搜索结果：Nanoscale advances

Water electrolysis provides a sustainable route for hydrogen production, yet its overall efficiency is largely constrained by the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Although substantial progress has been achieved in improving the activity and stability of OER electrocatalysts, the interfacial origins of catalytic performance remain insufficiently understood. Under operating conditions, OER catalysts are not static materials; their active sites, local chemical environments, and surface structures evolve dynamically at nanometer length scales. Such nanoscale heterogeneity is often obscured by ensemble-averaged measurements, making it difficult to correlate local reaction events with macroscopic catalytic behavior. The central challenge, therefore, is to determine how site-specific activity, intermediate evolution and structural reconstruction collectively govern OER kinetics. Here, we show that nanoscale electrochemical characterization provides a powerful framework for addressing this challenge. This Review summarizes how localized electrochemical probing, optical and spectroelectrochemical imaging, and in situ scanning probe methods resolve activity distributions, transient chemical information, and catalyst reconstruction during OER. These approaches move OER analysis beyond averaged descriptors by directly linking local interfacial processes to catalyst function. Future advances in multimodal integration, data-driven analysis, micro-/nanofluidic regulation, and durable probe materials are expected to promote more quantitative, operando, and engineering-relevant OER characterization.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly versatile signaling molecule that plays dual, context-dependent roles in tumor biology: at low physiological concentrations, it promotes tumor progression, whereas at supraphysiological levels, it exerts potent cytotoxic effects. Harnessing this functional duality for therapeutic benefit requires precise spatiotemporal control over NO delivery. This review summarizes recent advances in transition metal-based platforms designed for controlled NO release in cancer therapy, encompassing both small molecule metallodrugs and micro to nanoscale delivery systems. We systematically examine key strategies for NO loading and stimulus-triggered release, including direct metal-NO coordination, integration of stimulus-responsive organic NO donors, and catalytic NO generation driven by intracellular redox cues or external stimuli such as light and ultrasound. Additionally, we highlight the emerging immunomodulatory functions of NO-releasing metallodrugs, particularly their ability to induce immunogenic cell death, reprogram immunosuppressive myeloid cells, and synergistically enhance immune checkpoint blockade. Finally, we critically assess current challenges and outline future directions toward the development of clinically translatable next-generation NO metallodrug systems with improved tumor targeting and pharmacokinetic profiles.

With the rapid advancement of the IoT society and growing awareness of environmental issues, thermoelectric conversion technology-which directly converts waste heat into electricity-is gaining attention as a self-powered, autonomous power source capable of driving countless devices. While currently mainstream metal-based inorganic thermoelectric materials demonstrate high performance, their high rigidity and brittleness, as well as their frequent inclusion of toxic heavy metals, have limited their application in biological systems and on curved surfaces. As a next-generation alternative, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)-which possess excellent flexibility, electrical conductivity, and mechanical strength while being low in toxicity-are garnering significant attention. However, n-type SWCNT materials, which are essential for thermoelectric module fabrication, have faced two major barriers to practical application: low atmospheric stability (they easily revert to p-type upon exposure to atmospheric oxygen and moisture) and thermoelectric performance that falls short of inorganic materials. This review comprehensively outlines the latest composite approaches designed to overcome these critical challenges and achieve both extreme atmospheric stability and high thermoelectric performance in n-type SWCNT materials, along with the flexibility required to withstand severe deformation. Three main strategies are discussed. The first is the organic/polymer approach, which involves doping with organic small molecules that control the LUMO level or bicyclic organic superbases with strong electron-donating properties, as well as polymer coating, to achieve long-term stable n-type characteristics and high power output even in air or under severe high-temperature conditions. The second is the inorganic hybrid strategy, which involves nanoscale compositing with inorganic materials such as Bi2Te3 and Cu2O; this reduces thermal conductivity through phonon scattering via interface control, while the inorganic layer physically blocks oxygen to ensure long-term atmospheric stability. The third approach involves ultra-long-term stabilization techniques, such as bulk encapsulation using cationic or gemini surfactants, and environmentally friendly aqueous processes utilizing natural amino acids. Furthermore, we discuss the latest developments in imparting practical-level toughness (flexibility) capable of withstanding thousands of bending cycles and high tensile stress through the introduction of dynamic covalent network polymers and elastomers. The conformal flexible thermoelectric power generation modules created through the integration of composite optimization, low-environmental-impact processes, and doping techniques will serve as a crucial foundational technology for realizing a sustainable next-generation electronics society, including future wearable devices, artificial skin, and smart sensor networks.

