Breast cancer is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among females worldwide. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023, we provided an updated comprehensive assessment of the epidemiological trends, disease burden, and risk factors associated with breast cancer globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2023. Breast cancer incidence, mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were estimated by age and sex for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023. Mortality estimates were generated using GBD Cause of Death Ensemble models, leveraging data from population-based cancer registration systems, vital registration systems, and verbal autopsies. Mortality-to-incidence ratios were calculated to derive both mortality and incidence estimates. Prevalence was calculated by combining incidence and modelled survival estimates. YLLs were established by multiplying age-specific deaths with the GBD standard life expectancy at the age of death. YLDs were estimated by applying disability weights to prevalence estimates. The sum of YLLs and YLDs equalled the number of DALYs. Breast cancer burden attributable to seven risk factors was examined through the comparative risk assessment framework. The GBD forecasting framework was used to forecast breast cancer incidence and mortality from 2024 to 2050. Age-standardised rates were calculated for each metric using the GBD 2023 world standard population. In 2023, there were an estimated 2·30 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·01 to 2·61) breast cancer incident cases, 764 000 deaths (672 000 to 854 000), and 24·1 million (21·3 to 27·5) DALYs among females globally. In the World Bank low-income group, where a low age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR) was estimated (44·2 per 100 000 person-years [31·2 to 58·4]), the age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) was the highest (24·1 per 100 000 [16·8 to 31·9]). The highest ASIR was in the high-income group (75·7 per 100 000 [67·1 to 84·0]), and the lowest ASMR was in the upper-middle-income group (11·2 per 100 000 [10·2 to 12·3]). Between 1990 and 2023, the ASIR in the low-income group increased by 147·2% (38·1 to 271·7), compared with a 1·2% (-11·5 to 17·2) change in the high-income group. The ASMR decreased in the high-income group, changing by -29·9% (-33·6 to -25·9), but increased by 99·3% (12·5 to 202·9) in the low-income group. The increase in age-standardised DALY rates followed that of ASMRs. Risk factors such as dietary risks, tobacco use, and high fasting plasma glucose contributed to 28·3% (16·6 to 38·9) of breast cancer DALYs in 2023. The risk factors with a decrease in attributable DALYs between 1990 and 2023 were high alcohol use and tobacco. By 2050, the global incident cases of breast cancer among females were forecast to reach 3·56 million (2·29 to 4·83), with 1·37 million (0·841 to 2·02) deaths. The stable incidence and declining mortality rates of female breast cancer in high-income nations reflect success in screening, diagnosis, and treatment. In contrast, the concurrent rise in incidence and mortality in other regions signals health system deficits. Without effective interventions, many countries will fall short of the WHO Global Breast Cancer Initiative's ambitious target of achieving an annual reduction of 2·5% in age-standardised mortality rates by 2040. The mounting breast cancer burden, disproportionately affecting some of the world's most vulnerable populations, will further exacerbate health inequalities across the globe without decisive immediate action. Gates Foundation, St Jude Children's Research Hospital.
The active dispersal of triatomines has great epidemiological importance as it constitutes the main mechanism of colonization and reinfestation. Walking dispersal and its locomotor system have been little studied in triatomines. The aim of this study was to characterize the locomotor activity of fifth-instar nymphs of T. infestans and link it to morphometric characteristics of the body, legs and their articles. For locomotor activity, each insect was placed on a circular arena and was filmed while walking freely for 10 min. The variables analysed were distance travelled (TD), movement time (TM) and effective speed (ES). Photographs were then taken of the body, the right legs and their articles, and morphometric tools were used to obtain linear, size and shape metrics. On average, a nymph walked 470 cm and moved for 5 min at an ES of 98 cm/min. Positive correlations were observed for TD-TM and TD-ES. Body and leg lengths correlated mainly with ES. Linear measurements showed the same pattern for each leg: TD correlated with femur and tibia length, and coxa width; TM did not show correlation; and ES correlated with femur and meron length, and coxa width. Size variables showed different associations for each leg. Shape variables revealed the associations of the meron with TD for foreleg and of the femur with TD for mid and hind leg. The locomotor activity of fifth-instar nymphs of T. infestans was highly variable in time and distance, with a relatively constant speed. The results suggest that linear dimensions are not linked to the function of each leg, but rather the size and shape of the articles. Thus, the specific function of the foreleg during walking would be linked to the size and shape of its proximal part, while that of the hind leg would be linked to the size and shape of its distal part. Our results provide a solid understanding of how the form of the locomotor structures is linked to walking performance.
