To evaluate the fit and positional trueness of a crown seated on additively manufactured casts fabricated using different manufacturing trinomials and build orientations. A reference maxillary model with a prepared left first molar was digitized to design a reference crown. Resin casts were additively manufactured from the model scan using digital light processing (DLP) or stereolithography (SLA) at 0-, 30-, 45-, and 90-degree build orientations (n = 7). A zirconia crown was fabricated from the reference design and digitized alone and while seated on each cast using an intraoral scanner. Crown fit was assessed using the triple-scan protocol (average gap), and positional trueness was determined by measuring surface deviations (occlusal, buccal, palatal, mesial, and distal) relative to the original design position. Data were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). The reference crown had the highest average gap when seated on SLA-90, followed by DLP-90 (P < 0.001). Combinations involving the DLP trinomial or 0- and 30-degree orientations generally led to lower positional deviations, whereas those with a 90-degree orientation tended to result in higher deviations (P ≤ 0.033). Although manufacturing trinomial and build orientation affected fit and positional trueness, average gap values remained below the clinically acceptable threshold except for SLA-90. Higher positional trueness was mostly observed when the crown was seated on DLP casts or casts printed at 0- or 30-degree orientations.
Conventional static flowability tests lack the sensitivity to capture process-relevant powder dynamics. This study developed and optimized an LED-based particle image velocimetry (PIV) system for real-time, non-invasive characterization of powder dynamic flowability during blending. Three PIV parameters, illumination intensity, CLAHE window size, and interrogation window size, were systematically optimized; optimal conditions (65,125 lx; 16 px CLAHE; 32 px) yielded reproducible velocity vector fields. The system was applied to six excipients: three MCC grades (Avicel® PH-102, PH-112, PROSOLV® SMCC 50) and three lactose-based powders (Cellactose® 80, Tablettose® 80, MicroceLac® 100), with complementary FT4 powder rheometer measurements. Multi-parametric analysis encompassing velocity magnitude, vorticity, shear strain rate, stretching deformation rate, and correlation coefficient across spatially defined regions of interest revealed powder-specific flow dynamics. Among MCC grades, PROSOLV® SMCC 50 showed the highest velocity (0.99 px/frame), while Avicel® PH-102 and PH-112 were comparable (0.32 px/frame each) yet differed 6-9-fold in blade-region vorticity and shear strain rate, representing mechanistic differences not discernible by static Carr's index. Among lactose-based powders sharing similar static classifications, PIV revealed distinct velocity profiles: MicroceLac® 100 (0.78), Cellactose® 80 (0.71), and Tablettose® 80 (0.51 px/frame). FT4 cohesion and unconfined yield strength inversely correlated with PIV velocity (r = -0.97), corroborating the PIV-derived flowability rankings, whereas basic flowability energy did not predict blending performance, confirming that confined-condition metrics do not capture process-relevant dynamics. These results establish LED-based PIV as a practical, multi-dimensional flowability characterization tool, complementary to powder rheometry, with direct relevance to excipient selection and process design in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drop-on-demand (DOD) printing has great potential in bioelectronic manufacturing and additive manufacturing due to its high resolution and wide ink compatibility. EHD DOD printing over a certain frequency may appear uneven printing, missing or nonuniform droplets, but the current research on the limiting frequency is unclear, which greatly limits the efficiency and accuracy of printing. This paper aims to systematically study the influence of meniscus shapes and ink characteristics on printing. The numerical model of gas-liquid interface deformation under electric field was established based on the moving grid method, and the motion response of meniscus under different pulse voltage intervals was analyzed to establish the intrinsic connection between the characteristic frequency of meniscus and the limiting stable printing frequency. The effects of meniscus shape parameters and ink characteristics (including viscosity, surface tension and conductivity) on the limiting frequency were systematically investigated through simulation and experimental design. Finally, the optimized design of ink characteristic/meniscus shapes parameters applicable to high-frequency printing was proposed. EHD DOD printing of meniscus shapes (f ∼ dN-1.5 and f ∼ θa-2, where dN and θa are the meniscus diameter and central angle) and ink characteristics (Oh < 0.2, α > 1) were carried out, high-frequency EHD printing at 28 kHz was realized. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the high-frequency EHD printing system design and promotes its application in bioelectronic manufacturing and additive manufacturing.
