offers many advantages for the oral and maxillofacial surgeon. In the dental school setting, surgeons typically work concomitantly in university hospitals or teaching institutions, where their roles extend beyond clinical care to include teaching, research, and mentoring. Academic surgeons often manage complex or rare surgical cases and contribute to the advancement of the field through scholarly publications and participation in academic conferences. Across academic medical centers, novel practice models are being utilized to fairly compensate surgeons and specialists. Multiple contemporary models are highlighted in this article.

To be a sole proprietor is to succeed or fail based on one's singular merits. Certainly, a previous owner can share his/her experience during a finite period, a paid consultant or advisor will lend specific advice, but the solo practitioner's training, intuition, trial and error become the primary impetus. Therefore, a solo oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) practice aligns best with an entrepreneurial spirit in constant pursuit for optimal efficiency and value. Those practitioners who are discouraged by necessary business acumen and would prefer only a clinically focused role should not pursue a solo practice.

A comprehensive understanding of the anatomic structures of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is paramount for the diagnosis of pathologic processes, the planning of endoscopic surgical procedures, and the implementation of neuronavigation techniques during specific interventions. It is imperative for otolaryngologists, maxillofacial surgeons, and head and neck surgeons to recognize these variations, as certain anatomic variations have been observed to predispose patients to sinonasal pathologies due to obstruction of the drainage pathways. These variations can also affect the rate of complications and the success of endoscopic surgery.

Owing to the complex anatomy, the appropriate selection of imaging modalities and interpretation of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and oral cavity demand a comprehensive knowledge of the anatomic relationships within and among these regions, common pathologies, and interpretative nuances critical for treatment planning. This article outlines the crucial anatomy on multimodality cross-sectional imaging, anatomic relationships that frame various pathologies of the region, and the associated anatomically grounded considerations essential for treatment planning.

Oral cancer represents a major public health issue in low-middle income countries (especially South East Asia) where its burden is disproportionately high. It predominantly affects the lower socioeconomic population and 70% of cases present at advanced stages that need multimodality treatment resulting in high expenditure and poor outcomes. The economic burden of oral cancer extends beyond the medical expenses to include nonmedical and indirect costs. Despite advances in treatment, high costs limit accessibility in resource-constrained settings. A resource-stratified approach is needed for effective and adequate management of the gingivobuccal cancer in these settings. Resource-stratified oral cancer management guidelines ensure uniform treatment.

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The temporal bone houses the external ear, middle ear, and inner ear structures, which are crucial for hearing and balance, as well as multiple critical structures associated with it including cranial nerves and vasculature. This review article serves to orientate and educate radiologists and clinicians of the key structures and their important spatial relationships within the temporal bone that are commonly encountered on imaging. A solid anatomic foundation facilitates thorough systematic interpretation of the temporal bone, aids in the formulation of differential diagnoses affecting the different sites and structures within it, and facilitates surgical planning.

Gingivobuccal malignancies involve structures essential for speech, swallowing, and facial contour. The management of these cancers requires a multidisciplinary approach, which is often associated with significant morbidities. The most concerning complications are trismus, osteoradionecrosis, oral incompetence, hardware-related complications and xerostomia, all of which can profoundly impair the quality of life. Recent surgical and radiation technique advancements, along with consistent implementation of rehabilitative protocols, have improved outcomes leading to better quality of life. This article focuses on the mechanisms behind treatment-related delayed complications in gingivobuccal cancer, emphasizing key surgical tips along with preventive and rehabilitative measures aimed at optimizing patient outcomes.

This review explores the epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and immune interactions underlying gingivobuccal squamous cell carcinoma, a distinct oral cancer subtype strongly associated with tobacco and areca nut use. It highlights key genetic mutations, epigenetic alterations, and tumor microenvironment factors that drive carcinogenesis and influence prognosis. The role of oral potentially malignant disorders in early detection is emphasized, along with the importance of molecular subtyping for risk stratification. Advances in understanding tumor biology provide promising opportunities for developing targeted therapies and improving patient outcomes in this biologically complex and geographically prevalent disease.

This article explores the etiopathogenesis and clinical spectrum of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), with a focus on 3 high-risk entities: leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). Oral cancer, predominantly squamous cell carcinoma, is strongly influenced by lifestyle habits such as tobacco use, betel nut chewing, and alcohol consumption. Leukoplakia, the most common OPMD, presents as a persistent white patch with variable potential for dysplasia. OSMF is a chronic, progressive fibrotic condition associated with areca nut use, leading to mucosal rigidity. The article emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis, histopathological evaluation, management, and the reduction of oral cancer incidence.

