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This study aimed to examine attitudes toward breastfeeding myths among women from Generations X, Y, and Z and to identify sociodemographic and experiential factors associated with belief in breastfeeding myths. A cross-sectional and comparative study was conducted in Türkiye. Data were collected online from 360 women aged 18 years and older through convenience snowball sampling between June and October 2025. The Personal Information Form and the Breastfeeding Myths Scale were used as data collection tools. Differences between generations were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, and predictors of breastfeeding myths were examined using linear regression analysis. Breastfeeding myth scores differed significantly across generations, with the highest scores observed among Generation X and the lowest among Generation Z (p = 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed that lack of breastfeeding-related information (B = 10.481, p = 0.001), lack of prior breastfeeding experience (B = 9.131, p = 0.008), and receiving breastfeeding support primarily from mothers or mothers-in-law (B = 17.901, p = 0.002) were significantly associated with higher breastfeeding myth scores. Being a member of Generation Z was associated with lower myth belief compared with the reference group (B = -3.776, p = 0.021). The final model explained 20.5% of the variance in breastfeeding myth scores (R2 = 0.205). The findings indicate that generational differences exist in attitudes toward breastfeeding myths, with younger women reporting fewer myth-related beliefs. Access to accurate information, prior breastfeeding experience, and professional support appear to play important roles in reducing misconceptions. These findings may help inform generation-sensitive breastfeeding education and counseling strategies in Türkiye.

Rape research has increasingly examined how stereotypes about victims, offenders, and the nature of the crime (i.e., rape myths) shape public perceptions and case outcomes. These myths include beliefs such as perpetrators being strangers, the impossibility of spousal rape, the necessity of weapons or physical injury, and the idea that intoxication negates culpability. Rape myth acceptance influences how victims are treated within the criminal justice system and may affect outcomes such as arrest. This study examined whether rape myth-aligned characteristics predicted arrest in reported rape cases using 2020 National Incident-Based Reporting System data and logistic regression. Cases involving a spousal offender were significantly less likely to result in arrest, consistent with rape myth narratives. In contrast, cases involving sober offenders were also less likely to result in arrest, indicating that documented intoxication was associated with a higher likelihood of arrest. This pattern contradicts the expectation that intoxication reduces perceived culpability and instead suggests it may function as a situational or evidentiary cue. Additionally, cases involving physical injury and weapon use were less likely to lead to arrest, further contradicting common rape myth expectations, while the stranger rapist myth was not significant. Overall, rape myth alignment did not consistently increase the likelihood of arrest and was sometimes associated with decreased legal action.

Background/Objectives: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used by the public to seek health information, yet their accuracy in addressing common vaccine myths remains unclear. Sycophantic LLM behavior, where models align with rather than correct user-stated beliefs, poses specific risks in health contexts. Methods: We conducted an exploratory multi-vendor evaluation of three LLMs (GPT-5, Gemini 2.5 Flash, Claude Sonnet 4) using officially curated vaccination myths from Germany's public health institution and two realistic user framings (curious skeptic, convinced believer). All model responses were independently evaluated by two blinded medical experts for misconception addressal (binary criterion applied to the response text), scientific accuracy, and communication clarity (5-point Likert scales). Additionally, blinded marketing experts ranked models for lay communication clarity. Flesch Reading Ease scores were computed for all outputs. Results: Across all myths, framings, and models (66 response items), both medical raters judged that all responses refuted the targeted misconception; no response affirmed or ignored a myth, including under the adversarial convinced believer framing. Scientific accuracy and clarity ratings were high and tightly clustered (median 4.0-4.5), with no combined score below 3 and substantial inter-rater agreement. Marketing experts independently ranked Gemini 2.5 Flash and GPT-5 highest for lay clarity. Readability analysis revealed generally low accessibility, particularly for the convinced believer framing and for Claude Sonnet 4 outputs. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that general-purpose LLMs can produce scientifically accurate, on-topic rebuttals to widely documented vaccine myths under realistic default conditions, although linguistic complexity and framing-sensitive style may limit accessibility. Whether such outputs change beliefs or behavior in hesitant individuals was not tested. With readability optimization, these outputs could serve as building blocks for myth-debunking tools, given prospective evaluation with behavioral endpoints.