With e-commerce booming, MNEs (Multinational Enterprises) often tap into online markets through E-retailers in multinational e-commerce platforms. Therefore, which e-commerce entry model MNEs choose can be critical, especially when the MNE owning a retail division in the same market. Notably, the MNE can address the plague of low-quality images of e-retailers by introducing blockchain technology, but the effectiveness of blockchain technology for quality verification also varies across different e-commerce entry models. In this paper, we develop a two-tier supply chain model with a manufacturing division in a high-tax area and various retailers in a low-tax area. The retailers comprise the manufacturing division of the MNE and e-retailers. The e-retailers include self-operated e-commerce, FBP merchants, i.e., merchants handling sales while the platform manages product delivery and after-sales services, and SOP merchants, i.e., merchants separately manage operations, shipping, and sales. We find that the larger the tax disparity, the lower the overall profits of MNEs, irrespective of the implementation of blockchain technology. Furthermore, the overall profit of the MNE is more significant when adopting a singular e-commerce entry model without the introduction of blockchain technology; conversely, the total profit of the MNE is more significant when adopting a composite e-commerce entry model with the introduction of blockchain technology. Interestingly, when blockchain technology is implemented, the MNE is more lucrative under the e-commerce entry model with a medium initial market potential if the service gap between the e-retailer and the manufacturing division is modest.
Cell therapy has revolutionised the landscape of cancer treatment, with therapies such as Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells (CAR-T cells), showing remarkable efficacy in haematological malignancies, and approaches such as Tumour Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) and T-cell receptor-engineered T cells (TCR-T) showing increasing promise in solid tumours. The recent US FDA approvals of lifileucel (a TIL therapy for advanced melanoma) and afamitresgene autoleucel (a TCR therapy targeting MAGE-A4 in synovial sarcoma) mark the first regulatory recognition of cell therapies for solid tumours and signal a new era for oncology. Europe has played a central role in these advances, leading pivotal phase 3 trials and pioneering hospital-exemption-based manufacturing programmes. However, the continent still faces major challenges, including fragmented regulatory frameworks, high manufacturing costs, and inequitable patient access across member states. Emerging innovations such as gene-edited, allogeneic, and iPSC-derived cell products promise to address current limitations by improving scalability, safety, and time-to-treatment. This Series paper examines the latest advancements in cell therapy, focussing on the European experience, while comparing global trends. We discuss challenges specific to Europe, such as regulatory frameworks, manufacturing scalability, and disparities in access. Emphasis is placed on emerging innovations like gene-edited and allogeneic therapies, as well as future directions for integrating cell therapies into mainstream oncology. We conclude with recommendations for overcoming barriers related to cost, toxicity management, and equitable access across Europe.
Hepatocyte-based therapies represent a promising alternative to liver transplantation, yet their clinical translation is constrained by the limited availability of functional cells and inefficient engraftment. Here, we review progress in the field from a translational perspective, focusing on strategies to overcome these core challenges. We analyze emerging cell sources derived from stem cell technologies and assess their therapeutic potential. These translational efforts are organized around two clinical paradigms: hepatocyte replacement for long-term functional correction and temporary hepatocyte support for liver failure. Beyond hepatocytes, we also discuss preclinical and translational advances involving other liver cell types. To conclude, we outline critical gaps that need to be addressed for clinical translation, including scalable good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant manufacturing, efficient preconditioning regimens, long-term immune compatibility with non-invasive graft monitoring, and patient stratification for optimal clinical outcomes. We also discuss how hepatocyte-based therapies can complement gene/RNA therapies and xenotransplantation to broaden treatment options for liver diseases.
Tendon injuries present a major clinical challenge due to the tissue's limited regenerative capacity, poor vascularization, and tendency toward fibrotic healing that compromises mechanical function. Surgical and conservative treatments often fail to restore native tendon architecture, leading to high rates of retear, adhesion, and long-term functional impairment. In recent years, tissue engineering strategies have gained increasing attention, with nanofiber-based matrices emerging as promising platforms for functional tendon regeneration. Owing to their structural similarity to native extracellular matrix (ECM), nanofiber scaffolds enable precise control over fiber alignment, porosity, and mechanical properties, which are critical for guiding tenogenic cell behavior and matrix organization.This review summarizes recent advances in nanofiber fabrication techniques, including electrospinning and hybrid nanomanufacturing approaches, and discusses strategies for tailoring scaffold properties through biophysiochemical cues, biological factor delivery, cell incorporation, and nanoparticle functionalization. Special emphasis is placed on multifunctional nanofiber systems that modulate inflammation, promote tenogenic differentiation, enhance tendon - bone interface healing, and minimize scar formation and postoperative adhesion. Finally, current challenges and future directions toward scalable manufacturing, reproducibility, and clinical translation are discussed. Collectively, nanofiber-based matrices represent a versatile and powerful approach for advancing tendon tissue engineering and achieving durable functional repair. Search: PubMed, Google Scholar, through March 2026.