Skin cancer remains a major global health concern, necessitating the development of innovative therapeutic strategies that enhance treatment efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. This review aims to explore the emerging role of herbal nanogels as a promising nanotechnology-based drug delivery system for skin cancer therapy. A comprehensive review of recent literature was conducted focusing on nanogel-based drug delivery systems, herbal bioactive compounds, and stimulus-responsive nanotechnology approaches for cancer treatment, particularly skin cancer. Nanogels, defined as crosslinked nanoscale polymeric networks, have gained significant attention due to their high drug-loading capacity, tunable physicochemical properties, and ability to respond to various internal and external stimuli. They can be synthesized using techniques such as emulsion methods, micro-molding, and photolithography, allowing precise control over size and morphology. Advanced stimulus-responsive nanogels, including tumor microenvironment-sensitive and ligand-targeted systems (e.g., LHRH-targeted nanogels), enable controlled and site-specific drug release. Recent developments in herbal nanogels integrate plant-derived bioactive compounds within nanogel matrices, enhancing solubility, stability, and therapeutic efficiency against skin cancer. Herbal nanogels represent a promising interdisciplinary approach combining nanotechnology and phytomedicine, offering targeted, less invasive, and potentially more effective treatment options for skin cancer. Despite significant progress, challenges such as clinical translation, large-scale production, and long-term safety evaluation remain. Continued research in smart and multifunctional nanogel systems may significantly advance future skin cancer therapies.

Fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as critical mediators of fungal physiology, virulence, and host-pathogen interactions. Since their first description in Cryptococcus neoformans, EVs have been identified in several fungal species and shown to transport a broad repertoire of bioactive cargo. Increasing evidence indicates that fungal EVs participate in multiple biological processes, including cell wall remodeling, stress adaptation, biofilm formation, antifungal resistance, and modulation of host immune responses. Recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy, multi-omics approaches, and functional genetics have substantially expanded our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing EV biogenesis, cargo selection, and extracellular trafficking. These studies have further revealed that EV cargo loading is a highly regulated process linked to intracellular proteostasis, glycosylation, lipid homeostasis, and environmental adaptation. In parallel, the intrinsic immunogenicity and structural stability of fungal EVs have highlighted their translational potential as diagnostic biomarkers, vaccine platforms, therapeutic targets, and nanoscale delivery systems. Given the increasing global burden of invasive fungal infections, this review focuses on EVs derived from clinically relevant human fungal pathogens. We summarize recent advances in EV biogenesis, cargo regulation, their roles in pathogenesis, highlight emerging translational applications, and discuss key unresolved questions and future research directions in the field.

Liquid biopsy holds immense potential for the early detection of cancer, yet its clinical utility is hindered not by the lack of available tumor-associated biomarkers but by the inadequate sensitivity and clinical robustness of current molecular diagnostic tools. Nucleic acid-based biosensors have emerged as highly programmable platforms, enabling the detection of low-abundance cancer biomarkers such as microRNAs (miRNAs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in complex biological fluids. Leveraging advances in DNA nanotechnology, CRISPR-Cas-mediated RNA sensing, and chemically engineered nucleic acid analogues, these biosensors achieve attomolar-level detection through nanoscale spatial confinement and enzyme-assisted signal amplification strategies. However, their clinical translation is hindered by biological sample variability, nonspecific amplification, probe degradation, and poor reproducibility. This review analyzes the core design principles of three major biosensor categories: functional DNA nanostructures, CRISPR-Cas-based sensing systems, and synthetic analogues (PNAs, SNAs). It elucidates their structural and enzymatic optimization mechanisms, distinguishes analytical from clinical sensitivity, and addresses key liquid biopsy challenges. Finally, it outlines promising strategies for clinical translation, including microfluidic integration, artificial intelligence-assisted data analysis, and theranostic nanostructures combining diagnosis with targeted therapy. This review provides a comprehensive theoretical and technical framework for the rational design of next-generation nucleic acid biosensors and offers critical insights to bridge the gap between nanoscale engineering innovation and clinical translation, ultimately advancing the development of minimally invasive and precise cancer theranostics in precision oncology.