Dermacentor parumapertus Neumann is an ixodid tick distributed broadly across arid and semi-arid regions of the western United States and northern Mexico. D. parumapertus has garnered little attention by most medical entomologists due predominantly to historical assumptions that it fed almost exclusively on lagomorphs. We summarized data from multiple sources to provide a comprehensive and current description of the distribution, host records, and Rickettsia species associated with this understudied species of potential medical importance. By using historical and recent scientific literature, natural history museum records, and archival collection records from the US National Tick Collection and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA)-National Veterinary Services Laboratories, we compiled county- and municipality-level locality records for D. parumapertus from 119 counties in 14 US states, and 12 municipalities in 10 states in Mexico. We further identified host records for nymphs and adults of D. parumapertus from 52 vertebrate species. From 199 field-collected adult D. parumapertus, we detected DNA of Rickettsia bellii, Rickettsia rhipicephali, and the potentially pathogenic Rickettsia parkeri Black Gap genotype in 61.3%, 4.5%, and 4.0% of the total specimens, respectively. From these data and information acquired from historical and recent scientific literature, we identified the occurrence of R. parkeri-infected D. parumapertus from 10 counties in 6 US states, and 2 municipalities in 2 states in Mexico. Collectively, these findings indicate broad distribution of D. parumapertus in western North America, a broader range of hosts than summarized previously, and association of this tick with a potential pathogen in several US states and municipalities of Mexico.
Information on childhood cancer burden is crucial for effective cancer policy planning. Unfortunately, observed paediatric cancer data are not available in every country, and previous global burden estimates have not discretely reported several common cancers of childhood. We aimed to inform efforts to address childhood cancer burden globally by analysing results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023, which now include nine additional cancer causes compared with previous GBD analyses. GBD 2023 data sources for cancer estimation included population-based cancer registries, vital registration systems, and verbal autopsies. For childhood cancers (defined as those occurring at ages 0-19 years), mortality was estimated using cancer-specific ensemble models and incidence was estimated using mortality estimates and modelled mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. Prevalence was estimated using survival estimates modelled from MIRs and multiplied by sequelae-specific disability weights to estimate years lived with disability (YLDs). Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were estimated as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. Estimates are presented globally and by geographical and resource groupings, and all estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Globally, in 2023, there were an estimated 377 000 incident childhood cancer cases (95% UI 288 000-489 000), 144 000 deaths (131 000-162 000), and 11·7 million (10·7-13·2) DALYs due to childhood cancer. Deaths due to childhood cancer decreased by 27·0% (15·5-36·1) globally, from 197 000 (173 000-218 000) in 1990, but increased in the WHO African region by 55·6% (25·5-92·4), from 31 500 (24 900-38 500) to 49 000 (42 600-58 200) between 1990 and 2023. In 2023, age-standardised YLLs due to childhood cancer were inversely correlated with country-level Socio-demographic Index. Childhood cancer was the eighth-leading cause of childhood deaths and the ninth-leading cause of DALYs among all cancers in 2023. The percentage of DALYs due to uncategorised childhood cancers was reduced from 26·5% (26·5-26·5) in GBD 2017 to 10·5% (8·1-13·1) with the addition of the nine new cancer causes. Target cancers for the WHO Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer (GICC) comprised 47·3% (42·2-52·0) of global childhood cancer deaths in 2023. Global childhood cancer burden remains a substantial contributor to global childhood disease and cancer burden and is disproportionately weighted towards resource-limited settings. The estimation of additional cancer types relevant in childhood provides a step towards alignment with WHO GICC targets. Efforts to decrease global childhood cancer burden should focus on addressing the inequities in burden worldwide and support comprehensive improvements along the childhood cancer diagnosis and care continuum. St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Gates Foundation, and St Baldrick's Foundation.
