搜索结果：Movements

Objective assessment of low back pain (LBP) is challenging due to subtle, task-dependent movement impairments that are poorly captured by existing sensing technologies. Motion Tape (MT), which is a self-adhesive elastic fabric skin strain sensor, enables skin-conforming measurement of localized biomechanical strain during functional movement, but its discriminative utility for LBP remains unclear. We examine this question in a multi-sensor, multi-movement setting and analyze whether MT signals encode discriminative structure that distinguishes individuals with LBP from healthy controls. Using data from 20 participants performing 19 functional movements with six sensors, we evaluate movement-specific classification under a leave-pair-out protocol and examine which movements, sensor placements, and features are most informative. Our analysis reveals that group separation is highly selective: only a small subset of movements, most notably forward flexion, consistently supports accurate classification, while many movements remain at near-chance level. We find that temporal dynamics features help in resolving difficult cases that global strain statistics fail to separate, and that informative signals are spatially localized to the lower lumbar spine. In contrast, pretrained time-series foundation models show negligible sensitivity to participant-level structure in MT signals. Overall, the findings from this exploratory study establish when and how MT sensing can effectively differentiate individuals with LBP from healthy controls, providing a principled foundation for larger-scale validation.

Assessment of upper-limb kinematics is essential in clinical practice for diagnosis, rehabilitation monitoring, and treatment personalization. Markerless Motion Capture (MMC) systems, such as the Microsoft Azure Kinect (AK), offer a low-cost and time-efficient alternative to marker-based systems. However, while AK accuracy has been extensively studied for lower-limb movements, its performance for upper-limb analysis-especially under clinically relevant, suboptimal conditions-remains underexplored. This study aims to validate AK for upper-limb motion tracking against a gold-standard optoelectronic system under optimal and suboptimal conditions. Sixteen healthy adults performed ten upper body motor tasks in three scenarios: optimal setup, seated posture with table occlusion, and increased camera distance. Joint angles were compared using normalized Root Mean Squared Error (nRMSE) and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Performance Indicators (PIs) including Range of Motion (ROM), smoothness, and Time to Peak Velocity (TTPV) were also evaluated. AK accurately captured movements performed within the camera plane, with median nRMSE below 20% in optimal conditions and no significant degradation in suboptimal setups. In contrast, movements occurring on planes perpendicular to the camera were poorly captured. ROM estimation was acceptable and highly reproducible, while TTPV showed moderate-to-poor reliability and smoothness deviated substantially from the reference system. These findings suggest that careful attention to Kinect positioning is essential to ensure effective acquisitions, even in suboptimal scenarios. Future research should evaluate AK validity in clinical populations and explore the effects of system interference in multi-device setups.

Facial movements can be key indicators of neurological health and emotional state, offering insights into motor and neuropsychiatric functions that are disrupted in neurologic disorders. Neurological disease can present with characteristic differences in facial movements, like the masked facies of parkinsonism. Automated digital facial expression recognition could assist in asynchronous, remote and objective diagnostic processes. We hypothesized that facial movements relating to smiling, frowning, and blinking could be extracted from brief video-taped encounters in a clinic setting and used to (1) differentiate between neurologic diagnoses, and (2) identify people with symptoms of anxiety and depression. Using untargeted recruitment, individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), other conditions (parkinsonism, frontotemporal dementia (FTD)), and healthy controls (HC) enrolled in an ongoing digital phenotyping study. Participant faces were video-recorded during a spontaneous language task. Videos were processed using OpenFace 2.2.0, an open-access digital tool pre-trained for facial landmark detection and facial action unit recognition. Participants with MS completed the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D). Videos were analyzed for adults with MS (n=151, mean age 48, 72% female), parkinsonism (n=23, mean age 67, 35% female), FTD (n=14, mean age 68, 29% female), and HCs (n=33, mean age 55, 58% female). Sampling duration was 60-90 seconds; 91% videos passed quality control. Individuals with parkinsonism had decreased eye-blinking compared to all groups, and decreased smiling and increased brow-lowering compared to MS and HCs. Individuals with FTD had increased blinking relative to other groups. There were no significant differences between individuals with MS and HCs. Classification accuracy for partition analysis model was 88% (ROC-AUC 0.84 for parkinsonism). In individuals with MS, decreased variability in brow lowerering was seen with higher anxiety symptoms, and decreased cheek raising intensity was seen with higher depression symptoms. Digitally identified facial movements have face validity for recapitulating known clinical characteristics of neurological disease, as well as reflecting internal state relating to mood. This provides a foundation for expanded longitudinal validation of computer vision-based facial movement analysis in neurological research. However, findings should be interpreted in the context of sample size imbalance across diagnostic groups, which may have influenced classification performance.