Botulinum Neurotoxin A (BoNT-A) is clinically safe and effective, yet public discourse remains saturated with myths. This review investigates how misconceptions are produced and sustained within peer-reviewed literature and traditional media. A narrative synthesis of English-language publications (2000-2024) from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (peer-reviewed) and ProQuest, Factiva, LexisNexis (media) was conducted. AI-assisted search, clustering (UMAP-HDBSCAN), and VADER sentiment analysis were integrated. Inter-rater reliability (&#x3ba;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.87-0.94) and AI-human agreement (89.5%) were established. "Botox" is used as a generic term for all BoNT-A products consistent with public and social media discourse. Of 513 sources (186 academic, 327 media), myths clustered into eight categories. Media coverage showed strongly negative sentiment (mean -&#x2009;0.58), while academic literature remained neutral (71% neutral). Safety/toxicity myths were 3.2 times more frequent in media (&#x3c7;2&#x2009;=&#x2009;29.8, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Psychological myths carried a mean sentiment of -&#x2009;0.61 (Kruskal-Wallis H&#x2009;=&#x2009;28.4, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Geographic mapping identified misinformation spikes following litigation, celebrity disclosures, and regulatory advisories. Novel myths (e.g. immune suppression, "patchwork ageing") emerged post-2019 (mean sentiment -&#x2009;0.69). A quantifiable asymmetry exists between scientific evidence and media framing of BoNT-A. Misinformation is culturally embedded, emotionally charged, and event driven. Bridging this gap requires pre-consultation educational tools, scripted clinical responses, and cross-disciplinary media engagement. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

The ability to anticipate public behavior shapes first responders' actions during emergencies. Discrepancies between empirically grounded knowledge of public behavior and persistent disaster-related myths held by first responders may lead to misaligned decisions, placing human lives at risk. A systematic scoping review mapped the existing evidence on how belief in myths influences the decision-making of first responders (e.g., police/fire services) during the emergency response phase. The review followed the Population-Concept-Context framework and is reported according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The search strategy included three stages: a systematic search of electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, JSTOR, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar), manual screening of reference lists, and forward citation tracking from 2020 onward. Of the 859 sources identified, 21 met all inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Findings demonstrate that myths, such as assumptions of public panic, looting, and social breakdown, exert direct and indirect influence across multiple levels of the emergency system. These beliefs are embedded in organizational culture, training, procedures, policies, and communication practices, often leading to centralized, security-oriented, and command-and-control responses. Such approaches divert resources from life-saving actions, suppress civic initiatives, restrict information flow, and undermine trust, ultimately reducing response effectiveness and exacerbating harm. These patterns recur across disaster types and contexts, indicating that decision-making failures stem less from disaster characteristics than from myth-based assumptions. The study concludes that improving emergency response requires a paradigm shift toward evidence-based models that recognize the public as a resource, promote decentralized coordination, support civic participation, and prioritize transparent, empowering communication.

Medical students are commonly advised to "find their fit" as they strive to make a specialty decision. But the term "fit" is often interpreted to mean that every medical student has a specialty soulmate, one perfect specialty that will provide career satisfaction. The specialty soulmate myth is reinforced through the career advising process, the residency application and selection process, and the structure and funding of graduate medical education. The authors explain the vocational theory that is the foundation of fit, describe how the specialty soulmate myth is reinforced in undergraduate and graduate medical education, and offer recommendations for dispelling the specialty soulmate myth.