This article provides a comprehensive guide for the processing and mounting of phlebotomine sand fly specimens, which is crucial for species identification and pathogen detection and isolation. It discusses a range of techniques suitable for both field and laboratory settings. The guide includes detailed instructions on sand fly collection, handling, covering, and euthanasia (recommending dry freezing or CO2 over chemicals) as well as conservation strategies, such as cold storage and preservation in ethanol. The quality of preparation of certain anatomical structures (genital organs, head and wings) is essential for their proper microscopic observation and is described in this work. The article also presents detailed sample processing, including the clearing process with agents such as potassium hydroxide then Marc-André solution. The mounting process compares different media, emphasizing their optical properties and preservation potential. Hoyer fluid (also known as chloral gum) is recommended for quick observation, particularly for spermathecae, due to its clarity, although it is not suitable for long-term storage. Other media discussed include polyvinyl alcohol, Euparal® (for limited water tolerance), and Canada balsam (a hydrocarbon-soluble medium), with the latter two offering long-term preservation capabilities. Innovative molecular biology approaches such as DNA sequencing and MALDI-ToF, which require particular attention to sample processing, are also addressed. Furthermore, short video clips illustrating various mounting techniques as well as translations in many different languages are provided, allowing the guideline to reach the diverse needs and expectations of the global scientific community. Traitement et montage des phlébotomes : un guide consensuel. Cet article propose un guide complet pour le traitement et le montage des phlébotomes, étapes cruciales pour l’identification des espèces et la détection ou l’isolement des pathogènes. Il aborde diverses techniques adaptées au terrain comme au laboratoire. Le guide comprend des instructions détaillées sur la collecte, la manipulation, la protection et l’euthanasie des phlébotomes (avec recommandation de la congélation à sec ou du CO2 plutôt que de l’usage de produits chimiques), ainsi que sur les stratégies de conservation telles que la réfrigération et la conservation dans l’éthanol. La préparation des structures anatomiques spécifiques (organes génitaux, tête et ailes) pour l’observation microscopique est privilégiée dans la description des techniques de dissection. Le document présente également le traitement détaillé des échantillons, notamment la clarification à l’aide de solutions telles que la potasse puis le liquide de Marc-André. Le processus de montage compare différents milieux, en soulignant leurs propriétés optiques et leur potentiel de conservation. Le liquide de Hoyer (également appelé gomme au chloral) est recommandé pour l’observation rapide, en particulier pour les spermathèques, en raison de sa limpidité, bien qu’il ne convienne pas à la conservation à long terme. D’autres milieux de culture sont abordés, notamment l’alcool polyvinylique, l’Euparal® (pour une tolérance limitée à l’eau) et le baume du Canada (un milieu soluble dans les hydrocarbures), ces deux derniers permettant une conservation à long terme. Les approches innovantes de biologie moléculaire, telles que le séquençage de l’ADN et la spectrométrie de masse MALDI-ToF, qui exigent une attention particulière lors du traitement des échantillons, sont également présentées. De plus, de courtes vidéos illustrant diverses techniques de montage et des traductions en de nombreuses langues sont disponibles, permettant ainsi de répondre aux besoins et attentes variés de la communauté scientifique internationale.
Tabanid flies are gaining high medical and veterinary importance due to their role as a vector of many pathogens. In the present study, a total of 3760 female tabanid flies were collected from Narathiwat and Phayao provinces of Thailand. All were identified using the morphological method, DNA barcoding and wing geometric morphometric (WGM) analysis. Eight species were identified, and among them, Tabanus tenens is a new recorded Thai horse fly. Morphologically, 2178 and 1559 females from Narathiwat and Phayao were identified at the species level, including Chrysops dispar, Chrysops fasciatus, Tabanus griseilineis, Tabanus rufiscutellatus and Tabanus minimus. The other 23 females were identified at the level of the genus (Tabanus spp.) only. Among these, DNA barcoding was further identified as Tabanus tenens, Tabanus rubidus and Tabanus striatus. The landmark-based WGM analysis was used to differentiate the samples from Narathiwat, and the results showed the efficacy of this approach in differentiating the four species of tabanids, achieving an overall accuracy score of 99%. Additionally, the data derived from wing landmarks of samples collected in Narathiwat were used as reference materials for identification of the tabanid fly collected from Phayao, and the finding revealed efficacy of the reference materials. Together, this study demonstrated that DNA barcoding is a reliable tool for the identification of tabanid fly species, while WGM analysis could be a complementary tool. The barcode sequences and WGM data generated in this study can serve as a valuable reference material to identify new field samples from other regions of Thailand. Altogether, this study updated the species list of tabanid flies in Thailand, particularly in the Narathiwat and Phayao provinces, using various integrative identification tools.
In District Faisalabad, ticks, such as Hyalomma (H) anatolicum Koch and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Canestrini (Ixodida: Ixodidae), are significant ectoparasites impacting livestock and wildlife, transmitting pathogens that lead to substantial economic losses. The increasing resistance of tick populations to conventional acaricides necessitates te exploration of potential complementary approaches as control strategies, including nanoparticle formulations. The acaricidal effect of sulfur (S) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles was evaluated against various life stages (eggs, larvae, and adults) of R. (B.) microplus. Nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The susceptibility of ticks to nanoparticles was evaluated by adult and larval immersion tests and larval hatch tests. Ivermectin was used as a positive control. The lethal concentration to 50% mortality (LC50) values for Cu and S nanoparticles against adult R. (B.) microplus were 22.3 ± 3.44 mg/L and 36.16 ± 6.19 mg/L, respectively. At higher concentrations of 80 mg/L (Cu) and 150 mg/L (S), both nanoparticles achieved 99.17% adult tick mortality. S and Cu nanoparticles demonstrated 99.87% and 98.50% larval mortality at concentrations of 150 mg/L and 80 mg/L, respectively. Lower mortality was observed with Ivermectin at 30 mg/L, with 66.67% adult mortality and 61.50% larval mortality. Cu and S also resulted in 99.87% unviable eggs at concentrations of 80 mg/L and 150 mg/L, respectively, while Ivermectin led to only 90.63% unviable eggs. S and Cu nanoparticles exhibited significant potential as effective complementary agents to traditional acaricides, disrupting the life cycle of R. (B.) microplus. Further research is essential to assess their long-term ecological impacts and safety for non-target organisms.