Human muscle anatomy consists of multiple layers, each contributing to movement through complex patterns of activation. Conventional non-invasive sensing techniques, such as surface electromyography (sEMG) and mechanomyography (MMG), primarily capture aggregate muscle activity and provide limited depth-dependent information. As different movements may involve distinct combinations of superficial and deeper muscles, access to depth-dependent information could improve the discrimination of motion patterns that are difficult to distinguish using surface measurements alone. To address this limitation, we developed an optical sensor capable of depth-sensitive measurement using near-infrared light. The sensor comprises a light source and an array of photodetectors arranged at six source-detector distances (SDDs) ranging from 12 to 48 mm within a compact wearable module. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the sensor. First, depth sensitivity was investigated using Monte Carlo simulations and phantom experiments, demonstrating distinct sensitivity profiles for different SDDs and providing preliminary evidence of depth-dependent sensing. Second, the sensor was attached to the forearm to measure signals during nine hand and wrist movements. Machine learning models were evaluated for motion classification, with Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) achieving the highest performance. Using all six SDD channels, an average classification accuracy of 87.5% was achieved across 10 subjects. An ablation study evaluating all 63 possible channel combinations further showed that classification performance improved systematically with the inclusion of multiple SDD channels, indicating that measurements obtained at different sensing depths provide complementary information for motion discrimination. These results demonstrate the feasibility of multi-SDD optical sensing for capturing depth-dependent physiological information and highlight its potential as a compact, non-invasive sensing approach for wearable human-machine interface applications.

Background: Drop finger may occur in patients with C7 and/or C8 cervical radiculopathy caused by cervical spondylosis. Although surgical decompression of the affected nerve roots is performed in patients with drop finger refractory to conservative treatment, postoperative recovery of drop finger is often unsatisfactory. Furthermore, no effective rehabilitation strategy for improving drop finger has yet been established. Methods: Here, we report a patient with drop finger who underwent a novel postoperative rehabilitation program. A 64-year-old man presented with drop finger of the left hand caused by left C7 and C8 radiculopathy and underwent cervical foraminotomy. For postoperative rehabilitation, we applied the single-joint Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL), a wearable robotic suit. The patient underwent a total of 21 sessions of metacarpophalangeal HAL training, which assisted voluntary flexion and extension movements of the metacarpophalangeal joints, and 6 sessions of wrist abduction HAL training, which assisted ulnar-direction wrist abduction movements. Results: As a result, improvement in the left-sided drop finger was achieved. In this case, the use of HAL enabled voluntary motor training within the normal range of motion of the fingers and wrist even during the early postoperative phase, when sufficient neurological recovery had not yet been achieved. Conclusions: This successful motor experience may have facilitated the reacquisition of normal movement patterns, thereby contributing to improvement in drop finger.

Labor pain remains a significant challenge in childbirth due to its impact on maternal comfort and overall birth experience. The Rebozo technique is a traditional non-pharmacological intervention that uses a woven cotton shawl to perform gentle rhythmic movements of the pelvis, aiming to promote relaxation and support labor progression. Despite increasing attention, evidence regarding its effect on labor pain intensity remains fragmented and incomprehensive. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the Rebozo technique in reducing labor pain intensity. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Garuda databases for studies published between 2020 and 2025. The review followed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Quantitative studies, including randomized controlled trials (RCT) and quasi-experimental designs involving intrapartum women, were included, with pain intensity as the primary outcome. Study quality was appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools. A meta-analysis was not conducted due to heterogeneity in study design, intervention protocols, outcome measures, and sample characteristics, and instead a narrative synthesis was applied. Ten studies comprising 537 participants met inclusion criteria. Results indicate that overall Rebozo technique significantly reduced labor pain intensity (p-values 0.000-0.016), particularly during the active phase compared with standard care or other non-pharmacological methods. In conclusion, the Rebozo technique appears to be an effective, safe, and adaptable non-pharmacological approach for labor pain management. Limitations include heterogeneity among studies and restricted generalizability due to the predominance of studies from Indonesia and Türkiye. Further studies with standardized protocols and expanded outcome measure are warranted.