Pregnancy disorders, including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, and intrauterine growth restriction, represent a significant global burden of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Early and accurate detection of these conditions remains a critical clinical challenge, as conventional diagnostic methods often lack the sensitivity and specificity required for timely intervention. Blood-based biomarkers have emerged as a promising avenue for non-invasive surveillance; however, their full diagnostic potential is only now being realized through the application of advanced biophysical analytical techniques. This review examines three advanced methodological approaches - differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and microfluidic analysis - as applied to the characterization of blood-based indicators in pregnancy-related disorders. DSC enables thermodynamic profiling of plasma proteomes, revealing disorder-specific denaturation signatures that reflect systemic pathophysiological alterations. AFM provides nanoscale structural and mechanical interrogation of red blood cells, platelets, and plasma proteins, uncovering morphological and viscoelastic changes associated with hemostatic dysregulation and endothelial dysfunction. Microfluidic platforms offer high-throughput, minimally invasive analysis of whole blood rheology, cellular deformability, and biomarker concentrations under physiologically relevant flow conditions. Collectively, these approaches provide complementary and multi-dimensional characterization of the maternal blood milieu that transcends the limitations of conventional biochemical assays. We discuss the current state of evidence, methodological advances, translational barriers, and future directions for integrating these biophysical strategies into point-of-care diagnostic frameworks. The convergence of these technologies holds considerable promise for transforming prenatal screening and enabling precision management of high-risk pregnancies.

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanoscale structures naturally released by Gram-negative bacteria and play important roles in host-pathogen interactions. In Acinetobacter baumannii, a critical multidrug-resistant pathogen, OMVs contribute to virulence, immune modulation, and antibiotic resistance, while also representing promising vaccine candidates. In this review, we summarize current advances in the biogenesis, pathogenic functions, and vaccine applications of A. baumannii OMVs. We discuss the major mechanisms proposed for OMV biogenesis, factors regulating OMV production, and the diverse roles of OMVs in biofilm formation, resistance dissemination, and host immune responses. We further evaluate recent progress in native, detoxified, and engineered OMV-based vaccine platforms, with particular emphasis on endotoxin detoxification, antigen selection, and strategies for improving OMV yield and immunogenicity. We also compare the current status of A. baumannii OMV vaccines with the successful clinical development of meningococcal OMV vaccines and highlight the major challenges that remain for clinical translation. Collectively, this review provides an updated perspective on the opportunities and limitations of OMV-based interventions and outlines future directions for the development of safe, standardized, and broadly protective vaccines against A. baumannii.

The cell secretome includes extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanoscale lipid bilayer-enclosed particles that carry diverse bioactive cargos, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. As key mediators of paracrine signaling, EVs reflect the molecular and functional characteristics of their parent cells and play critical roles in regulating tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Growing evidence supports their therapeutic potential across a wide range of diseases. However, the clinical translation of EV-based therapies remains limited by challenges related to yield, purity, targeting specificity, and functional consistency. Recent advances in biomimetic culture systems-particularly three-dimensional (3D) platforms that recapitulate features of the native extracellular matrix microenvironment-have demonstrated a strong influence on cell phenotype, secretory activity, and EV composition. This review highlights how biochemical and mechanical cues within 3D culture systems regulate EV biogenesis, cargo loading, and functional outcomes and discusses their implications for improving the scalability, efficacy, and clinical translation of EV-based therapeutics.

