Individuals who directly experience major natural disasters are at an increased risk for developing psychological distress and engaging in substance use. Beyond such direct experiences, however, viewing media portrayals of disasters could serve as an indirect means of exposure to a disaster. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between exposure to natural disaster information on social media, depressive symptoms, and the use of alcohol and cannabis. We analyzed cross-sectional data from two separate surveys. The first survey was conducted during the aftermath of Hurricanes Helene/Milton in 2024 in Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. The second survey was conducted in Los Angeles County after the area's wildfires in 2025. Findings showed that for both the hurricanes and wildfires surveys, exposure to disaster-related information on social media and depressive symptoms were both positively associated with the use of alcohol and cannabis. Exposure to disaster-related information on social media was positively associated with depressive symptoms, but this finding occurred only in the wildfires survey and not in the hurricanes survey. Finally, there was an indirect association between exposure to disaster-related information on social media and the use of alcohol and cannabis through depressive symptoms. However, this finding too occurred only in the wildfires survey. For those who directly experience a disaster, there is the potential that using social media for news or information about the disaster may serve as a risk factor associated with heightened distress and substance use.
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of clopidogrel versus ticagrelor in patients undergoing flow diverting stent (FDS) placement for unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs). The Neurovascular Quality Initiative-Quality Outcomes Database (NVQI-QOD) Cerebral Aneurysm Registry was queried for patients who underwent FDS placement for UIAs treated with clopidogrel or ticagrelor. Propensity score matching (1:1) was performed to balance demographics, comorbidities, and aneurysm characteristics. Primary outcomes were intraoperative thrombus formation and postoperative symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH). Secondary outcomes included modified Rankin Scale (mRS), aneurysm occlusion at discharge, and parent vessel stenosis or occlusion on long-term follow-up. 1387 patients (1088 clopidogrel, 299 ticagrelor) were analyzed. Ticagrelor was more frequently used in posterior circulation aneurysms (7.8% clopidogrel vs. 14.4% ticagrelor, P=0.0008) and cases requiring multiple FDS (8.7% clopidogrel vs. 28.2% ticagrelor, P<0.0001). Rates of intraoperative thrombus formation (0.5% clopidogrel vs 0.3% ticagrelor, P=1) and postoperative sICH (0.3% clopidogrel vs 0.5% ticagrelor, P=1) were similar, as were discharge mRS, aneurysm occlusion at discharge, last follow-up mRS, and rates of parent vessel occlusion or stenosis. After matching (180 per group), there were similar rates of intraoperative thrombus formation (0% clopidogrel vs 0.6% ticagrelor, P=1) and postoperative sICH (0.6% clopidogrel vs 0.6% ticagrelor, P=1). Functional outcomes, aneurysm occlusion at discharge, and rates of parent vessel stenosis or occlusion also remained similar. No significant differences in safety or efficacy were detected between clopidogrel and ticagrelor in patients undergoing FDS placement for UIAs.
Bortezomib, lenalidomide and dexamethasone (VRd) and carfilzomib, lenalidomide and dexamethasone (KRd) regimens have been widely used for induction in transplant-eligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM), yet direct comparisons between these regimens have been limited and inconsistent. We retrospectively analysed 1129 NDMM patients who received KRd (n = 364) or VRd (n = 765) before upfront autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation at a single-centre between 2006 and 2021. KRd-treated patients more often had high-risk cytogenetics and advanced Second revision of the International Staging System (R2-ISS) stage. Pretransplant complete response (CR) and ≥very good partial response (VGPR) rates were higher with KRd (23% and 71%) than VRd (16% and 61%; p = 0.002), with superior best post-transplant ≥CR (71% vs. 60%; p = 0.001) and higher pretransplant measurable residual disease (MRD) negativity (49% vs. 42%; p = 0.027). After a median follow-up of 38.6 months, median progression-free survival (PFS) was 62.2 versus 48.7 months (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] 0.74 [0.59-0.93], p = 0.009) and median overall survival (OS) was not reached versus 122.7 months (0.86 [0.59-1.25], p = 0.43) for KRd and VRd respectively. In inverse probability-weighted multivariable analysis, KRd remained associated with improved PFS (0.76 [0.60-0.97], p = 0.025), with no OS difference. The PFS benefit was most pronounced in standard-risk, younger and male patients, and those with fewer comorbidities. Overall, KRd induction led to deeper responses and improved PFS compared with VRd.