The genes coding for the proteins of the ectodermal dysplasin pathway, EDA, EDAR and EDA2R are found in genomes of animals that long predate vertebrates. We show that EDA, EDAR and EDA2R are expressed in the sea anemone. A fourth gene in the pathway, EDARADD, only appears with the cyclostomes. With the appearance of EDARADD, the ectodermal dysplasin system was now complete, and the skin appendages emerged, first in the form of the cyclostome's keratinized proto-teeth, until finally, feathers and then mammalian hair and eccrine glands evolved. We elaborate on the specific roles of the ectodermal dysplasin pathway proteins: EDA releases its extracellular circulating component, switching on the pathway at the appropriate stage in embryological development. EDA binds to EDAR, whose location in the embryo has been specified by a reaction-diffusion system. The EDA/EDAR complex now binds to intracellular EDARADD, directing the expression of downstream proteins that orchestrate the mechanics of the cell movements, building the placodes and the appropriate skin appendages.

Automatic sign language generation has the potential to support information accessibility for deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals. Generating sign language pose sequences from natural language text can serve as an intermediate representation for avatar-based sign language expression and sign language video synthesis. However, text-to-sign pose generation is challenging because sign language conveys meaning through both manual movements and non-manual signals, while requiring temporally coherent motion over local and sentence-level contexts. In addition, text length does not directly correspond to the number of pose frames required for sign language expression. To address these issues, this study proposes a text-to-Korean Sign Language (KSL) pose generation model based on non-manual signal conditioning and multi-scale temporal refinement. The proposed framework integrates a text encoder, pose decoder, non-manual signal conditioning, multi-scale temporal refinement, and length prediction/blending. The model generates normalized 58-joint KSL keypoint sequences from morpheme-level text inputs and jointly optimizes pose reconstruction, motion continuity, bone consistency, PCK-aware precision, non-manual signal prediction, and length consistency. Experimental results on a KSL text-pose dataset show that the proposed model outperforms text-only and Transformer-based baselines. Compared with the Transformer text-to-pose baseline, the proposed model reduced MPJPE from 0.408236 to 0.316366 and Pose MAE from 0.165473 to 0.128570. It also improved PCK@0.05 from 0.136090 to 0.163928 and reduced the length relative error from 0.221455 to 0.127152. In particular, the best-threshold non-manual F1 substantially increased from 0.010859 to 0.494566. These results suggest that text-based KSL pose generation should jointly consider non-manual expressions, length consistency, and long-term temporal motion structure rather than relying only on frame-wise keypoint prediction. However, the reported improvements should be interpreted as coordinate- and label-level evidence, not as a complete validation of linguistic meaningfulness or real-world accessibility.

The Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a system that enables communication between the brain and external devices by translating brain activity into commands. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a commonly used modality for measuring brain activity. However, its low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and electrode reference problems lead to poor spatial resolution. As a result, EEG signals are often contaminated with physiological artifacts such as muscle movements. Therefore, this study used novel tripolar concentric ring electrodes (TCREs) to record brain signals related to overt and covert speech. Brain signals associated with overt and covert speech were recorded using TCRE and disc electrodes. Classification algorithms, including K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Fully Connected Neural Networks (FCNN), and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), were used to classify the TCRE and conventional EEG signals. The data were collected from 16 healthy participants, consisting of 10 males and 6 females. The experimental results demonstrate that TCREs provide superior performance compared to conventional disc electrodes. In addition, the 0.5-1.2s interval, corresponding to the peak stimulus window, exhibits a maximum power of 250μV. The average accuracy achieved during this peak epoch was 86.25%, whereas the remaining epoch shows an accuracy of 83.5% using TCREs.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare but life-threatening syndrome of immune dysregulation with an incidence of 1.2-1.5 cases per million children annually. Curative therapy for primary HLH requires hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). A subset of patients develop central nervous system (CNS) involvement, which is associated with high morbidity and mortality yet remains poorly characterized. We describe two patients with genetically confirmed primary HLH (PRF1 mutations with impaired perforin activity) who developed CNS disease. Both presented to the emergency department with fever. Common features included pancytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, and absence of malignancy on bone marrow biopsy. Patient 1: Presented with fever, irritability, abnormal gait, abnormal eye movements, and significant abnormal MRI findings. Patient 2: Following RSV and streptococcal pharyngitis, developed fever, poor oral intake, and lethargy. Both patients received HLH-directed therapy (dexamethasone, etoposide, and emapalumab) plus intensive supportive care. Due to elevated neopterin and CNS disease, both underwent intrathecal chemotherapy to specifically target neuroinflammation. Outcomes diverged: Patient 1 developed refractory status epilepticus and died without transplantation, while Patient 2 successfully underwent HSCT and was discharged home. This case report highlights the heterogeneity of CNS involvement in primary HLH and its impact on outcomes. Elevated neopterin and neurologic manifestations may serve as critical early indicators of CNS disease. Despite advances in management strategies, timely recognition, aggressive treatment, and access to HSCT remain essential to survival. Broader clinical experience and collaborative studies are needed to optimize care strategies for CNS-HLH.

With the rapid advancement of wearable technologies, high-performance flexible sensors have garnered significant research interest. This study presents a PAM-5 hydrogel characterized by exceptional tensile strain (425%), superior compressive modulus (325 kPa), and notable ionic conductivity (1.1 S/m), serving as a robust mechanical framework and electrical foundation for developing advanced sensors. The PNP-5 integrated hydrogel sensor fabricated from this material demonstrates an extensive sensing range (2-53 kPa), remarkable sensitivity, and rapid response time (~321 ms), with its outstanding performance attributed to the synergistic structural design. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits excellent durability, maintaining consistent voltage output (~6.5 mV) across 1000 compression cycles, confirming its long-term operational stability. Through real-time monitoring of physiological signals and biomechanical movements including finger bending, respiration, and grasping, combined with spatial pressure mapping experiments using a 5 × 5 array touchpad, the device's potential applications in wearable sensing platforms and human-machine interface systems are effectively demonstrated. This self-powered hydrogel sensor not only advances the performance metrics of flexible electronic devices but also establishes a solid experimental basis for future development of intelligent materials in health monitoring and interactive technologies.

In the present study, the sublethal neurotoxic effects of monocrotophos (MCP) were investigated using Caenorhabditis elegans, a reliable and widely accepted model organism for studying neurobehavioral changes and toxicological effects. Wild-type N2 worms at the L4 developmental stage were maintained in liquid culture medium and exposed to various MCP concentrations ranging from 75 to 375 μM for 24 h. Locomotion behavioral analysis was done using ANOVA and regression analyses, which revealed a concentration-dependent alterations in several important locomotory parameters. In brief, significant monotonic reductions were observed in track length (44%-92%), peristaltic track length (38%-91%), straight-line distance (88%), peristaltic speed (35%-90%), turn frequency (34%-98%), center point speed (43%-91%), and directional movement distance. Furthermore, non-monotonic responses were observed in behavioral parameters such as bending amplitude, omega bends (99%-100%), and reversal movements (40%), suggesting complex neurobehavioral effects of MCP. The study results clearly showed that MCP exposure severely impacted the locomotor behavior of C. elegans in a dose-dependent manner. This study underscores the high sensitivity of C. elegans to MCP and highlights its potential ecological risks to non-target soil invertebrates. Additionally, these findings emphasize the need to understand the long-term effects of pesticide-induced neurotoxicity in soil ecosystems. Future studies should focus on the molecular mechanisms, biological response pathways, and potential preventive and mitigation strategies associated with MCP-induced toxicity, to develop effective measures to reduce environmental risks and protect soil biodiversity.