Asian sub-ethnic trainees and physician educators constitute a substantial proportion of the medical workforce across Western countries yet remain systematically excluded from diversity and inclusion discourse. The model minority myth (MMM)-the construct that positions Asians as uniformly high-achieving, non-confrontational and culturally assimilated-operates as a structural force that simultaneously confers partial privilege and constrains identity, advancement and help-seeking. Despite its harms, the mechanisms by which the MMM operates across medical training remain understudied. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with Asian sub-ethnic medical students, residents and physician educators across medical training institutions. A hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used, guided by an Asian Critical Theory (AsianCrit) framework. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed using deductive and inductive thematic analysis to ensure rigour. Six themes were identified: (1) internalised exceptionalism and family-mediated career pressure; (2) everyday racial misrecognition and erasure, including name mispronunciation and physical interchangeability; (3) structural barriers to leadership, including the bamboo ceiling, voluntold labour and social exclusion; (4) homogenisation and the use of the MMM as a wedge against Black and Indigenous peers; (5) performative equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) initiatives, curriculum gaps and tokenistic institutional participation; and (6) mentorship patterns shaped by shared ethnic and cultural experience. Cross-cutting findings included the MMM's suppression of help-seeking, the differential operation of the myth across Arab/Middle Eastern sub-ethnic identities and the influence of geopolitical events on identity expression. The MMM shapes lived experience across the full arc of medical training, from admissions through senior leadership. Its harms are not uniform: They vary by sub-ethnic group, generation, gender and institutional context. Medical education must move beyond performative EDI to structurally address the MMM's manifestations in curriculum, selection processes and mentorship. Disaggregating 'Asian' into its constituent sub-ethnic identities is essential to equitable policy and practice.

Single-case experimental design (SCED) has historically dominated applied behavior analytic research methodology. While valuable for establishing functional relations, this reliance limits the breadth of evidence available to inform practice. Qualitative methods, underutilized and frequently misunderstood by behavior analysts, offer a valuable and complementary approach to research that can deepen understanding of phenomena beyond observable behavior. This paper critically examines five prevalent myths about qualitative research among behavior analysts: (1) qualitative methods are not behavior-analytic, (2) qualitative methods have limited external validity, (3) qualitative methods are subjective and biased, (4) qualitative research lacks rigor, and (5) qualitative methods are only relevant for studying social validity. We assess the accuracy of each myth and provide necessary clarifications from our perspective as behavior analysts with formal training in qualitative methods and conclude by advocating for the expansion of behavior analysts' methodological repertoires to include qualitative approaches.

Foreign body inhalation carries potential for significant morbidity and mortality. Technological advances in imaging and flexible endoscopes have challenged the status of rigid bronchoscopy as the gold standard for inhaled foreign body management. This review of the assessment and management of inhaled foreign bodies focuses on tracheobronchial foreign bodies in children. Myths surrounding clinical assessment, use of radiography and procedures for addressing foreign bodies are sequentially deconstructed using evidence from the literature. If foreign body aspiration is suspected, prompt intervention is required to minimise sequelae of delayed diagnosis. The threshold for bronchoscopy should be low, with rigid techniques remaining the gold standard, and maintenance of these skills essential.

This article examines Anne Lister's diaries as a space for a queer reconfiguration of the Don Juan myth in early nineteenth-century English context. Rather than identifying Lister with the libertine hero, it treats Don Juan archetype as a critical lens through which to reconsider seduction and desire once it is no longer supported by masculine privilege. Through close readings of selected diary entries, the discussion traces how Lister's persistent courtships do not follow a pattern of conquest but emerge from vulnerability and in the hope of domestic stability. Instead of ending in moral punishment, her story is determined by exclusion and by the difficulty of finding recognition in the social sphere. The diary, especially in its coded passages, become a space to register her desire under conditions of risk and surveillance, allowing for a rethinking of Don Juanism as a historically situated negotiation of desire and survival.