Gingivobuccal sulcus cancers present unique surgical challenges due to their complex anatomic relationships and propensity for extension into the masticator space and infratemporal fossa. Traditional wide local excision approaches often result in positive margins and local recurrences. This article reviews the principles, techniques, and outcomes of compartmental resection in upper gingivobuccal cancers, with emphasis on anatomic considerations and surgical approaches. Compartmental resection offers superior oncological outcomes compared to conventional approaches, with improved margin clearance and reduced local recurrence rates. The article does not intent to discuss the lower gingivobuccal cancers in detail as it is discussed in a separate article.

Expanded scope practice, as a subspeciality or blended with core oral and maxillofacial surgery, are increasingly available and attractive practice models. One of the benefits to the surgeon and their community (academic or private) is the outsized impact for the specialty and upon the patients treated. This article assists in identifying the value proposition for expanded scope surgeons in academic and private practice. A correct understanding of these principles prepares individuals seeking to enter such practices and facilitates the negotiation of resources necessary to create thriving sustainable careers in expanded scope surgery.

Orthognathic surgery is one of the most important interventions for patients with cleft palate (± cleft lip). Pre-surgical management prior to orthognathic surgery includes alveolar bone grafting to address maxillary continuity defects and pre-surgical orthodontic treatment to optimize arch coordination in anticipation of skeletal movements of the midface ± mandible. Surgical approaches are selected based on patient-specific anatomy, functional goals (mastication, breathing), and facial proportions. Computer-assisted surgical planning and patient-specific guides and implants have improved the ability to address the complex skeletal dysmorphologies related to facial clefts.

Gingivobuccal cancers affect anatomically distinct yet confluent areas each varying in its ability to resist oncologic spread. Barriers such as periosteum and bone provide greater degree of resistance when compared to buccinator and buccal fat. Involvement of dentition and presence of potential spaces along the mandible and maxilla provide avenues of spread that may result in extensive defects with substantial functional sequalae following tumor extirpation. Owing to the complex 3-dimensional anatomy with varying tissue types preoperative imaging is of utmost importance in surgical planning to ensure negative margin resection.

Cleft lip and palate is a common congenital condition, with most cases occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where access to comprehensive care is limited. While high-income countries offer standardized, multidisciplinary care, LMICs face barriers such as workforce shortages, inadequate infrastructure, and funding gaps. Traditional short-term mission models are giving way to sustainable, partnership-based approaches that emphasize local capacity-building and interdisciplinary education. Addressing stigma, improving awareness, and fostering team-based care are essential for better outcomes. Achieving equity in cleft care globally requires integrating services into local health systems, securing long-term support, and advancing policy and training frameworks.

Three-dimensional imaging has become an essential tool in modern health care, enabling accurate diagnosis and treatment planning for a wide range of conditions. In particular, computed tomography (CT) and MRI stand out in providing detailed cross-sectional images of the human body. While both modalities serve critical roles in clinical practice, they rely on fundamentally different physical principles. This review explores the fundamental physics and image acquisition techniques of CT and MRI, including basic principles, technological advancements, advantages, and limitations.

Cervical spine anatomy is complex with multiple anatomic variants that can be mistaken for pathology, especially in the setting of trauma. This article provides a comprehensive anatomic overview, detailing the structure and function of cervical vertebrae, intervertebral discs, ligaments, and muscles; emphasizing the critical role these structures play in supporting the head, protecting the spinal cord, and enabling neck movement. Using a combination of diagrams and cross-sectional imaging, we will review clinically relevant anatomy, while emphasizing important anatomic variants. This article will serve as a critical reference for clinicians, aiding accurate diagnosis, effective treatment planning, and minimizing surgical risks.

Gingivobuccal defects are one of the most challenging defects for the reconstructive surgeon. Great strides have been made to improve the reconstructive outcomes and quality of life of the patient with a combination of more sophisticated surgical techniques and more advanced technology. New methods provide better accuracy, shorter surgical times, better functional results, lesser complication rates, and overall better quality of life. This article provides a brief overview of the advances that have been made in the field of reconstruction and rehabilitation postoncological resections of the gingivobuccal complex and provides a glimpse of what the future holds.