搜索结果：Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine

Cervical cancer being a significant global health burden, for which conventional treatments like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are limited by poor tumour specificity, systemic toxicity, infertility, and compromised long-term disease control. These limitations highlight the need for advanced, targeted, and patient-friendly therapeutic strategies, nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems. This review evaluates recent advancements in nanocarrier platforms designed for cervical cancer therapy. A systematic analysis covering a wide spectrum of nanocarriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, hydrogels, albumin-based nanoparticles, niosomes, surface-functionalized systems, and plant-derived vesicles. The review integrates findings from global preclinical and clinical studies, emphasizing drug-loading capacity, targeting efficiency, and therapeutic performance. Nanocarriers demonstrate enhanced tumour targeting via active, passive, and stimuli-responsive mechanisms. Their ability to co-deliver chemotherapeutics along with gene silencing agents, photothermal/magnetic functionalities, and tumour specific ligands, tend to enhance cellular uptake and help overcome multidrug resistance. Additionally, facilitating real-time monitoring and theranostic approach, integrating diagnosis and treatment. Nanocarrier-based drug delivery offers a transformative pathway for cervical cancer management by providing safer, more effective, and personalised therapeutic options. Despite substantial progress, challenges such as large-scale manufacturing, in-vivo stability, long-term safety, and robust regulatory compliance must be addressed. Continued technological advancements and interdisciplinary coordination are expected to potentially benifit clinical translation and support precision medicine in cervical cancer care.

Current treatment for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) mainly focuses on the modification of systemic risk factors, such as hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Despite significant efforts and expanse, achieving early and proper diagnosis of ASCVD to improve clinical outcomes remains challenging, and vascular-targeted therapies or genetic editing, while ideal, are still limited. The development of nanomedicine-based mRNA vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 has demonstrated the potential of nanotechnology to target previously inaccessible molecules. Precision therapies by nanomedicine targeting specific tissues/molecules hold potential for new treatment paradigms by precisely modulating disease-causing molecular pathways within diseased tissues, including dysfunctional vasculature. By leveraging insights into the pathogenic contributors of atherogenesis, researchers have optimized nanoplatforms' composition, synthesis strategies, and surface design to enhance therapeutic efficacy and enable early diagnosis. Herein, we present an updated overview of therapeutic and diagnostic strategies using nanomedicine for ASCVD, and explore future research directions and innovative approaches for nanomedicine-driven theranostics in cardiovascular care.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common malignancy in men worldwide. Advanced stages are characterized by tumor heterogeneity, metastasis, and resistance to androgen deprivation therapy and chemotherapy. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the predominant stromal cells in the PCa tumor microenvironment (TME), critically drive tumor progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Nanomedicine represents a transformative strategy for targeting CAFs. It leverages engineered nanomaterials to achieve precise drug delivery, improved bioavailability, and multimodal theranostic capabilities, which integrate diagnosis with therapy. This review comprehensively examines advances in nanomaterial-based strategies for CAF-targeted therapy in PCa. We first delineate the biology of CAFs in PCa, encompassing their origins, activation mechanisms, key markers (e.g, α-SMA and FAP), phenotypic heterogeneity, and intricate crosstalk with cancer cells, immune cells, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). We then evaluate nanomaterial-based targeting strategies and therapeutic modalities, including CAF depletion, reprogramming, and extracellular matrix remodeling, for the treatment of PCa. Subsequently, we discuss CAF-targeted nanoplatforms for theranostics, including molecular imaging probes (e.g., 68Ga-FAPI) and image-guided delivery systems that integrate precise diagnosis with therapy. Finally, we address key challenges, particularly CAF heterogeneity and nanomaterial biosafety, and outline future directions, including gene-editing integration, multi-stimuli-responsive systems, and synergistic immunotherapy combinations. Collectively, this review underscores the transformative potential of integrating CAF biology with nanotechnology to overcome therapeutic resistance in PCa and advance precision oncology.