Exosomes, nanoscale extracellular vesicles released by virtually all cell types, have emerged as pivotal mediators of intercellular communication and play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of numerous acute and chronic diseases, including a wide spectrum of urological disorders. By acting as sophisticated biological shuttles, exosomes transport a rich and highly specific molecular cargo-comprising proteins, lipids, messenger RNAs, microRNAs, and other nucleic acids-that reflects the physiological or pathological state of their cell of origin. Owing to these unique properties, exosomes are increasingly recognized as promising biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of a broad range of inflammatory, degenerative, and neoplastic diseases. Beyond their diagnostic value, exosomes have attracted considerable attention as therapeutic tools, given their ability to promote tissue regeneration, modulate immune responses, and serve as potential targeted drug-delivery systems for small molecules, biologics, vaccines, and gene-based therapies. Notably, exosomes recapitulate many of the beneficial biological effects traditionally attributed to stem cells, while potentially offering a more practical alternative. As cell-free entities, they may reduce-though not entirely eliminate-several risks associated with cell transplantation, such as uncontrolled proliferation and immune rejection, and they raise fewer ethical concerns, making them attractive candidates for regenerative and precision medicine. In urology, the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications of exosomes are rapidly expanding, with particularly promising advances observed in bladder, prostate, and kidney diseases. Growing evidence also supports their relevance in a variety of benign urological conditions, including erectile dysfunction, male infertility, neurogenic bladder, urethral stricture disease, stress urinary incontinence, and bladder pain syndrome. This review synthesizes contemporary knowledge on the biological significance and clinical potential of exosomes in urology, highlighting their emerging role as biomarkers and therapeutics, with a special focus on benign urological disorders. We emphasize that the current evidence base in benign urology is largely preclinical, and that clinical translation, although promising, remains at an early stage.

Autophagy is a conserved membrane-trafficking pathway traditionally viewed as a nonspecific nutrient recycling mechanism. However, recent advances across diverse fungal systems, from plant pathogens to human opportunistic fungi and entomopathogenic species, have revealed autophagy as a central regulatory hub that orchestrates fungal development, virulence, and host interaction at multiple biological scales. This review provides a comprehensive and critical synthesis of these emerging insights. At the nanoscale, the discussion explores how autophagosome biogenesis depends on the spatially precise delivery of PtdIns4P by oxysterol-binding proteins, the dual function of the TRAPPIII vesicle-tethering complex, and the retromer-mediated sorting of vacuolar proteases. At the organelle level, the interplay between selective autophagy (mitophagy, lipophagy, pexophagy) and a newly discovered layer of epitranscriptomic, transcriptional, and post-translational regulation, comprising m5C RNA methylation of core ATG transcripts, FOX transcription-factor-driven gene activation, and nuclear acetylation of Atg8, respectively, is examined. At the macroscale, the review highlights how autophagy-dependent cell death and ferroptosis cooperate to drive appressorium maturation in Magnaporthe oryzae, and presents direct biochemical evidence for crosstalk between the cell wall integrity MAPK cascade and the autophagy machinery, a paradigm that challenges the long-standing view of these pathways as parallel systems. Further discussion addresses how autophagy deficiency triggers Mincle-dependent host immunity in Cryptococcus neoformans and how entomopathogenic Cordyceps militaris co-opts autophagy for fruiting body morphogenesis. We emphasize that the direct biochemical evidence for several of these mechanisms, notably CWI-MAPK/Atg4 crosstalk and autophagy-ferroptosis coupling, currently derives largely from Magnaporthe oryzae, and we distinguish such established mechanisms from cross-species extrapolations throughout. Finally, Atg4 inhibitors are evaluated as a promising class of broad-spectrum antifungal agents, and key directions for future research, including spatiotemporal imaging, multi-omics validation, and translational antifungal strategies, are identified.

Label-free imaging techniques are powerful tools for characterizing biomolecular interactions, offering important advantages over traditional fluorescence-based imaging methods. Among these approaches, surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) has emerged as a particularly versatile and enabling platform owing to its simple experimental configuration, rapid data acquisition, and high imaging sensitivity. A related variant, surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM), further extends the capabilities of SPR-based sensing by providing enhanced spatial resolution and expanded sensing depth, allowing interrogation of interactions at the single-particle and single-event level. The combined versatility of SPRi and SPRM has supported a wide range of applications, including molecular recognition, quantitative interaction analysis, extracellular vesicle detection, and nanobubble characterization. More recently, the integration of machine-learning approaches into both instrumental development and postacquisition data analysis has significantly enhanced the ability of SPR-based imaging techniques to address complex sample environments, enabling multiplexed, high-throughput, and information-rich measurements. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in SPRi and SPRM, with a particular emphasis on innovative methodological developments and emerging applications within the broader SPR research landscape. Key topics include advances in optical configuration, machine-learning-assisted analysis, nanoparticle and nanoscale object characterization, and the development of sensing platforms for biomarker assessment.

