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Electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols offers a sustainable route to high‒value chemicals under the "Power‑to‑Chemicals" vision. Progress, however, is hindered not only by complex reaction networks but also by the fragmentation of research efforts across isolated scales. This review argues that further advances require deliberate cross‑scale integration rather than relying solely on parallel, scale-isolated optimization. We first focus on three currently disconnected streams: atomic‑site engineering, micro‑nano architecture construction, and interfacial microenvironment regulation. At the atomic scale, single/dual‑atom configurations, defects, and alloying tailor electronic and geometric structures to steer selectivity toward C1-C3 products. At the nano-micro scale, morphological and dimensional control enhances mass transport and active‑site accessibility, while heterointerfaces generate built‑in electric fields that accelerate kinetics. At the mesoscale, the dynamic interfacial microenvironment (including local pH, hydrogen‑bond networks, and ion effects) governs the actual catalytic performance and can be actively engineered through catalyst and electrolyte design. Finally, we outline future directions toward robust, low-carbon, and cascade catalytic systems, highlighting the transformative potential of cross-scale system integration in advancing the broader "Power‑to‑Chemicals" agenda.

Carbon/metal compound composites offer significant performance and stability advantages for supercapacitor electrodes. However, conventional strategies struggle to concurrently achieve high metal content and dispersion within the carbon skeleton, both critically affecting energy storage performance and cycling stability. Separately, spent biochar adsorbents pose secondary pollution risks if improperly disposed of. To address these issues, the copper ion loading capacity of nanoplastics is enhanced by investigating the bidirectional promotive effect between nanoplastics and copper ions in aqueous systems: copper ions on the nanoplastics surface will promote their thermal oxidative decomposition. Meanwhile, the oxygen-containing functional groups generated by thermal oxidative decomposition strengthen the interaction between nanoplastics and copper ions, enabling higher copper ion loading on their surfaces, and forming a positive feedback loop. Subsequent co-processing of the nanoplastic system with biochar via nano-micro hybrid scale pyrolysis and activation ultimately yielded the carbon/copper oxide composite (CPC/CuOx), possessing a high specific surface area while concurrently achieving high metal dispersion and high metal content. As a supercapacitor electrode, CPC/CuOx delivered a high specific capacitance of 744 F·g-1 at 0.5 A·g-1 and maintained 80% capacitance retention after 10, 000 cycles. Therefore, this novel approach facilitates high-performance carbon/metal composites and provides a route to convert spent adsorbents into energy materials, mitigating leakage risks after environmental remediation.

Ideal dressings for chronic wounds should efficiently manage excessive exudate while preventing wound infection. Although existing three-dimensional dressings with interconnected porous networks enable rapid fluid absorption, they generally lack the capacity for unidirectional fluid transmission, especially for viscous fluids. To address these limitations, a cationic waterborne polyurethane emulsion was first prepared via the prepolymer emulsification method. Based on this emulsion, a multifunctional aerogel featuring hydrophilic hierarchical nano-micro porous channels was proposed by programming ice-crystal growth behavior using a dynamic ice-templating strategy. This unique gradient-structured aerogel functioned like an intelligent pump, facilitating swift unidirectional transport of viscous fluids up to 60 mPa·s within ~5.7 s. Simultaneously, its gradient stiffness network dissipated stress effectively through elastic energy storage, achieving outstanding mechanical performance (compression for 500 cycles). Furthermore, the aerogel showed intrinsic cationic long-lasting antimicrobial characteristics, demonstrating exceptional antibacterial activity (>99.9%) against E. coli and S. aureus. In vivo studies confirmed that the aerogel considerably enhances wound healing through effective exudate management, infection prevention, and tissue regeneration.