Infants show a preference for infant-directed speech (IDS) over adult-directed speech (ADS). This preference has been linked to infants' language processing and word learning in experimental settings, and also correlates with later language outcomes. Recently, the cross-cultural consistency of infants' IDS preference has been confirmed by large-scale, multisite replication studies, but conclusions from these studies were primarily based on participants from North America and Europe. The current study addressed this sampling bias via a large-scale, multisite study of infants (3-15 months) across communities in Africa. We investigated whether participants showed a preference for IDS over ADS, and if so, whether the magnitude of their preference differs from effects documented in other populations of infants. Across six sites (total N = 200), we observed a preference for IDS over ADS ( β ̂ IDS vs . ADS $\hat{\beta }_{\mathrm{IDS\ vs.\ ADS}}$ = 0.06), suggesting that infants look on average 6% longer on the IDS trials than the ADS trials. There was no significant difference between African infants in this study and a method-matched subsample of infants from prior studies of IDS preference. This study provides new evidence on the generalizability of IDS preference and looking-time methods more broadly, while also highlighting some of the challenges of global big team science. SUMMARY: This study demonstrates a reliable infant-directed speech preference among African infants aged 3-15 months using a large-scale, multisite experimental design. Our findings showed no significant difference in IDS preference magnitude between African infants and method-matched samples from prior North American and European MB1 studies. Our study provides evidence for the cross-cultural generalizability of IDS preference while identifying practical challenges of conducting international multisite developmental research.
This article is concerned with the persistence and transformations of local authority 'in-house' volunteering programs-which integrate volunteers recruited in a personal capacity in the delivery of local services-during the United Kingdom's 2010-2020 austerity period. Drawing on qualitative research in Newcastle-upon-Tyne's parks, the article highlights a mismatch between volunteers' expectations of what an in-house volunteering program should feel like and what an austerity-shaped one effectively offers them. It centers the concept of 'boundary work' in understanding the mismatch and examining why volunteers remain involved despite it. The article emphasizes boundary work's relational nature, showing how volunteers' continued participation rests not only on their placement of limits but also on their managers' awareness of and commitment to those. It also highlights how managers' dual process of boundary demarcation and boundary downplaying helps to make volunteers' participation feel at times strictly voluntary and at others like a shared endeavor with paid workers- a fluidity which is key to ensuring volunteers' continued involvement in a changing political economic context.
Vaccinia virus strain Cantagalo (CTGV) causes a pustular disease in dairy cows and milkers in Brazil. Outbreaks in several states have been frequently reported, but the full genome sequence and genomic analysis of isolates from the Northeast region have never been described. Here, we report CTGV outbreaks in two Northeastern states, affecting milkers, lactating cows, and suckling calves. The farms were located in the main dairy belt of Pernambuco, in the Borborema Plateau, and in a rural region of Bahia. Of the 12 samples that tested positive for CTGV, five had their genomes fully sequenced. They cluster with CTGV isolates from Goiás (Midwest region, 2022) and São Paulo (Southeast region, 2023) but diverge from isolates from the Southeast in the early 2000s. Two clinical isolates have accumulated greater genetic variability and segregate separately from the other three isolates from the Northeast, showing evidence of potential recombination events with the FAI-01 isolate from the Midwest region (2022). We also detected Parapoxvirus and CTGV coinfection in some animals. These findings likely suggest different episodes of virus introduction in these states. The spread of CTGV raises concerns about the potential impact on local economic activities and underscores the importance of avoiding raw milk consumption.