The development of highly efficient water-splitting technologies relies on the precise control of catalytic environments at the nanoscale, where structural, electronic, and interfacial properties collectively determine catalytic performance. Recent advances in nanoengineered electrocatalysts, including noble-metal nanostructures, single-atom catalysts, defect-rich oxides, heterointerface-engineered systems, and carbon-supported multidimensional architectures, have revealed new opportunities for tailoring catalytic nanoenvironments to enhance hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics. This review highlights emerging strategies for engineering functional catalytic environments that regulate charge transfer, optimize active-site exposure, facilitate mass transport, and improve structural robustness under practical electrochemical conditions. Particular attention is given to ultrathin oxyhydroxide layers, vacancy-mediated surfaces, lattice-distorted phases, and multicomponent heterostructures that exhibit superior activity and long-term durability. In addition, recent progress in operando characterization, theoretical modeling, and integrated electrode design is discussed to elucidate structure-function relationships governing catalytic performance. Finally, scalable synthesis approaches, engineered porous electrodes, and data-driven catalyst discovery are examined as promising pathways toward practical implementation. By connecting nanoscale materials engineering with functional electrocatalytic performance, this review provides critical insights into the rational design of catalytic nanoenvironments for next-generation water-splitting technologies.

ConspectusBoron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a radiotherapeutic modality in which biological selectivity is dictated not by targeting alone but by the spatial control of nuclear reactions. Following tumor-selective accumulation of 10B, neutron irradiation induces the 10B(n,α)7Li reaction, generating high-linear energy transfer particles with micrometer path lengths that confine cytotoxicity to boron-enriched cells. Despite its intrinsic precision, the clinical translation of BNCT has long been hindered by a fundamental chemical challenge: the inability to achieve sufficient, homogeneous, and durable intratumoral boron distribution. In this Account, we argue that BNCT must be reframed as a problem of chemical architecture across length scales, rather than a simple paradigm of boron delivery followed by irradiation. Building on foundational contributions from Jin-Ho Choy (layered double hydroxide-based confinement and ion-exchange systems), Hiroyuki Nakamura (molecular boron design enabling targeting and functional integration), and Koji Ono (clinical dosimetry and translational constraints), we outline how nanohybrid platforms transform BNCT into an integrated systems therapy in which materials design, biological transport, and radiation physics are co-optimized. We identify three governing design principles for next-generation BNCT. First, structural confinement and high-density boron loading enabled by layered inorganic hosts, carborane clusters, and hybrid nanocarriers, ensure sufficient payload delivery at the cellular and subcellular levels. Second, spatiotemporal control of boron distribution, achieved through surface engineering, targeting ligands, and microenvironment-responsive release, addresses the critical challenge of intratumoral heterogeneity. Third, integration with imaging and dosimetry establishes a "measure-what-you-treat" paradigm, linking molecular design directly to therapeutic outcome. We further highlight that BNCT efficacy is governed not by bulk tumor boron concentration alone but by microdistribution and subcellular localization, reflecting the short path length of high-linear energy transfer(LET) particles. This insight shifts design strategies from maximizing systemic delivery toward controlling intracellular fate and spatial precision. In parallel, the transition to accelerator-based neutron sources imposes additional constraints on boron chemistry, necessitating higher delivery efficiency and tighter coordination between pharmacokinetics and irradiation conditions. Together, these advances position BNCT as a chemically programmable precision radiotherapy, in which therapeutic outcome is dictated by the hierarchical organization of boron from molecular to nanoscale to clinical dimensions. Future progress will depend on scalable chemical design, quantitative imaging of boron distribution, and integration with emerging therapeutic modalities. We propose that the next phase of BNCT will be defined by the convergence of nanochemistry, systems-level transport control, and clinically informed design, enabling broader translation into refractory and heterogeneous cancers.