Photocatalytic carbon-nitrogen (C-N) coupling of biomass-derived alcohols and inorganic nitrogen sources provides a sustainable route to high-value amines but is often limited by inefficient C-H activation and uncontrollable nitrogen conversion kinetics. Herein, we report a synergistic redox pathway integrating anaerobic alcohol dehydrogenation and imine hydrogenation, enabled by an atomically dispersed Au species coordinated with three foreign phosphorus atoms on CdS nanorods (AuP3-CdS). In situ spectroscopy and theoretical calculations elucidate that Au-P3 sites boost charge separation and enable both alcohol dehydrogenation and imine hydrogenation with optimal reaction energies compared to the conventional Au species coordinated with three intrinsic sulfur atoms on CdS nanorods (AuS3-CdS). These characteristics enable AuP3-CdS to achieve a furfurylamine production rate of 41.48 mmol g-1 h-1 with a selectivity of 99.1% from biomass-derived furfuryl alcohol and ammonia, which is 63 times higher than that of conventional AuS3-CdS, and notably surpasses other P-coordinated metal-loaded CdS catalysts. Moreover, AuP3-CdS is also applicable to various other alcohols for diverse amine synthesis. Furthermore, this catalyst demonstrates a production rate of 14.24 mmol g-1 h-1 with a selectivity of 97.1% under concentrated natural sunlight (3773 mW cm-2) in a scalable reactor, providing a promising strategy for the photosynthetic synthesis of amines from diverse biomass-derived alcohols and ammonia.

The development of osmotic energy technologies offers a sustainable and renewable pathway to address global energy shortages and environmental challenges. Cellulose-based membranes have been increasingly recognized for their remarkable potential in osmotic energy conversion, owing to their intrinsic ion-selective transport properties, structural and chemical tunability. This outstanding performance is primarily attributed to the renewable origin, versatile surface chemistry, and mechanical robustness of cellulose, which collectively facilitate the design of sustainable and durable ion-conducting membranes. This review highlights recent advances in the design and application of cellulose-based membranes for salinity-gradient energy harvesting, with an emphasis on material composition, nanoscale structural engineering, surface functionalization, and optimization of the ion transport approach. Despite these advances, key challenges that hinder further performance enhancement are identified and critically discussed, along with potential strategies for practical large-scale implementation. Furthermore, recent advances in nanoarchitectonic design and chemical functionalization have demonstrated significant improvements in power density, long-term operational stability, and overall membrane performance under diverse salinity and environmental conditions, underscoring the promise of cellulose-based membranes for next-generation blue energy technologies.

By emulating the complex hierarchical assemblies found in bio-derived materials, nanostructural synthetic designs expand material properties and enlarge their capability for versatile applications. Correspondingly, polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) emerges as a controllable, innovative pathway to realize such intricate nanostructures. The present study aims to design block copolymer nano/micro-objects spanning from typical micelles, worms, jellyfish, and vesicles to scarcely attainable large compound vesicles, spongosome-like complex structures, and inverted micelles through PISA formulation. To obtain these in situ self-assembled structures, a series of block copolymers was synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerization of a pyroglutamate-pendant styrenic monomer (VBPGA) using poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) as a steric stabilizer in an alcohol/water binary solvent mixture at 65 °C. Various parameters, including solvophobic and solvophilic chain lengths, monomer solid content, cosolvent, stirring rate, and salt addition, were used as levers to achieve the morphological diversification. Differing from the traditional hydrophobicity or solvophobicity-driven self-assembly of block copolymers, the introduction of VBPGA as a unique core-forming precursor creates a fuzzy interface between hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains in PDMA-b-PVBPGA block copolymers through hydrogen bonding among amide groups and hydrophobic interactions, enabling the realization of an extended morphological window with fascinating inverse structures at a relatively shorter length of the PVBPGA segment.

The rapid growth of modern electronics has intensified concerns about electronic waste management at the end of a product's life. Integrating closed-loop recyclability, where electronic materials can be efficiently recovered, reprocessed, and reused in regenerated products, is essential for achieving sustainable development, minimizing environmental impact, and realizing long-term economic benefits. However, achieving closed-loop recycling remains particularly challenging for complex electronic materials. Here, we demonstrate the closed-loop recycling of emerging multifunctional two-dimensional conjugated metal-organic frameworks (2D c-MOFs) through a mechanochemistry-induced on-demand degradation strategy. Exemplified with 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene (HHTP)-based 2D c-MOFs, we show that ultrasonic cavitation facilitates selective cleavage of metal-ligand linkages in alkaline solutions enabling rapid material degradation (up to 92.4% within 30 min). The HHTP monomers are subsequently recovered with high purity and yield (96.3%), and reused to regenerate 2D c-MOFs, establishing a complete circular material life cycle. Our cradle-to-cradle life-cycle assessment reveals that, compared with direct synthesis, this closed-loop recycling approach substantially reduces both total energy consumption (52 versus 358 MJ kg-1) and greenhouse gas (CO2) emission (4.8 versus 27.4 kg CO2-equiv), thereby substantially lowering the overall environmental impact relative to conventional electronic materials. Moreover, we demonstrate the practical utility of these recyclable 2D c-MOFs in several applications, including hydrogen gas sensors, supercapacitor electrodes, and degradable printed electronic devices. These results highlight the potential of 2D c-MOFs to advance circular electronics, laying the groundwork for a sustainable transformation within the electronics industry.