Morbidity is a prevalent public health issue especially among the aging population worldwide. As the risks of morbidity increase with age, aging populations increasingly become a socioeconomic burden on their families. However, studies on morbidity among aging populations in Bangladesh remain limited and under-documented. This study aims to determine the prevalence of morbidity and identify the associated factors among aging populations in Northern Bangladesh. The cross-sectional study was conducted in the northern part of Bangladesh. Data were collected from 540 aging people; they were selected using multistage random sampling. Face-to-face interviews were conducted by 12 trained interviewers for collecting data, and it was done from June 5, 2022 to August 18, 2022. The outcome variable morbidity was measured by a question, "are you suffering from chronic diseases?" Based on the answer, the respondents were classified into three classes; (i) did not have any disease (0 = No), (ii) having only one disease (1 = single), and (iii) having more than one disease (2 = morbidity). Finally, (iii) was considered as morbidity (Yes, code 1), and (i) and (ii) together were considered did not have morbidity (No, code 0). According to the objectives of the study, we used descriptive statistics, the χ 2 test, and multivariate logistic regression to determine the prevalence and to assess the factors influencing morbidity respectively. The study revealed that the prevalence of morbidity was found 75.74% [95% CI: 0.719-0.793] among people. The significantly associated factors of morbidity included being male [AOR = 1.717; 95% CI = 1.109-2.657; p = 0.015], living in a rural area [AOR = 1.758; 95% CI = 1.082-2.856; p = 0.023], age above 70 [AOR = 1.926; 95% CI = 1.178-3.150; p = 0.009], having prior disability [AOR = 1.932; 95% CI = 1.126-3.315; p = 0.017], being underweight [AOR = 4.045; 95% CI = 1.568-10.438; p = 0.004], and overweight [AOR = 1.957; 95% CI = 1.223-3.132; p = 0.005]. Morbidity is highly prevalent among aging populations, with over nourished individuals aged 70 and above, particularly those living in rural areas, being the most significantly affected. Targeted interventions should focus on improving nutritional status and raising awareness, particularly in rural areas, to help reduce the burden of morbidity among aging populations.
Antifungal resistance represents a growing global health challenge, driven by limited therapeutic options, inadequate use of both clinical and environmental drugs, and the remarkable adaptive capacity of fungal pathogens. While resistance has classically been attributed to genetic alterations affecting drug targets and efflux systems, accumulating evidence indicates that regulatory mechanisms play a critical role in shaping antifungal susceptibility. This review highlights that acetyltransferases constitute important and active components of antifungal resistance, operating through multiple integrated mechanisms. Notably, recent studies have extended this framework by identifying the direct enzymatic inactivation of antifungal agents by acetyltransferases, which emerges as an additional resistance mechanism and establishes a functional parallel with antibiotic acetylation in bacteria. These findings highlight acetyltransferases as clinically relevant drivers of antifungal resistance and suggest that targeting these enzymes may enhance the efficacy of existing antifungal therapies and reduce treatment failure.
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Evidence to guide the optimal timing of antiplatelet and oral anticoagulants (OACs) therapy after hemorrhagic infarction (HI) versus parenchymal hematoma (PH) is limited and inconsistent, leading to substantial variation in practice. This study's goal was to study the practice pattern and compare clinical outcomes associated with early-versus-delayed initiation of antiplatelet/OACs after hemorrhagic transformation (HT). This multicenter, retrospective, cross-sectional study included patients with acute ischemic stroke and HT. Patients with an HI or PH were categorized by HT to antithrombotic initiation time, and their outcomes-30-day HT exacerbation, composite outcomes of recurrent stroke/systemic emboli, 90-day vascular death, and functional outcomes-were compared. Of 748 patients, 496 received antiplatelets, and 252 received OACs after HT. The median HT-to-antiplatelet time was significantly shorter after HI than PH (1 [interquartile range, 0-2] versus 3 [interquartile range, 1-5] days; P<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in HT exacerbation and composite outcomes (30-day), as well as vascular death and unfavorable functional outcomes (90-day), between patients who received same-day, early (HI, <1 day; PH, <3 days), or late (HI, >1 day; PH, >3 days) antiplatelets after either HI or PH. Among patients on OACs, those with HI had shorter median HT-to-OAC time than PH (7 [interquartile range, 2-15] versus 15 [interquartile range, 7-32] days; P<0.001). Although HT exacerbation rates (30-day) were comparable between early (HI, <7 days; PH, <15 days) and late (HI, >7 days; PH, >15 days) OAC initiation after either HI or PH, late initiation after PH was accompanied by higher rates of composite outcomes (30-day) than early initiation (20.7% versus 3%; P=0.044). Regression models adjusted for demographics, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and stroke severity showed no statistically significant association between early initiation of antiplatelets or OACs with HT exacerbation risk. Our study found no statistically significant difference in HT exacerbation between early and late initiation of antiplatelets or OACs among patients with HI/PH, while prolonged delay among patients with PH were accompanied by increased systemic thromboembolic events. Although these findings offer preliminary clinical insight, prospective studies are needed.