The oral environment is a very complex, diverse ecological system consisting of microorganisms and host tissues. To maintain oral health, a balance between these two elements is vital. Recent advances in the development of nanotechnology provide dentists with many new ways to kill bacterial pathogens in dental settings. In particular, the emergence of "nanodentistry" represents a means of using engineered nanoscale materials and systems to effectively combat bacterial biofilm formation and the resultant infections associated with biofilms. This review article will provide an overview of nanowarfare as it pertains to the oral cavity, including using nanotechnology to target microbial pathogenesis, promote targeted drug delivery, and enhance biofilm clearance. Many recent studies have investigated new forms of nanotechnology that could empower dentists with preventive, restorative, and periodontal treatments to combat dental diseases. Also, this review article discusses the mechanisms of actions of metal nanomaterials, polymer nanocarriers, and stimulus responsive nanosystems. All types of nanosystems work to generate reactive oxygen species, break apart microbial cell membranes, and selectively deliver antimicrobial agents to locations within the biofilm. The review also discusses the advancement of clinical development and translational hurdles for the implementation of Nanosystems in Dentistry, as well as the biosafety concerns related to the incorporation of nanosystems into clinical applications. The body of the review will integrate the existing body of evidence and the current state of the art to highlight the enormous potential of nanotechnology for future growth and advancement in precision infection control and the long-term success of oral health care for all patients.

Programmable RNA-cleaving DNAzymes (RCDs) represent a unique class of catalytic nucleic acids that couple molecular recognition with enzyme-like activity. While DNAzymes have traditionally been explored for targeted gene regulation, recent advances in nanotechnology have repositioned them as programmable biosensing modules with stimuli-responsive therapeutic potential. When integrated into metal-oxide scaffolds, DNA-framework architectures, or metal-organic frameworks, DNAzymes form hybrid platforms that create confined catalytic microenvironments, provide enriched cofactor availability, and facilitate microenvironment-responsive activation. These engineered systems can function as nanoscale biosensing modules that respond to pH, redox gradients, metal ions, or microRNA signatures and convert these biological cues into catalytic outputs. Beyond enhancing analytical performance, such platforms may also reshape tumor immunometabolism. Through the selective cleavage of metabolic or immune-regulatory transcripts, DNAzyme nanocatalysts can directly reprogram glycolysis, redox balance, oxygen tension, and mitochondrial activity, and these metabolic changes in turn alleviate immunosuppression and promote innate and adaptive immune activation. This review outlines the mechanistic foundations of DNAzyme catalysis, summarizes recent nanoengineering strategies that endow DNAzymes with programmable sensing and stimuli-responsive functions, and discusses how these systems bridge biosensing and catalytic immunometabolic functions. We conclude with perspectives on translational challenges and opportunities, endorsing programmable DNAzyme nanocatalysts as emerging preclinical platforms for biosensing-guided immunometabolic intervention. RNA切割型DNAzyme是一类兼具分子识别能力和酶样催化活性的功能核酸分子，在靶向基因调控、生物传感和肿瘤治疗中具有重要应用潜力。近年来，随着纳米技术的发展，DNAzyme可与金属氧化物、DNA框架结构、金属有机框架等纳米平台集成，形成具有递送保护、金属辅因子供给和肿瘤微环境响应能力的程序化纳米催化体系。这类体系能够响应pH、氧化还原稳态、金属离子和microRNA等内源性信号，并将其转化为特异性RNA催化切割输出。本文系统综述了DNAzyme催化机制、序列与化学工程策略、纳米平台构建方式及其在肿瘤免疫代谢调控中的应用。重点讨论了DNAzyme纳米催化剂如何通过调节糖酵解、氧化还原稳态、线粒体功能、营养竞争及cGAS-STING相关免疫信号，缓解肿瘤免疫抑制并促进抗肿瘤免疫激活。最后，本文总结了该领域在体内递送、辅因子供给、催化特异性、生物安全性和标准化评价方面面临的转化挑战，并展望其作为生物传感引导的肿瘤免疫代谢干预平台的发展前景。.