Mild photocatalytic valorization of aromatic hydrocarbons is promising for phenolic synthesis, but reliance on oxidants (O2 or H2O2) often leads to the oxidation of alkyl groups rather than stable phenyl rings, thus producing aromatic aldehydes or ketones instead of targeted phenols. In this work, we employed a photocatalytic anaerobic reaction pathway for directly synthesizing the targeted high-value xylenol and H2 from m-xylene and water over a palladium single atom-loaded TiO2 with zinc modification (Pd1-TiO2(Zn)). In situ infrared spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance, in combination with first-principles simulations, revealed that the photocatalytic anaerobic conversion of m-xylene proceeds via surface lattice oxygen-mediated hydroxylation. Lattice oxygen coordinated with Pd acts as a recyclable oxygen source for phenolic hydroxyl groups, regenerated by the rate-determining water oxidation. Isotope labeling confirms hydroxyl hydrogen originates from the benzene ring, not water; water only provides oxygen. The zinc modification could significantly reduce the reaction barrier of the water-oxidation step from 0.85 to 0.22 eV at the Pd-O site. Therefore, the phenolic production rate over Pd1-TiO2(Zn) reached 376.9 µmol g-1 h-1, accompanied by an exceptionally high phenolic selectivity of 98.5% and a hydrogen production rate of 380.6 µmol g-1 h-1, 2-fold higher than that of unmodified Pd1-TiO2.

Pelagic microbial food webs (MFWs) functionally govern marine biogeochemical fluxes, oceanic productivity and climate feedbacks via complex trophic-level interactions, yet their compositional dynamics, trophic-level interactions and tightly coupled physicochemical driving factors remain insufficient in China's marginal seas (CMS: South China Sea, East China Sea, Yellow Sea, Bohai Sea). Here, we elucidate the MFW trophic structure (picoplankton [Pico], nanoplankton [Nano], microzooplankton [Micro]) and its physicochemical drivers across four CMS subzones during January 2025, utilizing flow cytometry, microscopy, and satellite remote sensing-derived hydrographic datasets. Results revealed a latitudinal northward shift in the MFW from Pico- to Micro-dominated assemblages. A size-structured framework was proposed, with consistent negative slopes for normalized abundance spectrum (-3.0 ± 0.2) and biomass spectrum (-1.8 ± 0.2)-validating metabolic ecological theory, with the biomass of 20-200 μm plankton accounting for 9.9% of that of 0.2-2.0 μm plankton. Specifically, trophic-level abundance ratios conformed to a ecological pyramid structure, with Pico: Micro and Nano: Micro ratios spanning 5 and 2 orders of magnitude, respectively. Concerning biotic-abiotic interplays, nutrient-driven bottom-up control emerged as the primary regulatory mechanism for both Pico and Nano spanning all seas except the Kuroshio-influenced zones. Multivariate analyses further identified synergistic environmental forcing-where nitrate-phosphate co-limitation interacts with strong current mixing-as the key modulator of MFW stability thresholds. Our findings provide a trait-based framework for predicting eutrophic marginal sea resilience and modeling carbon export under climate change.