Despite a strict gluten-free diet (GFD), many patients with celiac disease (CD) continue to experience symptoms and nutrient deficiencies. Prebiotics, non-digestible substrates that foster beneficial bacteria and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, may offer adjunctive benefits, though their role in CD remains unclear. We aimed to determine the clinical efficacy, safety, and nutritional outcomes of prebiotics in CD. Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL through May 2025 for clinical studies evaluating the effects of prebiotics in CD, derived from either supplements or foods naturally abundant in prebiotics. Eligible trials and observational studies were assessed using Cochrane RoB 2.0 or Newcastle-Ottawa tools, and data were synthesized narratively. Twelve studies (1,066 participants) were included. Oligofructose-enriched inulin (Synergy 1) increased fecal SCFAs by 31%, Bifidobacterium abundance, osteocalcin, and serum vitamins D and E. It also reduced hepcidin by 61% without gastrointestinal intolerance. Oats (50-70 g/day) for up to 24 months maintained histologic remission, negative serology, and improved dietary iron, fiber, thiamin, and zinc intake without worsening hemoglobin or ferritin status. Quinoa modestly lowered cholesterol, and amaranth enhanced growth and corrected trace element deficiencies in children. No study reported serious adverse events; adherence improved when prebiotics diversified the GFD. Prebiotics appear safe and may enhance microbiota composition, nutrient absorption, and barrier integrity without compromising mucosal healing. Larger standardized randomized trials are needed to confirm these findings.
Peatlands are important ecosystems for carbon storage, water regulation, water quality and other valuable ecosystem services that have been heavily impacted by drainage and conversion to grassland and cropland. Rewetting, or raising of the water table closer to the ground surface, is proposed as a solution to reduce peatland subsidence and carbon losses. Both peatland drainage and peatland rewetting may have unintended impacts on water quality, either by introducing solutes from the water used for rewetting, or by leaching of substances accumulated in peat. Here, we examined the effects of land use on UK lowland peat surface water chemistry by collecting a total of 350 surface water samples from 77 individual water bodies (ditches, streams, ponds) in 2024, across 33 sites representing the range of temperate lowland peatland types. Samples were measured for a wide array of chemical determinands including: carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), heavy metals, other anions and cations, and dissolved greenhouse gas concentrations. We found some clear patterns related to land use, notably high nitrate concentrations in surface waters draining croplands. Macronutrient stoichiometry revealed similar patterns at grassland, conservation-managed and rewetted sites indicative of N and P co-limitation, suggesting that rewetting leads to a nutrient balance comparable to natural conditions. Peatland type (bog vs. fen) was more important than land use in explaining patterns in most ion concentrations. Site and regional histories were more important than land use for patterns of heavy metal concentrations, indicating the importance of considering regional historical industrial activity. Overall, peatland land use can be an important driver of key nutrients and their stoichiometry, with no consistent negative impacts of peatland rewetting on water quality nor greenhouse gases.
Normal-weight individuals who exhibit cardiometabolic abnormalities similar to those linked to higher body weight (metabolically unhealthy normal-weight, MUNW) are difficult to detect in clinical practice. We examined factors associated with prevalent and 6-years incident MUNW, and the stability of MUNW over this period. We analyzed 2,357 normal-weight adults (BMI ≥ 18.5, <25 kg/m2; 18-74 years) from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, free of cardiometabolic disease at baseline. MUNW was defined as normal weight with ≥ 1 cardiometabolic risk factor (CMRF) based on the harmonized metabolic syndrome criteria. Multivariable models evaluated associations with prevalent and 6-years incident MUNW. At baseline, 43.9% had MUNW, which was associated with lower education, unemployment/retirement, and greater waist circumference (WC). At follow-up, 22.9% of initially metabolically healthy normal-weight participants developed MUNW, with age as the main predictor. Baseline MUNW increased the risk of progressing to metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity (MUO), even after adjustment for baseline BMI and WC (risk ratios 1.85-2.37; p < 0.0001). Those who remained MUNW after 6 years (44.2 %) accumulated more CMRFs (p < 0.05). MUNW predicts progression to MUO and is associated with worsening cardiometabolic profiles. Screening metabolic health in normal-weight adults may help prevent weight gain and cardiometabolic risk.