This paper offers a theoretical reinterpretation of the groundbreaking Greentown study using Pierre Bourdieu's Theory of Practice. Rather than presenting new empirical findings, it examines previously published research to study children's involvement in organised crime networks through a relational, practice-based lens. Dominant approaches to youth offending and gang participation tend to focus on individual risk factors, programme effectiveness or structural indicators and can struggle to account for the enduring social logics through which criminal authority is reproduced across generations. Drawing on Bourdieusian concepts of field, capital and symbolic power, the paper interprets Greentown as a localised social field in which a core family network accumulates and deploys social, cultural, economic and symbolic capital to secure compliance, cultivate loyalty and sustain informal forms of governance. Attention is paid to the role of symbolic narratives and mythmaking in minimising the visible presence of the state and normalising participation for young people and residents. The analysis illustrates how such symbolic orders can persist even where individual agents desist, contributing to the relative stability of networked harm. The paper argues that Bourdieu provides a coherent and theoretically disciplined framework for understanding organised criminal networks as socially embedded fields and suggests that interventions attentive to symbolic power and misrecognition may complement existing criminal justice responses. While explicitly interpretive in scope, the paper points towards the value of theory-led re-readings of empirical research for addressing the complex and 'wicked' nature of organised networked offending.

Alkaline water has gained widespread popularity and is frequently marketed for benefits related to hydration, acid-base balance, metabolic health, and immune function. These claims are increasingly encountered in primary care, yet their clinical validity remains uncertain. To critically evaluate current evidence on alkaline water, focusing on its physiological effects, clinical relevance, and safety in routine patient care. A narrative review of the literature was conducted, including human clinical studies, experimental interventions, and animal models. Outcomes examined included gastrointestinal health, hydration status, bone metabolism, metabolic parameters, oxidative stress, and immune function. Evidence suggests that alkaline water provides limited, context-specific benefits. The most consistent findings relate to gastrointestinal effects, particularly pepsin inactivation and potential improvement in reflux-related symptoms. Modest effects on hydration markers, urinary pH, and selected indicators of bone resorption have been reported, especially with bicarbonate-rich formulations. In contrast, evidence supporting metabolic, antioxidant, and immunological benefits is inconsistent and largely derived from small or preclinical studies. Claims of systemic alkalinization, enhanced immunity, anti-aging, and disease prevention are not supported by robust clinical evidence. Alkaline water should not be routinely recommended in primary care. Clinicians should emphasize evidence-based interventions and exercise caution in vulnerable populations, including individuals with chronic kidney disease, those on acid-suppressive therapy, pregnant women, and children. Alkaline water has limited clinical utility. Its effects are modest and likely driven more by mineral composition than pH alone. Further well-designed, long-term studies are required before definitive recommendations can be made.

Previous research has shown that both victim intoxication and narrative framing can influence the levels of victim blame. However, far less attention has been paid to how coercive strategy and narrative framing may interact to shape victim-blaming judgements and perceptions of sexual assault. The present study addresses this gap by examining how combinations of coercive strategies (physical force versus alcohol facilitated), narrative framing (active versus passive), and rape myth acceptance (RMA) influence victim blame and the recognition of sexual assault. Participant gender and age were also assessed in relation to RMA and victim-blaming attitudes. A total of 202 participants aged 18-63 (78.7% of women, 21.3% of men, MAge = 28.93, SD = 14.36) completed an online survey evaluating vignettes depicting a male perpetrator sexually assaulting a female victim. Age significantly predicted victim blaming, with older participants assigning greater blame to the victim. Gender predicted both RMA and victim blame, with men reporting higher RMA and greater victim blame than women. Active framing in both the physical force and alcohol-use conditions reduced participants' recognition of the incident as sexual assault. Participants with lower RMA consistently reported lower victim blame across conditions, and were more likely to identify the incident as sexual assault in the physical force condition. These findings highlight the influence of coercive strategies and the importance of victim-centred language in policing, legal, and media contexts, where narrative framing can meaningfully shape the recognition of sexual assault.