Ultra-short activity bouts (<10&#x2005;min) may represent scalable, low-barrier strategies for improving mental health, an increasingly important goal due to rising stress levels and the need for preventive approaches. Both physical activity (PA) and mindfulness-based practices are associated with psychological benefits but are assumed to operate through partly distinct mechanisms (e.g., physiological activation and affective stimulation in movement-based activities vs. attentional and emotional regulation in mindfulness practices). However, direct comparisons between these modalities in ultra-short formats remain scarce. This randomized online study therefore examined the acute effects of three brief activities-endurance and strength PA (ESPA), yoga-based mobility PA (YMPA), and mindfulness meditation (MM)-on perceived stress, positive and negative affect, and anxiety during the COVID-19 lockdown. German adults from the general population and university students (N&#x2009;=&#x2009;131; 18-60 years) were randomized to ESPA (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;40), YMPA (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;45), or MM (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;46). Participants completed a 7-min guided activity, preceded and followed by assessments of perceived stress (PSQ), positive and negative affect (PANAS), and state anxiety (STAI). Linear mixed-effects models examined group, time, and Group&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;Time effects while adjusting for age, gender, leisure-time physical activity, and student status. Across conditions, significant improvements from pre- to post-intervention were observed for perceived stress, negative affect and state anxiety. However, no significant Group&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;Time interactions were detected, indicating that modalities did not differ in their acute effects. The interaction for positive affect was marginally significant (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;.05). Positive affect increased most strongly following ESPA, whereas smaller changes were observed in YMPA and almost no change occurred in MM. Baseline distress levels were elevated, consistent with the pandemic context. Findings suggest that even a single ultra-short online activity session can produce immediate improvements in key mental health indicators. Comparable benefits may reflect shared regulatory mechanisms linking physical activity and mindfulness practices. Movement-based activities may additionally enhance positive affect. Ultra-brief online PA and mindfulness sessions appear similarly effective for short-term improvements in stress, anxiety, and negative affect. Such scalable micro-interventions may inform mental health promotion strategies in everyday settings.

Functional constipation (FC) commonly affects middle-aged and older adults, but current pharmacological treatments have limitations. Postbiotics may offer safety advantages, but clinical evidence is limited. This randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of a heat-inactivated two-strain Lacticaseibacillus paracasei fermented milk in adults with FC. One hundred adults aged 45-75 years with Rome IV-defined FC received the fermented milk or placebo for 4 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in weekly spontaneous bowel movement (SBM) frequency from baseline to week 4. Secondary outcomes included complete spontaneous bowel movement (CSBM) frequency, whole-gut transit time (WGTT), constipation symptom scores, quality of life, serum biomarkers, and adverse events. Primary analysis was per-protocol (n = 96); intention-to-treat analysis was applied to primary and key secondary outcomes. Dropout was 4% (n = 4, 2 per group), and adherence was >80% in both groups. The intervention showed no significant benefit over placebo for the primary outcome or for most secondary clinical outcomes. Although both groups improved within-group, no significant between-group differences were observed at week 4 for changes in SBM (MD = -0.14, 95% CI: -0.85, 0.57; p = 0.683), CSBM (MD = 0.27, 95% CI: -0.61, 1.15; p = 0.543), or WGTT (MD = -1.55 h, 95% CI: -7.65, 4.55; p = 0.614). Symptom and quality-of-life scores also did not differ between groups. Exploratory biomarker analyses showed significantly greater increases in serum VIP and ACh in the intervention group (VIP: MD = 105.23 ng/L, p < 0.001; ACh: MD = 42.95 ng/L, p = 0.035). No adverse events were reported. Four weeks of this postbiotic was safe but did not significantly improve bowel function or symptoms in the overall FC population. The increases in serum VIP and ACh suggest engagement of neurotransmitter-related pathways; however, these exploratory findings do not imply causation or clinical efficacy and warrant confirmation in longer-duration trials (Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2500111771).

ZBLAN (ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF) fluoride glass is a promising infrared optical fiber material because of its wide transmission window and low theoretical attenuation; however, unwanted crystallization during thermal processing can introduce scattering centers and degrade optical performance. Previous studies have mainly focused on temperature effects and microgravity-based crystallization suppression, while the role of mechanical vibration remains insufficiently understood. This study addresses this gap by investigating how controlled mechanical vibration influences crystallization onset, morphology, and structural evolution in ZBLAN glass during short-duration thermal treatment. ZBLAN samples were treated at selected temperatures with and without vibration using a custom heating-vibration apparatus and characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Temperature-only treatment produced a gradual transition from transparent amorphous glass to crystallized structures with increasing temperature. Vibration-assisted treatment altered crystallization behavior, producing distinct needle-like, bow-tie, and feather-like morphologies depending on temperature and vibration intensity. AFM confirmed a significant increase in surface roughness, while XRD verified structural evolution from amorphous to highly crystallized states. At higher vibration levels, irregular crystallization suggested that excessive sample movement may reduce thermal contact and change the effective heating condition. These findings demonstrate that mechanical vibration is a critical and controllable processing variable in ZBLAN fabrication and should be carefully managed to suppress unwanted crystallization in both terrestrial and space-based fiber manufacturing.