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Advances in nanogel engineering have ushered in a new era of precision immunotherapy by enabling the coordinated delivery of photosensitizers and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in solid tumors. This review examines the mechanistic and translational foundations of photodynamic immunotherapy (PDI) using checkpoint inhibitor-loaded nanogels, emphasizing innovations that overcome longstanding challenges such as immune resistance, tumor heterogeneity, and systemic toxicity. Nanogels are critically evaluated in the context of competing nanoparticle platforms, with a focus on how their physicochemical structure, defined at the nanoscale, enables spatiotemporal control over therapeutic activation. Strategies for enhancing intratumoral specificity, co-delivery efficiency, and sequential release of immunomodulators are explored, alongside the emerging role of stimuli-responsive materials and biomimetic coatings. Key biological mechanisms are delineated, including ROS-mediated immunogenic cell death (ICD), T cell reinvigoration, and tumor microenvironment remodeling. The review further addresses barriers to clinical translation, ranging from immunotoxicity and dosimetry to regulatory classification, and proposes integrated solutions via AI-driven design, personalized biomarkers, and multimodal delivery platforms. Concluding with a forward-looking perspective, this article outlines a design and implementation roadmap for next-generation nanogels capable of transforming PDI into a safe, adaptable, and patient-specific therapeutic modality.

Designing a delivery system to target a drug to brain tumors (BT) is a complex process. Drug delivery to BT presents a plethora of obstacles, such as poor bioavailability, drug targeting and its efficacy due to the complexity of the brain's structure, anatomy, and implications of the blood-brain barrier's (BBB) functionality. The anatomical complexity of the brain limits other conventional modes, viz., radiation and major surgery. Moreover, the conventional chemotherapeutics, including radiation therapy for BTs, develop drug resistance and can cause complications further. This review presents how nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems address these limitations when the drug is administered in a conventional mode. Liposomes, specialized nanoparticles (NPs) (nanoparticulate systems fabricated from polymers and gold), and dendrimers, other nanotechnology-driven carriers, were targeted for BT delivery. Nonetheless, their safety aspects, such as systemic toxicity, off-target effects of therapeutic agents, effective BBB permeability, and drug targeting, are elaborated. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) offer specialized delivery with the potential of drug targeting directly to BTs via their mesoporous structure, extensive surface area, and adjustable pore size, drug-loading and stimuli-triggered responsiveness. Targeting ligands via surface functionalization enhances the tumor-targeting attributes of MSN modalities while reducing systemic toxicity and off-target effects. To ensure calibrated dosing of anticancer drugs triggered through biophysical response, MSNs can respond to such biophysical or biochemical stimuli originating from the tumor microenvironment (TME). Novel modalities of MSN, previously considered as ineffective owing to BBB restrictions, offer gene-editing tools, small-interfering RNA (siRNA) and further advancement. Clinical oncology, molecular biology, and nanotechnology concordantly develop novel treatment avenues that could significantly modulates desired potential for BT patients. MSNs are regarded as effective nanocarriers targeting a drug to TME, as elaborated in this review, providing impetus to drug delivery, surface modifiability, and stimuli-triggered mechanisms, including both endogenous and exogenous stimuli. MSNs are novel nanocarrier systems with drug targeting potential to brain tumors (BTs).Stimuli-triggered MSNs are investigated in the BTs, focused on pH-responsiveness.Advanced MSN-based nanocarrier systems can effectively deliver the drug across the BBB.

Breast cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related illnesses and deaths globally, which calls for the use of advanced technologies in early diagnosis, precise imaging, and effective therapy. Quantum dots (QDs) have become extremely versatile nanomaterials due to their size-dependent optical properties, large surface area, and easily modifiable physicochemical properties; thus, they can be used in a wide range of applications from diagnosis to therapy. Latest changes show that inorganic, carbon-based, and graphene-derived QDs can be made more biocompatible, controllable in their targeting, and multifunctional by their synthesis and surface functionalization. Great strides have been made in diagnostic applications such as very sensitive electrochemical and optical biosensors, radiolabeled QD probes, and quantum-optimised artificial intelligence-assisted imaging systems, which can detect at femtogram levels, provide high specificity, and are stable in complicated biological matrices. At the same time, therapeutic interventions including QD-mediated drug delivery, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, and nano-immunotherapy have been demonstrated to exhibit strong antitumor effects, inhibition of tumour recurrence and metastasis, immune microenvironment modulation, and decreased systemic toxicity in animal models. Efforts to transition clinical translation further highlight the increasing significance of QD-based platforms. Taken together, these discoveries position QDs as a potential nanotheranostic platform of the next generation with considerable ability to revolutionize breast cancer diagnosis, treatment precision, and patient outcomes, which, however, necessitate solving issues related to long-term safety, production scalability, and regulatory challenges before successful clinical implementation can take place.

Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) have emerged as a versatile and biodegradable platform for targeted cancer therapy, offering enhanced drug solubility, sustained release profiles, and improved pharmacokinetics. Their tunable physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and ability to bypass biological barriers render them highly suitable for the delivery of a broad spectrum of therapeutic agents. This review elucidates the multifaceted mechanisms of targeted delivery employed by PLGA NPs, including passive targeting via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and active targeting through ligand-receptor interactions. We comprehensively discuss the encapsulation strategies and therapeutic efficacy of various anti-cancer agents loaded into PLGA matrices, encompassing conventional chemotherapeutics (e.g., doxorubicin, paclitaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil), cell cycle modulators such as cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, and microtubule-targeting agents like vinca alkaloids and podophyllotoxin derivatives. Furthermore, the review highlights the delivery of genetic materials including small interfering RNA (siRNA) and gene vectors, along with immunomodulatory agents designed to reprogram the tumor microenvironment. Special emphasis is placed on the encapsulation of both synthetic and natural bioactives, notably curcumin and algal-derived compounds, underscoring their synergistic roles in overcoming drug resistance and minimizing systemic toxicity. This paper provides critical insights into the design principles, therapeutic implications, and translational potential of PLGA-based nanocarriers in modern oncology.

Nanoparticle-based drug delivery and molecular imaging methods offer promising advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of stroke, addressing key challenges such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and limited imaging resolution. Nanocarriers like PEGylated liposomes, exosomes, and polymeric nanoparticles have shown improved drug targeting, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, and reduced side effects in stroke treatment. In molecular imaging, nanoparticle-enhanced techniques, including PET, MRI, and CT, enable more precise detection of ischemic areas and thrombus formation, though limitations such as low signal sensitivity and poor tissue penetration persist. While these approaches demonstrate significant potential, challenges remain, including nanoparticle toxicity, imaging insensitivity, and the need for combination imaging methods. Looking ahead, future research should focus on overcoming these barriers through the development of multifunctional nanoparticles for theranostics, which combine drug delivery with real-time imaging. Further advancements in molecular imaging and personalized nanomedicine could enhance diagnostic accuracy and treatment personalization. With continued innovation, nanoparticle-based strategies could revolutionize stroke management, improving both therapeutic outcomes and diagnostic precision in clinical settings.

Bacteriophages are tiny microorganisms with remarkable specificity and versatility, contributes as promising tools in modern biomedicine due to their innate affinity for bacterial hosts. However, in order to effectively utilize their potential in advanced biomedical applications, their native structures are frequently modified to combat challenges like low stability, restricted targeting ability, and insufficient functional diversity. Although genetic engineering has been widely explored, chemically mediated modification of bacteriophages has emerged as an effective method for endowing bacteriophages than genetic modification due to its capability to utilize the functional groups present in the capsid proteins, as well as introduced non-natural moieties, to enable site-specific conjugation and functionalization with variety of therapeutic applications. Modified bacteriophages have shown great promise in antibacterial, antitumor, vaccine, gene delivery, bioimaging, and diagnostic applications, etc. Chemical conjugations play a vital role in transforming bacteriophages into multifunctional therapeutic system for next-generation precision medicine. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art advances in chemically mediated modification of bacteriophages and highlights their key benefits in enhancing therapeutic efficacy.

Regenerative dermatology has advanced from basic wound care to therapies targeting skin repair biology, with platelet-rich plasma (PRP), exosomes, and cell-based treatments as key innovations. This review synthesizes evidence on the mechanisms, efficacy, safety, and challenges of these interventions for skin repair and rejuvenation, highlighting integrative strategies. A comprehensive literature review of preclinical and clinical studies was conducted, focusing on therapeutic mechanisms and translational barriers. PRP delivers growth factors (PDGF, TGF-β, VEGF, EGF) to promote angiogenesis and tissue remodeling. Exosomes transfer microRNAs and proteins to modulate oxidative stress and collagen homeostasis. Cell-based therapies enable structural restoration, including gene-corrected grafts. All show favorable safety, but barriers exist: PRP lacks standardization, exosomes face manufacturing challenges, and cell-based therapies encounter high costs and regulatory hurdles. These modalities represent a shift toward biological restoration. Their integration, guided by robust trials and scalable manufacturing, will define regenerative dermatology's future.