The blow fly Lucilia sericata is a medically and veterinary important species whose control increasingly requires environmentally safe alternatives to synthetic insecticides. This study evaluated the effects of 2-octenoic acid (C8:1), a medium-chain unsaturated fatty acid, on the survival, development and physiological integrity of L. sericata larvae and adults. Topical application of C8:1 caused significant mortality and developmental delays in a dose-dependent manner, with LD50 and LD100 values indicating greater susceptibility in larvae than in adults. Cuticular lipid profiling revealed profound alterations in free fatty acid (FFA) and sterol composition following treatment. Larvae exhibited progressive accumulation of medium- and long-chain FFAs (notably C16:0, C18:0 and C14:1) and depletion of cholesterol, suggesting weakened barrier integrity. In adults, sublethal exposure (LD50) resulted in marked lipid enrichment and incorporation of exogenous C8:1, followed by almost complete depletion of FFAs and cholesterol at lethal doses (LD100), reflecting metabolic collapse. Ethanol (solvent) treatment had minor effects compared with the strong lipid disruptions caused by C8:1. Haemocyte analyses demonstrated dose-dependent immunotoxicity, including granulocyte depletion, cytoplasmic shrinkage and increased proportions of plasmatocytes and oenocytoids, indicating impaired phagocytic and encapsulation responses. These combined effects-cuticular lipid disorganization, cholesterol depletion and haemocyte damage-suggest that 2-octenoic acid compromises both physical and immune defenses. The findings identify 2-octenoic acid as a promising bio-based insecticidal compound with multiple, non-neurotoxic modes of action, offering potential for integrated management of blow fly infestations while reducing risks associated with conventional insecticides.
Parasitism is mediated by environmental factors and intrinsic host attributes, leading to spatio-temporal dynamics of host-parasite infestation. Mammals are the main hosts of larvae of Cuterebrinae flies, which have been observed in the neotropical rodent Hylaeamys megacephalus (Fischer) (Rodentia, Cricetidae) within the Brazilian Cerrado. Besides describing seasonal dynamics of botfly parasitism in this rodent, we also tested the hypothesis that the prevalence of botfly parasitism varies seasonally, with larvae being more prevalent in the warm-wet season, due to favorable climatic conditions for egg development. Second, we tested the hypothesis that the prevalence of botfly parasitism is higher among adults than juveniles, as the former present greater habitat use and larger movements, leading to increased exposure to parasites; and finally, we tested the hypothesis that the prevalence of botfly larvae is male-biased, due to greater male exposure and susceptibility to parasitism. The study was carried out between 2019 and 2023 at Gloria Experimental Farm (Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil), through the capture-mark-recapture method. The botfly was identified as Metacuterebra infulata (Lutz) (Diptera, Oestridae), being the first report of a host for this parasite and a new botfly species parasitizing H. megacephalus. The prevalence of M. infulata within the host population was 15.28% (24 hosts). Most hosts presented only one botfly, and most of them were in the inguinal region, indicating host specificity, and therefore, H. megacephalus might be the primary host of M. infulata in this region. Contrary to our hypothesis, botfly infestations presented a multivoltine pattern, with a peak in infestations during April (transition from wet to dry season) that may reflect the time interval between the botfly oviposition behavior and the development of the third instar larvae in the host. Finally, we also did not find any difference in M. infulata prevalence between sexes and age classes. This may be associated with the parasite's biology, in which the oviposition behavior of adults leads to similar exposure for both sexes and age classes. The lack of sexual dimorphism between rodents may also contribute to the observed patterns. Our study reports a new host-parasite interaction involving rodents and botflies and pinpoints the importance of parasite life cycle on the seasonal dynamics of parasitism. O parasitismo é mediado por fatores ambientais e por atributos intrínsecos do hospedeiro, ocasionando dinâmicas sazonais e espaciais na infestação parasito‐hospedeiro. Mamíferos são os principais hospedeiros de larvas de moscas Cuterebrinae, observadas infectando o roedor neotropical Hylaeamys megacephalus (Fischer) (Rodentia, Cricetidae) no Cerrado brasileiro. Além de descrever a dinâmica sazonal do parasitismo nesse roedor, nós também testamos a hipótese de que a prevalência do parasitismo por larvas varia sazonalmente, com larvas sendo mais prevalentes na estação quente‐úmida, devido às condições climáticas favoráveis ao ao desenvolvimento dos ovos. Seguidamente, testamos a hipótese de que a prevalência do parasitismo é maior entre adultos do que entre juvenis, já que os primeiros apresentam maior uso de habitat e maior movimentação, levando a uma maior exposição a parasitas e, finalmente, testamos a hipótese de que a prevalência de larvas de moscas é tendenciosa para os machos, devido à maior