This was a pilot study designed to test the hypothesis that bedtime administration of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) lowers BP through sleep improvements that impact the inflammatory, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). We predicted that ASA would enhance sleep consolidation and lower sympathetic activation, protecting against the physiological stress of fragmented sleep. Seven participants (5F, 2M, mean age 25.71&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;4.03&#xa0;years, body mass index (BMI) 22.40&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;1.91&#xa0;kg/m2) completed this within-subject, double-blind, balanced study involving 2&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;5 in-patient days. Participants were randomized to daily intake of ASA (81&#xa0;mg/day) or placebo at bedtime for 2&#xa0;weeks before each hospital research stay that included 1 baseline (BL) night, 2 nights of an experimental sleep disturbance (ESD) protocol and finally, 1 night of recovery sleep. The ESD protocol included 1-h delayed sleep onset, fragmentation of sleep with 5&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;20-min awakenings, and a 1-h earlier lights on time. ASA did not decrease BP following the 2-week at-home ASA administration, nor during ESD. Evening renin was significantly reduced (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;.048), compared to placebo after 2&#xa0;weeks of ASA. Mood and well-being improved after 2&#xa0;weeks of ASA. There were statistical trends toward decreased 24-h average heart rate (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;.053), and increased heart rate variability (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;.080). When challenged with the ESD protocol, ASA was associated with a longer duration of individual slow waves (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;.013), lower 24-h average HR (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;.001) and a trend to greater non-rapid eye movement delta power (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;.061). This pilot study is the first investigation exploring effects of ASA on renal & hemodynamic parameters at night, implicating sleep as an important mechanistic factor.

Spontaneous movement analysis provides valuable information about the maturation of the central nervous system and the emergence of motor control strategies in very young babies. Nonlinear measures capture dynamic aspects of movement that cannot be represented by linear methods. However, their implementation in clinical practice faces challenges, including the lack of standardized protocols and accessible tools for routine use. This scoping review aimed to map and characterize the nonlinear measures used to analyze spontaneous infant movement, including assessment context, instruments, data collection protocols, and main variables. The review followed JBI methodology and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Searches were conducted in PubMed&#xae;, Web of Science&#x2122;, IEEE Xplore&#xae;, ScienceDirect&#xae;, and Google Scholar for studies published from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2025. Of 1166 records identified, 18 met the inclusion criteria. The nonlinear measures were grouped into five main methodological families: entropy-based measures (n = 10), state-space and dynamical systems measures (n = 4), recurrence-based analysis (n = 3), symbolic and discrete-state approaches (n = 3), and variance and frequency-based nonlinear descriptors (n = 1). Studies were conducted in laboratory settings (n = 6) and in hospital and/or home environments (n = 10). Two studies did not clearly specify the assessment context. Kinematic assessment was mainly performed using video-based systems (n = 7), accelerometers (n = 4), and wearable sensors (n = 2), with most studies focusing on the upper and lower limbs. Several investigations extended beyond single-joint analyses to examine inter-limb relationships and whole-body configurations, capturing spatial coordination patterns across multiple body segments. Kinetic assessment was conducted using pressure mats (n = 4) and force platforms (n = 1), with the center of pressure displacement as the primary outcome. Future research should prioritise methodological harmonisation and theoretical clarity. Consensus is needed regarding minimal data requirements, parameter selection, and reporting standards for commonly used nonlinear measures. Studies should also move beyond single-metric approaches and adopt multivariate frameworks that integrate complementary nonlinear metrics. The absence of standardised acquisition and analytical protocols currently limits cross-study comparability and hinders the clinical translation of nonlinear movement metrics as objective tools for early neurodevelopmental assessment.