The 2023 Magnet&#xae; Application Manual requirements include a source of evidence that expects organizations to describe an "action plan for registered nurses' progress toward obtaining a baccalaureate or higher degree in nursing." This Perspective aims to dispel ongoing misunderstandings surrounding this requirement.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) exhibits phenotypic diversity (as is also true for heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction [HFrEF]), but the diversity of clinical presentations or pathophysiological features do not reflect mechanistic heterogeneity. Several lines of evidence undermine the presumption that multiple independent causal pathways contribute to the pathogenesis of HFpEF: (1) characterization of phenotypic heterogeneity by mathematical modeling has not yielded insights into actionable mechanisms or treatment strategies; (2) studies using deep phenotyping in HFpEF have revealed a smooth continuous landscape without phenotypic discreteness; (3) treatments specifically directed to the amelioration of comorbidities or observed pathophysiological derangements (e.g., hypertension, dysglycemia, pulmonary hypertension or coronary microvascular dysfunction) have not favorably influenced the clinical course of HFpEF; (4) the design of randomized clinical trials in HFpEF have specified broad-based eligibility criteria that have not assumed mechanistic heterogeneity; (5) large-scale trials of effective drugs have shown broad-based benefits, without heterogeneity of effect sizes based on phenotypic subgroups; and (6) a unifying hypothesis has been proposed to explain the mechanism of HFpEF in the large majority of patients (analogous to the neurohormonal hypothesis of HFrEF), and it has received institutional recognition and recent prospective validation, as demonstrated by the favorable effects seen with inhibition of activin type II receptor signaling on pulmonary artery wedge pressures and left atrial volumes in HFpEF. Those who believe that phenotypic heterogeneity provides insights into mechanistic heterogeneity must explain how it is possible for causal mechanisms to be identified based on phenotypic features, and additionally, they must demonstrate that phenotype-directed or -informed therapy improves outcomes or leads to new treatments for HFpEF. Advocacy for phenotypic characterization as an approach to guiding treatment decisions in HFpEF should be based on testable and falsifiable hypotheses and grounded on the results of randomized controlled trials.

The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) is regularly cited as the standalone 'gold standard' or an essential inclusion for diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. This research considers whether the evidence is consistent with the strength of such beliefs. A random sample of 100 published articles referring to the ADOS as having 'gold standard' status was reviewed. Analysis of cited evidence for this proposition was performed over three iterations, exploring the source of each 'gold standard' statement. The first iteration found 62% of 'gold standard' statements were either unreferenced or only cited test materials. From the remaining 38%, a total of 47 discrete sources were referenced. In the second iteration, about 60% of papers did not include any supporting reference, with another five citing references inconsistent with 'gold standard' statements. Only one paper from the third iteration cited source material that had not been reviewed in the first and second iterations. Two of the three associated references cited in that one paper contained no mention of the ADOS as a 'gold standard'. The majority of papers reviewed failed to cite support for a 'gold standard' statement. Failure to identify these issues at peer-review suggests a pervasive, but erroneous, assumption that there is a broad consensus about the status of the ADOS. In reviewing this sample, 'gold standard' consensus appears based more on hearsay and marketing than clinical support, suggesting a need for greater vigilance during the review process by requiring authors to establish evidence for significant assertions.

The teaching that ketamine should be avoided in patients suffering from a traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been a long-held dogma due to a fear of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). However, this recommendation was not based on data in patients with TBI. Ketamine holds several neuroprotective properties that may be beneficial in this group of patients. Additionally, in contemporary studies that were better controlled, ketamine has not been shown to significantly increase ICP in patients with TBI. In fact, ketamine may decrease ICP and increase cerebral perfusion pressure.

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The authors examine 3 controversies in pediatric fracture management. The first is the use of point-of-care ultrasound versus radiography for buckle fractures. The second is the need for immobilization for stable distal radius fractures. The third is the role of using a cast or splint versus no immobilization in the management of toddler's fractures. Recent evidence supports potentially more minimalist approaches. The use of ultrasound, soft bandaging, and nonimmobilization can be as effective as traditional methods.