exposição e suscetibilidade dos machos ao parasitismo. O estudo foi realizado entre 2019 e 2023 na Fazenda Experimental Glória (Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil), através do método de captura‐marcação‐recaptura. A mosca foi identificada como Metacuterebra infulata (Lutz) (Diptera, Oestridae), sendo o primeiro relato de um hospedeiro para este parasita e uma nova espécie de mosca parasitando H. megacephalus. A prevalência de M. infulata na população hospedeira foi de 15,28% (24 hospedeiros), a maior parte dos hospedeiros apresentou apenas uma larva por vez, e a maioria das larvas estava presente na região inguinal, indicando especificidade do hospedeiro;hospedeiro, portanto, H. megacephalus pode ser o hospedeiro primário de M. infulata nesta região. Contrariamente à nossa hipótese, a infestação por larvas de mosca apresentou um padrão multivoltino, com um pico de infestações durante abril (transição da estação chuvosa para a seca) que pode refletir o intervalo de tempo entre o comportamento de oviposição da mosca e o desenvolvimento de larvas de terceiro ínstar no hospedeiro. Finalmente, também não encontramos nenhuma diferença na prevalência de M. infulata entre sexos e classes etárias. Isso pode estar associado à biologia do parasita, na qual o comportamento de oviposição das moscas leva a uma exposição semelhante para ambos os sexos e classes etárias. A ausência de dimorfismo sexual entre os roedores também pode contribuir para os padrões observados. Nosso estudo registra uma nova relação parasito‐hospedeiro envolvendo roedores e moscas cuterebrideas e pontua a importância do ciclo de vida dos parasitos sobre a dinâmica sazonal do parasitismo.
Ticks of the genus Haemaphysalis, akin to other tick genera, are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of medical and veterinary importance, serving as vectors for various pathogens. Haemaphysalis ticks, like Haemaphysalis muhsamae (H. muhsamae) within the Haemaphysalis leachi group, have previously had taxonomic uncertainties, which recent revisions have validated. Historically restricted to Eastern and Southern Africa, knowledge of their presence in West Africa has remained uncertain. This study aimed to confirm the presence of H. muhsamae in Ghana and to investigate its distribution, host associations and infestation patterns across ecological zones and seasons. A total of 3816 ticks were collected from wild mammal carcasses at two bushmeat markets between 2020 and early 2021. Morphological examination and molecular analysis targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene confirmed the presence of H. muhsamae in Ghana for the first time. Of the total, 140 ticks (3.7%) were identified as H. muhsamae, predominantly infesting the African civet (Civettictis civetta), striped ground squirrel (Xerus erythropus) and Kusimanse mongoose (Crossarchus obscurus). The species occurred in both forest (3.9%) and coastal savannah (3.5%) zones, with infestation intensity highest on African civets (p = 0.0032) and significantly greater during the wet season in the coastal savannah (p = 0.0213). Phylogenetic analysis showed close genetic similarity between Ghanaian specimens and those from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, suggesting a shared evolutionary lineage. These findings expand the known distribution of H. muhsamae and underscore the importance of ongoing tick surveillance and molecular characterization to better understand tick-borne disease risks in West Africa.
Ticks are important vectors for pathogens that affect both animal and human health. Research on ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) in Cambodia remains limited. This study addresses existing knowledge gaps through two complementary approaches including an evidence synthesis and new field data providing updated data on tick fauna and pathogens. Evidence Synthesis is a review of scientific publications and veterinary student theses reveal substantial knowledge gaps. To date, five tick-borne pathogens have been documented in dogs through peer-reviewed studies: Babesia vogeli (formerly Babesia canis vogeli), Ehrlichia canis, Hepatozoon canis, Mycoplasma haemocanis, and Rickettsia felis. Veterinary theses suggest the possible presence of anaplasmosis, babesiosis, theileriosis, and ehrlichiosis in cattle; however, there is no peer-reviewed data on TBDs in other domestic animals or humans. New Field Sampling (2022-2023) is the primary field study that was conducted to investigate tick diversity across various ecological settings, including domestic animals, wildlife, and environmental sites. A total of 7461 ticks were collected from 853 animals across 13 host species, with cattle and dogs showing the highest tick burdens. Fourteen tick species were identified, including seven species recorded in Cambodia for the first time: Carios batuensis, Dermacentor steini, D. filippovae, Haemaphysalis canestrinii, H. hystricis, H. formosensis, and H. wellingtoni. These findings reveal a considerable gap in our current understanding of tick species and TBDs in Cambodia. The confirmed presence of various tick species, several previously unrecorded species and multiple pathogens emphasize the need for sustained surveillance to better characterize pathogen presence and distribution.