In recent years, advanced battery systems based on solid electrolytes have become a research hotspot to replace traditional liquid lithium-ion batteries due to their significant advantages in energy storage performance and safety. The alloy anode materials (such as Si, Sn, and P) have attracted much attention due to their significantly higher theoretical capacity than graphite. This article systematically reviews the characteristics, key challenge and the latest progress of alloy-solid-state batteries at the anode and solid electrolyte levels. It is emphasized that through strategies such as structural design, material composite, surface engineering and overall electrode system optimization, the volume expansion problem of alloy materials during the cycling process can be alleviated. Meanwhile, in-depth analyses of the dynamic evolution of the interface of solid electrolytes, the kinetics of lithium-ion transport, and the failure mechanisms and innovative strategies in terms of mechanical properties have also been conducted. In addition, this paper introduces the in-depth analysis of the dynamic mechanism in the lithiation process through advanced in situ characterization techniques and multi-physics field simulation methods, thereby providing theoretical guidance for material design. Finally, the potential directions and future opportunities for promoting the development of solid-state batteries with alloy-based anodes are explored.

Solar-driven biomass valorization is pivotal for defossilizing the chemical industry. The oxidation of abundant, low-cost 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA)─a key monomer for next-generation bioplastics─is a long-sought goal yet hampered by sluggish kinetics, poor selectivity, and alkaline dependency. Here, spatially decoupled catalytic sites are engineered on two-dimensional carbon nitride (CN): covalently grafted cyanamide (CA) motifs at the edges and π-π stacked J-type nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc) dimers on the planes. This design features spatiotemporally cascaded charge transfer and dual-site catalysis, achieving 54- and 160-fold enhancements in the HMF conversion rate and H2 evolution rate, respectively, versus pristine CN, during HMF reforming in pure water. The FDCA production rate reaches 2.14 mmol g-1 h-1 with 98.2% selectivity, outperforming benchmark systems. Fundamentally, CA motifs steer an ultrafast hole-initiated selective HMF oxidation with a hole transfer rate of 2.4 × 1010 s-1 (an order of magnitude faster than CN). The resulting long-lived electrons are extracted by the bottom-layer NiPc and transferred via its single Ni atom to the top-layer single Ni atom for proton reduction, with an electron transfer rate of 7.4 × 104 s-1. The asymmetric charge kinetics suppresses charge recombination, yielding a charge transfer efficiency of 98.9%.

Direct seawater electrolysis is severely constrained by the activity-durability trade-off and chloride-induced corrosion. Herein, we design corrosion-resistant, highly selective layered double hydroxide (LDH) catalysts by transitioning interlayer bonding from weak electrostatic attraction to strong coordination. Amphiphilic dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) coordinates with Fe active centers, forming robust Fe─O─S bonds that establish a securely locked microenvironment. Density functional theory reveals this coordination upshifts the Fe d-band center and enhances Fe─O covalency, lowering the thermodynamic oxygen evolution barrier. Simultaneously, molecular dynamics simulations show that hydrophobic alkyl tails reorganize the interfacial hydrogen-bond network. This creates a kinetic barrier against chloride, enabling high hydroxide-to-chloride diffusion selectivity (DOH -/DCl - ≈ 1.94). Consequently, the NiFe-SDBS electrode decouples stability from activity, delivering an ultralow overpotential of 239 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and sustaining 1000 mA cm-2 for >1000 h with negligible degradation. In a zero-gap anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzer, it achieves 1000 mA cm-2 at ∼4.64 kWh Nm-3 and maintains robust stability (>600 h at 500 mA cm-2) with an ultra-low degradation rate of 0.18 mV h-1. This work establishes coordination-driven microenvironment engineering as a generalizable paradigm for durable electrocatalyst design.

Inorganic CsPbI3 perovskite, known for its high chemical stability and near-ideal bandgap, offers a promising solution to the instability of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites that limit perovskite solar cells (PSCs) longevity. However, the conventional intermediate phase (dimethylammonium lead iodide, DMAPbI3) templating method suffers from inefficient phase conversion, hindering high-performance PSC development. To overcome this limitation, we engineered the crystallographic orientation of DMAPbI3 to promote rapid volatilization of DMAI and accelerating the transformation. Through in situ anchoring of Pb2+-complexing groups (-F&#x2009;<&#x2009;-Cl&#x2009;<&#x2009;-SO4) on TiO2 substrates during chemical bath deposition, we direct the preferential in-plane growth of Pb-rich (100) planes of DMAPbI3, enhancing its [100] orientation. Crucially, stronger complexing groups yield higher orientation degrees, accelerating thermal conversion into highly oriented CsPbI3 perovskite with higher purity and better optoelectronic properties. This strategy enables carbon-based, hole-transport-layer-free CsPbI3 PSCs to achieve a record 20.72% efficiency (certified as 20.35%). Unencapsulated device retains > 85% of their initial efficiency after 1156&#x2009;h of continuous maximum power point tracking under 1-sun illumination.