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Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has become an essential supportive therapy for patients with severe respiratory and/or cardiac failure. While conventional configurations such as veno-venous and veno-arterial ECMO have well-established roles, they are limited by important physiological trade-offs, particularly in patients with concomitant right ventricular dysfunction. Venopulmonary ECMO (VP ECMO) has emerged as a distinct and increasingly utilized configuration designed to provide right ventricular unloading while preserving physiologic pulmonary circulation and enabling extracorporeal gas exchange. By draining venous blood and returning it directly to the pulmonary artery, VP ECMO bypasses the failing right ventricle, reduces venous congestion, improves pulmonary hemodynamics, and supports gas exchange without the systemic complications associated with veno-arterial-ECMO. This review summarizes the physiological principles underlying VP ECMO, outlines cannulation strategies and configurations, and discusses clinical indications with an emphasis on patient phenotyping. Particular attention is given to its role in acute right ventricular failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome with right ventricular dysfunction, postleft ventricular assist device right heart failure, and as a bridge to lung transplantation. Emerging clinical evidence suggests that VP ECMO may improve hemodynamic stability, facilitate early mobilization, and enhance survival in carefully selected patients. However, data remain largely limited to observational studies and case series. Further prospective studies are required to refine patient selection, optimize timing, and define standardized management strategies for VP ECMO.
Sarcopenia, an age-related muscle disease, is influenced by a variety of factors, making it essential to explore the associations of physical activity, psychological health, employment, and exercise with this condition in a healthy, well-nourished population. This study was conducted with 766 healthy adults to assess these relationships based on EWGSOP2. Participants completed the IPAQ and provided a work and exercise history. Mental health was evaluated using BDI-13 and DASS-21. Physical activity, both current and past, was significanly associated with a lower odds of sarcopenia. Employment status and type of work were also associated with odds of sarcopenia. Participation in sports and exercise duration were linked to decreased odds (OR = 0.687 (95% CI = 0.600-0.787), p < 0.005), with specific activities like swimming and certain traditional Iranian sports showing strong associations. Psychological factors such as scores of depression (OR = 1.149 (95% CI = 1.112-1.189), p < 0.005), anxiety (OR = 1.233 (95% CI = 1.176-1.293), p < 0.005), and stress (OR = 1.084 (95% CI = 1.056-1.114), p < 0.005) were associated with an increased odds of sarcopenia. The multivariable analyses confirmed the independent relationships of physical activity and some mental health components with sarcopenia. Predictive models highlighted the importance of physical activity, exercise, and employment status as key variables associated with sarcopenia. This study revealed that higher work engagement, better mental health components (including lower stress, depression, and anxiety), higher levels of physical activity and, longer duration of exercise, and engaging in specific types of exercise may be related to lower odds of sarcopenia.
To investigate the lymph node metastasis (LNM) pattern of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and identify factors associated with LNM. A retrospective study was conducted including 388 patients with ESCC who underwent curative resection at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between January 2020 and December 2022. Clinicopathological characteristics and lymph node metastasis patterns were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with LNM. Among the 388 patients, 144 (37.11%) had lymph node metastasis. The total number of dissected lymph nodes was 8546, with 341 positive nodes, yielding an LNM degree of 3.99%. Upper thoracic ESCC was more likely to metastasize to upper right paratracheal lymph nodes, while lower thoracic ESCC showed a higher rate of paracardial lymph node metastasis. Tumor differentiation, tumor size, invasion depth, age, and intravascular tumor thrombus were associated with LNM. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that tumor diameter ≥ 3 cm (OR = 2.485, 95% CI 1.483-4.165, p = 0.001) and intravascular tumor thrombus (OR = 7.123, 95% CI 3.101-16.362, p < 0.001) were independent risk factors. Upper esophageal SCC tends to metastasize to upper mediastinal lymph nodes, whereas abdominal and paracardial lymph node metastasis is more common in lower esophageal SCC. Tumor size and intravascular tumor thrombus are independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis.