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of global mortality, yet its treatment is frequently limited by poor drug distribution, systemic toxicity, and therapeutic resistance. Stem cells with their self-renewal capacity, lineage-specific differentiation, and intrinsic tumor-homing ability have attracted considerable attention as potential mediators of targeted cancer therapy. Concurrently, nanotechnology offers tunable physicochemical properties and advanced tissue penetration, providing versatile platforms for drug delivery, imaging, and diagnostics. The convergence of nanotechnology and stem cell biology has expanded the therapeutic landscape, enabling multifunctional strategies for targeted drug delivery, imaging, and diagnostics. This review examines the challenges of drug delivery in oncology, elucidates the biological rationale for stem cell-mediated therapies, and explores the role of nanotechnology in augmenting their potential, emphasizing how the tumor-homing capacity of stem cells can be exploited to overcome major barriers in conventional therapies. Furthermore, limitations, safety concerns, and the status of preclinical, and clinical development are discussed, with a focus on key research gaps and future directions to advance this interdisciplinary field.

Low-permeability (LP) tumor vasculature constitutes a major barrier to efficient nanomedicine delivery, making quantitative assessment and mechanistic understanding of vascular permeability essential for the rational design of delivery strategies. Here, we introduce a deep learning-guided microneedle (MN) delivery platform that enables localized and spatiotemporally precise modulation of tumor vasculature to enhance nanoparticle extravasation. By integrating the MN system with an upgraded single-vessel analysis framework (nano-ISML 1.1), we quantitatively mapped vascular remodeling and nanoparticle transport across diverse tumor types and particle sizes. Localized histamine delivery via MNs selectively expanded endothelial junctions through VE-cadherin-mediated regulation, significantly increasing the frequency and length of interendothelial gaps, and thereby reprogramming LP tumors toward a high-permeability phenotype. This controlled vascular remodeling established a pronounced size-dependent permeability window, defined by locally induced gap dimensions that varied across tumor types, permitting efficient penetration of nanoparticles ≤200 nm while largely excluding particles >500 nm. By uniting nanotechnology, vascular biology, and artificial intelligence, this interdisciplinary framework provides a mechanistic and predictive paradigm for overcoming vascular barriers and advancing the rational design of tumor-targeted nanomedicines.

The oral administration of anti-obesity therapeutic peptides and phytoactive substances faces significant challenges due to gastrointestinal instability, inadequate solubility, and limited permeability. Gastric and intestinal enzymes rapidly degrade peptides, but phytoactive compounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids often undergo chemical changes under acidic or oxidative conditions, therby diminishing their medicinal efficacy. Their systemic bioavailability is further constrained by poor water solubility and a limited intestinal epithelial permeability, and substantial first-pass metabolism, which reduces circulating levels. Edible biomaterials offer advantageous solutions by protecting these bioactive compounds, enhancing solubility, facilitating mucosal transport, and enabling regulated release. Advancing these systems from laboratory scale to commercial application necessitates meticulous optimization of production processes, such as spray drying, extrusion, and electrospinning, to ensure consistency and encapsulation efficiency. Regulatory assessment is crucial to guarantee safety, quality, and compliance, regardless of whether the biomaterial is designated for culinary applications or pharmaceutical delivery. Oral biomaterials have significant potential to enhance the delivery of peptides and phytoactive substances to effectively control obesity.

Ovarian cancer (OC) remains a highly lethal gynecologic malignancy, with platinum (Pt)-based chemotherapy facing challenges from drug resistance and systemic toxicity. In this study, we developed a silica-based nanoparticle system, termed SiO₂@PEG-ICG&CDDP, to co-deliver cisplatin (CDDP) and indocyanine green (ICG) for synergistic chemotherapy and photothermal therapy (PTT) against OC. The nanoplatform encapsulates cisplatin (CDDP) and indocyanine green (ICG), leveraging the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect for tumor accumulation. Under 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, ICG-mediated photothermal heating not only induces tumor ablation but also enhances cellular uptake of CDDP and suppresses DNA repair mechanisms. Concurrently, CDDP promotes apoptosis via the formation of platinum-DNA adducts, disrupting DNA replication and transcription. In vitro and in vivo evaluations demonstrated that this combinatory approach effectively reverses CDDP resistance and significantly suppresses tumor growth, while minimizing systemic side effects. Collectively, SiO₂@PEG-ICG&CDDP represents a promising nanotherapeutic strategy to augment the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy in ovarian cancer through PTT-chemotherapy synergy.