The highlands of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) are home to critically endangered eastern gorillas (Gorilla beringei). Concerns have been raised that the increased temperatures and extreme weather conditions associated with climate change will lead to an increase in the abundance and distribution of Culicoides-borne diseases. Here, we utilized an integrated morphological and molecular approach to identify Culicoides species in a small but significant collection of Culicoides captured from highland eastern gorilla habitat and surrounding areas and updated the Culicoides spp. reported from the highlands of the eastern DRC. A review of the literature related to Culicoides collections in the DRC was conducted in French and English. Recent worldwide checklists were consulted to rectify synonyms and other discrepancies found in the literature for the region. Fresh Culicoides specimens were collected, wings slide-mounted and remaining carcasses subjected to DNA extraction. A total of 82 Culicoides specimens were collected. From these, 75 high-quality DNA barcodes (658-bp of the mtDNA COI gene) were obtained, belonging to 14 distinct taxa, 11 of which were new records for the DRC, including C. bolitinos Meiswinkel, 1989, C. hortenis Khamala & Kettle, 1971, C. citroneus Carter, Ingram & Macfie, 1920, and C. radiomaculatus Khamala & Kettle, 1971, and seven species new to science (C. sp. nr. citroneus, C. sp. nr. glabripennis 1, C. sp. nr. glabripennis 2, C. sp. nr. kibatiensis 1, C. sp. nr. kibatiensis 2, C. sp. nr. neavei 1 and C. sp. nr. neavei 2), increasing the known Culicoides fauna of the DRC from 20 to 31. The presence of C. imicola Kieffer, 1913, C. enderleini Cornet & Brunhes, 1994 and C. neavei Austin, 1912, was confirmed. The potential health impact of the association of known Culicoides pathogen vectors with endangered gorillas is discussed. Les hauts plateaux de l'est de la République démocratique du Congo (RDC) abritent des gorilles de l'Est (Gorilla beringei), en danger critique d'extinction. Il a été soulevé que l’élévation des températures et la fréquence accrue d’événements météorologiques extrêmes, en lien avec les changements climatiques, pourraient accroître l’abondance et élargir l’aire de répartition des maladies véhiculées par les Culicoides. Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé une approche intégrée, combinant analyses morphologiques et moléculaires, afin d’identifier les espèces de Culicoides dans une collection de petite taille mais significative de Culicoides capturés dans l'habitat des gorilles de l'Est des hautes terres et les zones environnantes, et de mettre à jour les espèces de Culicoides signalées dans les hautes terres de l'est de la RDC. Une revue de la littérature relative aux collections de Culicoides en RDC a été réalisée en français et en anglais. Des listes des espèces mondiales récentes ont été consultées pour rectifier les synonymes et autres incohérences trouvées dans la littérature régionale. Des spécimens frais de Culicoides ont été collectés, les ailes montées sur lames et les carcasses restantes soumises à une extraction d'ADN. Au total, 82 spécimens de Culicoides ont été collectés. À partir de ceux‐ci, 75 codes‐barres de haute qualité (658 pb du gène COI de l'ADNmt) ont été obtenus, appartenant à 14 taxons distincts ‐ dont 11 représentent de nouveaux signalements pour la RDC, notamment C. bolitinos Meiswinkel, 1989, C. hortensis Khamala et Kettle, 1971, C. citroneus Carter, Ingram et Macfie, 1920, et C. radiomaculatus Khamala et Kettle, 1971, ainsi que 7 espèces nouvelles pour la science (C. sp. nr. citroneus, C. sp. nr. glabripennis 1, C. sp. nr. glabripennis 2, C. sp. nr. kibatiensis 1, C. sp. nr. kibatiensis 2, C. sp. nr. neavei 1 et C. sp. nr. neavei 2) – augmentant la faune connue de Culicoides de la RDC de 20 à 31. La présence de C. imicola Kieffer (1913), C. enderleini Cornet et Brunhes (1994) et C. neavei Austin (1912) a été confirmée. L'étude discute des implications potentielles pour la santé publique et animale de l'association entre certains vecteurs de pathogènes connus du genre Culicoides et les populations de gorilles en voie de disparition.