We report the design, fabrication, and characterization of a stretchable composite material with mechanically tunable optical properties in the thermal infrared spectral range. The device consists of an elastomeric substrate of Styrene-Ethylene-Butylene-Styrene (SEBS) patterned at the micro&#x2011;scale coated with an optically active gold layer whose morphology and optical response evolve under mechanical deformation. Stretching or compressing the composite modifies the geometry of both the surface pattern and the active layer, leading to reversible changes in transmittance and reflectance in the infrared range. The resulting composite operates without external electrical power, relying exclusively on mechanical actuation. A comparison between two active layer thicknesses (30 and 60&#xa0;nm) on micropatterned SEBS elastomer reveals distinct optical behaviors. The 30&#xa0;nm layer exhibits a transmission increase from 10% to 43% (+&#x2009;33%) under 100% strain, making it suitable for transmission-based IR modulation. In contrast, the 60&#xa0;nm layer exhibits a reflectance decrease from 55% to 15% (-40%), making it suitable for reflectance-based thermal camouflage. We demonstrate its performance as a flexible strain sensor and infrared modulator and assess its stability over 1000 cycles of repeated deformation. The optical response remains stable despite nanoscale crack formation in the metal layer, highlighting the decoupling between electrical and optical behavior. These results define a simple design strategy in which metal thickness governs the dominant modulation mode (transmission vs. reflectance), providing a versatile platform for passive, mechanically driven infrared devices Part of this work has previously been disclosed in a patent (ES 2 950 877 A1), highlighting its technological relevance.

Global warming and the utilization of greenhouse gases have become a matter of worldwide concern. Porous adsorbents have emerged as core materials for effectively capturing CO2 and its isotopes. Flexible metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) stand out from traditional rigid adsorbents due to their unique structural flexibility and dynamic behavior. Owing to these characteristics, flexible MOFs have emerged as highly promising materials for CO2 adsorption and separation. Moreover, the high working capacity and excellent selectivity of flexible MOFs confer significant advantages for CO2 capture applications. They are expected to reduce energy consumption during adsorption-desorption cycles, positioning them as a promising new adsorbent. This review offers an overview of the dynamic behaviors of CO2 adsorption by flexible MOFs. Furthermore, we summarized the cutting-edge achievements in adjusting gating pressure, adsorption hysteresis loops, and CO2 affinity through ligand engineering, regulating the metal node, and functionalizing the pore environment. The challenges encountered with the material during actual carbon capture were discussed. Finally, an in-depth prospect is provided to promote the application of these materials in low-carbon energy and the high-value utilization of CO2 and its isotopes.

Hypertrophic scars, characterized by excessive fibroblast activation, present significant clinical challenges. Current treatments (e.g., laser, surgery, steroids) face limitations: Surgery is costly and associated with high recurrence rates, while pharmacological interventions often induce pain and exhibit low bioavailability or efficacy. To address this, we engineered a novel chiral supramolecular biomaterial derived from L-/D-phenylalanine and D-phenylalanine (L/DP) with well-defined nanostructure and optical activity. L/DP achieved biomimetic integration and stereoselective regulating of integrin &#x3b2;1 (ITG&#x3b2;1) in scar tissue. In vitro, LP suppressed fibroblast proliferation by downregulating ITG&#x3b2;1 (72%), inhibiting FAK/PI3K/AKT signaling and TGF-&#x3b2;1. In vivo (rabbit ear HS model), LP reduced scar thickness (54%), collagen deposition (39%), and &#x3b1;-SMA expression (45%), outperforming conventional drugs by 23%. This chirality-directed strategy provides a drug-free, painless, and highly effective HS therapy via integrin-mediated remodeling of the scar microenvironment and holds substantial clinical promise.