Sulfonimidamides are an emerging motif in medicinal chemistry; however, current synthetic routes often require multistep reaction sequences, deprotection steps, and lack the modularity needed for rapid and diverse library synthesis. Here, we describe the synthesis and application of previously unexplored N-alkoxysulfurdiimide reagents for the direct, one-step preparation of primary NH2-sulfonimidamides. By modulating the choice of N-substituent, N-alkoxysulfurdiimide reagents can be designed to deliver different product distributions. This reactivity correlates with the electron density at sulfur, as inferred from 13C NMR chemical shifts from the reagents. This tunability can be exploited to design reagents with improved compatibility across organometallic reagents, enabling the preparation of a diverse set of primary NH2-sulfonimidamides.
Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) exemplifies how Pavlovian-motivational influences modulate goal-directed behavior, yielding outcome-specific (specific PIT) and general (general PIT) transfer. General PIT is commonly interpreted as outcome-general invigoration and is sensitive to stress. However, human PIT research typically uses visual, appetitive procedures, whereas rodent PIT research often uses auditory cues, limiting translation. We tested whether cue modality, along with additional factors such as immersive threat contexts, modulates PIT, and whether virtual reality (VR) enhances general transfer. Across three experiments (N = 196), participants completed a PIT task: (1) two-dimensional (2D) appetitive PIT with auditory vs. visual cues (Experiment 1; n = 60); (2) VR PIT comparing appetitive (positive reinforcement) vs. aversive (negative reinforcement; "zombie") contexts (Experiment 2; n = 40); and (3) aversive VR PIT preceded by immersive compound threat scenarios (neutral, spiders, contamination) in individuals stratified by contamination fear (CF) (Experiment 3; n = 96). Specific and general PIT were computed from baseline-corrected response rates. Stress induction (Experiment 3) was assessed using photoplethysmography-derived heart rate variability (HRV), salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), and self-report measures. Robust specific (η p 2 > 0.45) and general PIT (η p 2 > 0.68) were observed across all experiments. In Experiment 1, PIT magnitude did not differ by cue modality; specific PIT exceeded general PIT across auditory and visual conditions. In Experiment 3, threat scenario type and contamination fear did not significantly alter transfer effects. Nevertheless, increased stress indices were observed, including phase-dependent HRV changes, elevated sAA from pre- to post-test, and higher self-reported anxiety (with stronger subjective fear/disgust in the contamination condition). Across experiments, general PIT was larger in the VR studies than in the 2D study, whereas specific PIT remained stable; however, VR was not manipulated independently of reinforcement context and other procedural differences, precluding strong causal inference about its effect on general PIT. Despite this, human PIT appeared robust across cue modality and reinforcement context, and there was an indication that VR immersion may selectively amplify general invigoration while sparing specific PIT across all three experiments, albeit with a small effect (pseudo-R 2 = 0.06).
Previous research presented mixed results on the relationship between mental resilience, that is, the ability to adapt to stress of major life events, and the frequency and severity of experiencing alcohol hangovers. An online survey among n = 854 UK and Irish adults who consume alcohol was conducted to investigate this relationship. Mental resilience was assessed with the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC 2). No significant correlations were found between mental resilience and alcohol consumption outcomes. Correlations between mental resilience and hangover frequency and severity were small and not significant (all: |r| < -0.1). Multiple linear regression analyses showed that mental resilience was not a significant predictor of hangover severity (BRS: B = 0.039; 95% CI: -0.127, 0.205; p = 0.644, and CD-RISC 2: B = -0.008; 95% CI: -0.077, 0.092; p = 0.841) or hangover frequency (BRS: B = -0.078; 95% CI: -0.168, 0.012, p = 0.091, and CD-RISC 2: B = -0.043; 95% CI: -0.089, 0.003; p = 0.065).Together, these findings suggest that any association between mental resilience and alcohol hangover outcomes is likely to be small and of limited practical relevance.