African horse sickness virus (AHSV: Sedoreoviridae; Orbivirus) causes a severe and often fatal disease in horses (African horse sickness: AHS) and is transmitted almost exclusively by Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). In recent years, unprecedented outbreaks of AHSV have occurred in new geographical foci in Thailand and other related Culicoides-borne viruses continue to emerge unexpectedly, causing disease outbreaks in northern Europe. This study investigated Culicoides abundance and diversity at a donkey (Equus asinus) sanctuary in southern England. The incidence and severity of AHS in infected donkeys are lower than in horses, with concerns, therefore, that these species could act as potential reservoirs in the event of an incursion of AHSV. A total of 21,350 Culicoides of 20 species were collected over 14 nights during spring and summer 2019 using three Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute ultraviolet light-suction traps. The most abundant species were identified within the subgenus Avaritia (19,574; 91.7%), which are known vectors of other Orbiviruses in northern Europe and have been previously identified as putative vectors of AHSV in southern Europe. Furthermore, Culicoides blood-feeding on donkeys was confirmed for the subgenus Avaritia through polymerase chain reaction of blood-fed female Culicoides using a 685 bp region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. Data on the size and distribution of the donkey population and the potential impact of infection with AHSV on donkeys within the United Kingdom are scarce. This study demonstrates that large populations of Culicoides can exist near these hosts and that they regularly take blood meals from them. There is a potential risk that donkeys could play a significant role in transmission and persistence of AHSV in the event of an incursion into the United Kingdom, which could complicate disease control.
Macronyssid and spinturnicid mites are globally distributed ectoparasites of medical and veterinary relevance, with various species known to parasitize bats. Beyond their ecological importance, some macronyssid mites, such as Ornithonyssus bursa, are known to occasionally bite humans and cause dermatitis, highlighting the interface between wildlife, ectoparasites, and human habitats. Understanding the microorganisms harbored by bat-associated mites is therefore important from a One Health perspective, as these arthropods may act as bridge hosts for pathogens among bats, domestic animals, and humans. Although their role in pathogen transmission remains poorly understood, previous studies have reported bacterial agents in these mite groups. This study aimed to investigate the presence of several pathogens in macronyssid and spinturnicid mites collected from bats in Brazil. A total of 393 macronyssid and 210 spinturnicid mites parasitizing bats were analyzed through morphological and molecular approaches. Ehrlichia DNA was the only pathogen detected, found in 3.03% of macronyssid mites and 2.4% of spinturnicid mites from Rio de Janeiro State, previously described on bat-associated chigger mites. These findings underscore the need for further research into the ecological interactions between bats and their ectoparasites and the potential implications of these mites as vectors of zoonotic pathogens.
Dengue is an emerging public health threat in temperate regions of Europe where Aedes albopictus is established. In 2024 Italy experienced an unprecedented increase in autochthonous dengue transmission. In September 2024, a cluster of locally acquired dengue cases was detected in Cavezzo, Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy. An outbreak investigation was initiated following confirmation of the first autochthonous dengue case on 17 September 2024. Enhanced surveillance was activated including retrospective case finding, targeted community screening, and strengthened laboratory diagnostics. Vector control measures were implemented starting within a 200m radius of confirmed cases and expanded based on epidemiological and entomological findings. Blood and organ donation safety measures were introduced, and whole genome sequencing were performed on human and mosquito samples. 44 autochthonous dengue cases were identified with symptom onset between 31 July and 23 September 2024; 68.2% were detected retrospectively. No epidemiologically linked cases were detected outside Cavezzo. Most cases occurred in older adults (median age 63 years); two patients were hospitalised and recovered fully. Dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2), genotype II, lineage F.1.1, was detected in both human and Ae. albopictus samples. Phylogenetic analysis identified a distinct cluster separate from sequences associated with the contemporaneous outbreak reported in Fano, Italy. Following vector-control interventions, mosquito density declined and no further virus-positive pools were detected. This outbreak highlights the increasing vulnerability of temperate European regions to dengue transmission and underscores the importance of rapid case detection, community engagement, and targeted vector-control strategies in preventing wider spread.
Blow flies represent one of the most forensically significant insects in legal investigations. Their habitat-specific abundance and temperature-dependent development rates can help estimate a post-mortem interval (PMI), cause of death and post-mortem movement of a deceased body. As the role of forensic entomology expands in human and wildlife criminal investigations, there is a need for updated regional surveys for blow fly species. All recent and previous blow fly surveys in Arizona have been limited to the southern and central ecoregions. The objective of this study was to identify blow fly species between two contrasting habitats in northwestern Arizona-the Black Mountains (Mojave Desert) and the Hualapai Mountains (Arizona/New Mexico Mountains). This research aimed to assess the impacts of food source (game meat (javelina; Tayassu tajacu) compared to chicken (Gallus domesticus) liver), seasonality and elevation on blow fly biodiversity. Each habitat had three site locations at different elevational gradients (low, middle, high) with four bait traps deployed at each site (two of each bait type). This study found a significant difference in the biodiversity of blow flies between and within each habitat seasonally, as well as elevational variation within each habitat. Bait-preference also was statistically significant for overall abundance, and two indicator species for each bait type were identified. Additionally, this research presents the northernmost recorded presence of Chrysomya rufifacies in Arizona, as well as the first records of Cynomya cadaverina and Calliphora alaskensis in the state. The data collected establishes an important baseline for these understudied regions of Arizona and facilitates a wider use of blow flies in forensic investigations for rural areas of Mohave County, AZ.