This study presents MSNCHDT@DTX, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) functionalized with choline and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), designed as a theranostic agent integrating targeting, imaging, and therapy. Docetaxel (DTX) use in prostate cancer is limited by poor water solubility and systemic toxicity. Exploiting elevated choline uptake in PC-3 cells, MSN were covalently functionalized with choline and DTPA, with DTX subsequently encapsulated within the mesoporous framework. Structure elucidating techniques confirmed successful synthesis, while comprehensive physicochemical characterization validated the grafting of choline and DTPA onto the nanoparticle surface and confirmed drug encapsulation. The system demonstrated stability under physiological conditions and high selectivity for PC-3 human prostate cancer cells, achieving ∼88% increased cellular uptake. Cytotoxic activity surpassed that of both non-targeted nanoparticles and the free drug, with an IC50 of 20 μg/mL at 48 h. By selectively targeting cancerous cells while sparing healthy tissue, MSNCHDT@DTX represents a promising advancement in prostate cancer theranostics.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a long-term inflammatory bowel disease that causes damage to the mucosa and oxidative stress. Natural substances, such as ginger extract, are known to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, the clinical effectiveness of active ingredients like ginger extract is limited by their low bioavailability. Liposomal drug delivery systems, especially those modified with D-&#x3b1;-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS), may enhance the stability and absorption of ginger, making it more effective as a medicinal agent. Since regular ginger extract doesn't work very well as a treatment, it's essential to develop and test new drug delivery systems, such as TPGS-modified liposomes, to enhance the outcomes of UC treatment. A total of 54 male rats were utilized, randomly allocated into nine groups (number in each group&#xa0;=&#xa0;6). Colitis was induced in rats through enemas containing a 4% solution of acetic acid. Four days post-induction of colitis, rats were administered simple, liposomal, and TPGS-modified liposomal forms of 100 and 300&#xa0;mg/kg of alcoholic ginger extract intraperitoneally for five days. The results of this study showed that administration of liposomal forms of ginger extract reduced TNF&#x3b1; (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001) and IL6 (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001) levels in the colon tissue of rats. These compounds also increased SOD and catalase activity in the colon tissue and reduced NO levels. At the histological level, liposomal forms of ginger were also able to reduce tissue inflammation. Also, our results showed that the encapsulation efficiency of ginger extract was 73&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;0.38%. Overall, this research showed that following UC, the colon inflammation and oxidative stress were higher than the healthy animals. Also, the results of this study showed that administration of the liposomal and TPGS-modified liposome was able to exert strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects compared to simple forms.

Diabetic wounds (DW), a serious complication of diabetes mellitus that's characterized by chronic inflammation and persistent hyperglycemia. Hence, often resulting in infection, tissue necrosis and limb amputation. The underlying causes of impaired healing in DW include neuropathy, oxidative stress, vascular insufficiency and immune dysregulation that contribute to delayed tissue repair. Globally, there are more than 422 million adults with diabetes and around 15-25% of them are affected by DW in the course of their lives, a significant global health burden. Conventional therapies like infection control, wound debridement, often are limited in success due to their rapid degradation, poor solubility, poor permeability, and antibiotic resistance. Hydrogel based wound dressing has become promising candidates for DW treatment due to their three-dimensional hydrophilic polymeric networks for efficient moisture retention and for an optimal healing environment. Various types of hydrogels such as natural polymer, synthetic polymer and composite formulations have shown their therapeutic effectiveness in DW models. These materials can be designed to deliver therapeutic agents such as genes, peptides, miRNAs and nucleic acids. Therefore, regulate inflammation, stimulate angiogenesis and fight microbial infections, targeting various pathological features of DW at the same time. Additionally, present review emphasis on advanced hydrogel systems which are sensitive to stimuli such as pH, glucose and reactive oxygen species, are promising by virtue of their injectability, self-healing and biomolecule loading properties for improved biocompatibility and healing rate. As a result, hydrogel-based dressings are increasingly becoming prominent as integrative features in the next generation strategy of DW management.

In recent years, gastric cancer (GC) has remained a major global health challenge due to its persistently high incidence and mortality rates. Despite significant advances in diagnosis and treatment, patient outcomes remain poor, and existing diagnostic technologies and therapeutic approaches exhibit numerous limitations. Consequently, there is an urgent need for novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Nanomaterials have emerged as a research hotspot in recent years, with applications spanning gastric cancer imaging, early detection, drug delivery, phototherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. They are increasingly recognized as innovative breakthroughs in combating gastric cancer. This review aims to summarize the cutting-edge advances in nanotechnology for gastric cancer diagnosis and treatment, providing valuable insights for future developments in this field.