Nanotheranostics integrate diagnostic and therapeutic functions within nanoscale platforms and have emerged as promising tools for precision oncology by enabling image-guided drug delivery, real-time biodistribution tracking, treatment monitoring, and improved patient stratification. Despite substantial preclinical advances, few integrated nanotheranostic systems have achieved routine clinical implementation. This narrative review critically examines the translational barriers limiting the clinical adoption of oncology nanotheranostics, emphasizing manufacturing reproducibility, biological delivery, safety, clinical validation, and regulatory uncertainty. A structured literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. Food and Drug Administration resources, European Medicines Agency resources, and relevant regulatory websites for evidence published between 2015 and 2026. Peer-reviewed studies, regulatory guidance documents, and authoritative institutional reports were prioritized, with evidence synthesized according to SANRA principles and PRISMA transparency guidelines. The review shows that clinical translation is constrained more by misalignment between technology development and clinical and regulatory requirements than by lack of innovation. Major challenges include batch-to-batch variability, limited Good Manufacturing Practice scalability, instability of multifunctional nanoparticle constructs, inconsistent tumor delivery, poor predictability of animal models, immunogenicity, protein corona formation, long-term safety concerns, and complex combination-product regulatory pathways. The review proposes a decision-oriented translational framework that prioritizes clinically actionable diagnostics, quality-by-design manufacturing, standardized characterization, human-relevant preclinical models, validated imaging endpoints, and early regulatory engagement. Aligning nanotheranostic development with clinical needs, manufacturing feasibility, and regulatory expectations is essential to accelerate successful translation into routine oncology practice. Nanotheranostics are tiny medical systems designed to help doctors both find cancer and treat it at the same time. In theory, they could show where a cancer drug goes in the body, confirm whether it reaches the tumor, monitor treatment response, and support more personalized cancer care. However, many nanotheranostic systems that work well in the laboratory have not yet become routine cancer treatments.This review explains that the main problem is not lack of scientific innovation, but the difficulty of translating these technologies into real clinical use. Major barriers include poor manufacturing reproducibility, limited scale-up under Good Manufacturing Practice conditions, uncertain tumor delivery in humans, immune reactions, long-term safety concerns, unclear regulatory pathways, and the need to prove that imaging information actually improves treatment decisions.The review argues that future nanotheranostics should be developed with clinical usefulness in mind from the beginning. Successful systems will need simple and reproducible design, strong quality control, realistic human-relevant testing, early regulatory engagement, validated imaging endpoints, and clear evidence that they improve patient care compared with existing cancer treatments.

This review provides a unified and critical perspective on the sustainable production of pharmaceutical building blocks from lignocellulosic biomass, bridging advances across hemicellulose and lignin valorization pathways. The classification of lignocellulosic residues and methods for their processing are outlined, and the composition and potential of different types of feedstocks are discussed. Methods for obtaining key building blocks from hemicellulose are examined, with an emphasis on effective technological approaches such as the use of heterogeneous catalysts. The emerging role of lignin as an underutilized aromatic resource is also discussed. Recent progress in the valorization of H-, G-, and S-derived phenolic building blocks is highlighted, demonstrating their potential in the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients, lead compounds, and nanoscale drug delivery systems. Importantly, this review moves beyond conventional summaries by critically comparing biomass-derived and petrochemical routes using green chemistry metrics and by identifying key limitations in current assessment approaches for complex processing chains. Strategies for wastewater treatment are also discussed as an integral component of sustainable pharmaceutical production. By integrating catalytic, synthetic, and sustainability perspectives, this work defines key challenges and opportunities, positioning lignocellulosic biomass as a viable platform for next-generation pharmaceutical manufacturing.

Evaporation-based manufacturing of halide perovskite light-emitting diodes has garnered increasing attention as a promising alternative for addressing issues with conventional solvent-based processing methodologies. Similar to existing organic light-emitting diode processing infrastructures, evaporation-based processing uses vapour-phase precursor transport and deposition, enabling solvent-free synthesis, precise nanoscale thickness control and enhanced patterning resolution. The physicochemical mechanism of such vacuum-based deposition and growth processes, which is radically different from that of solution-based processes, involves complex thermodynamic and kinetic factors regarding solid-vapour-solid transitions. This imposes much more stringent requirements for deposition environment, mandating concurrent advances in the fundamental understanding of evaporation and growth phenomena, as well as deposition equipment design. In this Perspective, we present a chemistry-driven framework for incorporating fundamental physicochemical principles into evaporation-based processing, with the aim of guiding reproducible and scalable perovskite light-emitting diode deposition system.