Although black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) ecology has been extensively studied in forest ecosystems, knowledge from rural landscapes-where human and livestock interactions are frequent-remains limited. This study investigated the diversity, community structure, and environmental associations of black fly larvae in rural streams of Mae Rim district, Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand. Larvae and pupae collected monthly from three types of study areas were evaluated. Environmental variables were recorded in situ. A total of 3,649 last instar larvae representing 19 species across three subgenera were identified. Dominant species included Simulium nodosum (15.2%), S. chiangmaiense (14.1%), S. wangkwaiense (11.9%), S. asakoae (10.3%), and S. fenestratum (9.5%). Four human-biting species-S. asakoae, S. chamlongi, S. nodosum, and S. doipuiense complex-were identified, with the first three predominantly found in village sites. Species richness and diversity were higher in sites without human intervention (forest without human activity) compared to those in forest with human activity and villages. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) revealed that conductivity, stream width, water velocity, and salinity were significantly associated with species composition (χ2 = 1.53, P < 0.01). Notably, human-biting species were associated with wider, warmer, fast-flowing streams with elevated conductivity-conditions typical of disturbed village sites. These findings underscore the ecological significance of stream conditions in shaping black fly communities and provide critical insights for vector surveillance and control in human-impacted landscapes.
Ticks continue to facilitate the spread of pathogens that affect both humans and domestic animals. Domestic dogs interact with humans and other domestic animals, playing a crucial role in the spread of ticks and tick-borne pathogens. This study examined the diversity of tick species infesting domestic dogs and the occurrence of tick-borne pathogens in the Upper East region. Domestic dogs were randomly selected and examined for tick infestation. The sampled ticks were morphologically identified, pooled and screened for tick-borne pathogens using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing. From the 93 dogs examined, all 749 ticks collected were adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Out of the 177 tick pools screened, pathogen DNA was detected in 43 pools (24.29%). The identified pathogens were uncultured Anaplasma sp. (14.12%), Ehrlichia canis (7.34%), Rickettsia conorii subsp. israelensis (3.95%) and Coxiella burnetii (2.82%). Factors such as dog age or sex, or tick sex, did not influence the occurrence of a tick-borne pathogen (p > 0.05). This study reports the first molecular detection of R. conorii subsp. israelensis in Ghana. The occurrence of zoonotic pathogens suggests an increased risk to dog owners and a need to adopt protective measures to prevent infection spread. These findings highlight the importance of integrated tick control, improved diagnostic capabilities and epidemiological surveillance in Ghana to reduce the burden of tick-borne diseases on animal and human health.
Filth flies pose a health risk because of the microbes they carry outside and inside of their bodies to humans and animals. Mostly synthetic chemical insecticides are used for fly control. Alternative approaches with a different mode of action are needed because of increasing fly resistance to pesticides. We used a modified World Health Organization cone test to determine the efficacy of the minerals produced by diatoms (diatomaceous earth) as a mechanical insecticide against adults of the house fly, Musca domestica, the secondary screwworm, Cochliomyia macellaria, and the grey flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata, under low and high humidity. The use of mechanical insecticides as an alternative to kill filth flies has received minimal consideration. However, recent research showed that expanded perlite, a new mechanical insecticide made from volcanic rock, was highly efficacious against mosquitoes and flies. Mortality for diatomaceous earth in this paper at 30°C and 50% relative humidity was observed as early as 2 h after exposure with 50% and 90% mortality observed at 3.5 and 4.6 h (the LT50 and LT90, respectively) in M. domestica. The LT50 and LT90 increased as the size of the fly species increased (M. domestica to C. macellaria to S. bullata) and increased for all three species when the relative humidity increased from 50 to 70%. These results suggest dehydration was the mode of action. Scanning electron micrographs of C. macellaria adults 2 h after diatomaceous earth exposure, showed the flies were evenly self-covered with the mineral with no obvious damage to the cuticle. Proof of concept was demonstrated that diatomaceous earth as a residual surface treatment could be used as an alternative for filth fly control.
Our prior work published a protocol for creating resin-embedded arthropods of medical importance for use in educational and outreach activities. This protocol has been adopted by diverse initiatives aiming to create a mounting technique that minimizes damage to the arthropod, creates a safe product for handling, and preserves the ability to see morphological characteristics for identification. Our protocol has evolved and is currently creating resin-embedded arthropods with improved quality thanks to the purchase of additional equipment and process modifications. We present this improved protocol with steps to minimize bubbles, adapt to different types of arthropods, and create final polished blocks with visibility from six sides. We also outline biosafety concerns from fumes during the resin curing, use of power tools, and from dust generated while sanding and polishing resin blocks. This visualized protocol will facilitate the adoption of clear resin casting of arthropods to a broader community. The list of equipment and consumables we have adopted over several years of trial and error will allow other programs to judge if this protocol is a viable option for adoption.