Virtual reality (VR)-based interventions are increasingly applied in sports training and musculoskeletal rehabilitation. However, their potential role in modifying lower-extremity injury-related risk factors in athletic populations remains incompletely understood. Following PRISMA guidelines, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and SportDiscus were searched up to September 25th, 2025. Eligible studies included randomized, controlled, quasi-experimental, or within-subject experimental designs evaluating immersive, semi-immersive, or non-immersive VR interventions in junior to young-adult athletes. Comparator conditions included conventional training, alternative exercise interventions, no-intervention controls, placebo conditions, or non-VR comparisons. Outcomes addressed biomechanical, neuromuscular, functional, perceptual-cognitive, or psychological factors potentially relevant to sports injury risk. Methodological quality was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist. Thirty studies met the inclusion criteria. Interventions ranged from single-session biofeedback exposure to 4-16-week neuromuscular, balance, perceptual-cognitive, or sensorimotor programs across multiple sports. Most studies reported improvements in at least one biomechanical, neuromuscular, functional, perceptual-cognitive, or psychological outcome; particularly, in lower-extremity movement control, balance, coordination, and reaction efficiency. However, several acute studies demonstrated transiently less favorable movement mechanics during highly immersive or cognitively demanding tasks. Importantly, no included study evaluated injury incidence as a primary preventive outcome. Downs and Black scores ranged from 14 to 26 (mean&#x2009;=&#x2009;19.6&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;3.1), indicating overall fair-to-good methodological quality. The evidence suggests that VR-based training can effectively modify several surrogate lower-extremity injury-related risk factors; particularly, those associated with biomechanics and neuromuscular control. Nevertheless, the lack of longitudinal data and the scarcity of injury-incidence outcomes limit conclusions regarding real-world preventive efficacy. VR-based interventions may represent a promising adjunct to conventional neuromuscular and perceptual-cognitive training approaches for modifying surrogate lower-extremity injury-related factors. Nevertheless, substantial heterogeneity, limited longitudinal follow-up, and the absence of injury-incidence outcomes restrict conclusions regarding definitive preventive efficacy. Future adequately powered randomized trials with standardized protocols and verified injury outcomes are required. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251163302, identifier CRD420251163302.

Sevoflurane is rarely administered as monotherapy in clinical anesthesia practice, yet the safety profile of its drug-drug interactions (DDIs) remains incompletely characterized in real-world settings. To systematically identify and quantify disproportionality signals for central nervous system (CNS) adverse events associated with sevoflurane combinations using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. Reports from 2004 Q1 to 2025 Q2 listing sevoflurane as primary suspect were extracted and deduplicated. Disproportionality analysis employed Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) and Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR) to detect signals, supplemented by Bayesian methods (EBGM and IC) for multi-method validation. A hierarchical approach progressed from broad CNS adverse event screening to drug class-level and individual drug-level analyses. Interaction Reporting Odds Ratio (IOR) models quantified synergistic interaction signals under both PS-restricted and role-independent frameworks, with the &#x3a9; shrinkage measure applied as a Bayesian validation method for all IOR signals. Among 4,129 sevoflurane reports (2,903 concomitant use, 1,226 quasi-monotherapy), multiple significant signals emerged. Intravenous anesthetics and opioid analgesics demonstrated the highest signal rates (44.4% each). Movement disorders, particularly dystonia, exhibited the strongest signals across multiple drug classes. Morphine combination with sevoflurane showed a notably high dystonia signal (ROR: 66.64). IOR analysis identified supra-additive interactions: morphine-dystonia (IOR: 9.46), fentanyl-dystonia (IOR: 2.96), and propofol-confusional state (IOR: 2.56). &#x3a9; shrinkage validation confirmed fentanyl-dystonia and propofol-confusional state as true synergistic signals. The role-independent analysis identified seven additional supra-additive IOR signals, with morphine-dystonia retaining significance across both frameworks. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the core signals. Sevoflurane DDIs might be associated with multiple CNS adverse event signals, particularly movement and consciousness disorders. Dual-method validation using IOR and &#x3a9; shrinkage measure enhanced signal discrimination and reduced false-positive risk. These findings warrant clinical vigilance in vulnerable populations and prospective validation studies.