Protein-based microneedles (MNs) have emerged as a minimally invasive platform for transdermal therapy, enabling precise and localized delivery of bioactive molecules to cutaneous lesions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of protein-based MN systems, including key matrix materials, fabrication strategies, and their therapeutic applications across a wide range of skin diseases. Natural proteins such as gelatin, silk fibroin, zein, and collagen, are widely employed in MN fabrication due to their favorable physicochemical properties, including excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and tunable mechanical strength. These materials support mild drug encapsulation and efficient transdermal delivery, while their intrinsic bioactivity-such as pro-regenerative and biointeractive functions-can further enhance therapeutic outcomes through synergistic effects. Recent advances in protein-based MNs have demonstrated significant potential in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases, wound healing, melanoma, and cosmetic dermatology. However, several challenges remain, including limited long-term stability, batch-to-batch variability, and the high cost of large-scale sterile manufacturing, which hinder clinical translation. In addition, regulatory complexity associated with device-drug combination products presents further barriers to commercialization. Future research is expected to focus on the development of stimuli-responsive and theranostic MN systems, as well as scalable, reproducible, and sustainable manufacturing strategies. Overall, protein-based MNs represent a versatile and promising platform for next-generation dermatological therapies, with strong potential for clinical translation and commercial development.
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) relies on selective accumulation of boron-10 isotopes within tumor tissue to achieve localized cell destruction. While nano-based boron delivery systems (nBDSs) show significant promise in preclinical settings, translation to clinical practice remains limited compared to conventional agents like BPA and BSH. This review critically evaluates the evolution of BNCT, focusing on biological performance and translational readiness of nBDSs. A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed and Google Scholar covering the period 2000 to 2024. Search terms included 'BNCT,' 'nanotechnology,' 'boron delivery systems,' and 'in vivo studies.' Inclusion criteria were restricted to peer-reviewed original research articles reporting primary in vivo data on biodistribution, tumor-to-blood (T:B) ratios, and therapeutic efficacy. Review articles, conference papers, and studies lacking in vivo validation were excluded. Active and completed clinical trials were reviewed to contextualize preclinical findings against the clinical landscape. Analysis of over 60 in vivo studies revealed that third-generation nBDSs, including liposomes, dendrimers, and polymeric nanoparticles, frequently outperform conventional agents in tumor selectivity and retention. Specific platforms demonstrated critical benchmarks, such as T:B ratios exceeding 20 (e.g. stimuli-responsive micelles) and complete tumor regression (e.g. albumin conjugates). Dendrimer-based systems extended mean survival time to over 59 days in glioma models. However, significant challenges persist, including high reticuloendothelial system uptake, batch-to-batch variability, and lack of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant scalability. No nBDS has advanced to clinical trials, highlighting a persistent translational gap. While nBDSs offer superior biological efficacy in preclinical models, clinical deployment is hindered by pharmaceutical and manufacturing barriers rather than biological potential. Future research must prioritize standardized in vivo protocols, hybrid carrier designs, and industrial scalability to effectively bridge the gap between experimental innovation and clinical application. Enhancing the therapeutic index through rigorous pharmacokinetic optimization is essential for development of next-generation BNCT agents.
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, represent a growing global health crisis characterized by irreversible neuronal loss, protein aggregation, chronic neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Central to their therapeutic intractability is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a highly selective neurovascular interface that excludes nearly 98% of conventional pharmacological agents from the central nervous system (CNS). Nanoparticle- and biomaterial-based delivery platforms have emerged as promising strategies to overcome these barriers, encompassing liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, engineered exosomes, inorganic nanoparticles, and hydrogel scaffolds capable of enabling targeted CNS drug delivery. This Review systematically evaluates the landscape of nanomaterial-based neurotherapeutics across disease-specific pathological contexts, critically analyzing translational failure mechanisms including limited parenchymal brain exposure, receptor saturation during transcytosis, protein corona-mediated immune clearance, and nanoscale toxicity in postmitotic neural tissue. Preclinical-to-clinical translational gaps arising from interspecies BBB transporter heterogeneity and pharmacokinetic divergence are examined alongside manufacturing and regulatory barriers impeding Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-scale production. Emerging convergence strategies─including AI-integrated design, hybrid physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, theranostic nanoplatforms, and wearable bioresponsive delivery systems─are evaluated for their capacity to address these limitations. The review concludes by proposing a framework for developing clinically viable, disease-modifying CNS nanomedicines.
The recognition of FOXP3 as the master regulator of regulatory T cells (Tregs) established the genetic and functional basis for peripheral immune tolerance. Contemporary advances in single-cell genomics and epigenetic mapping have further refined this landscape, revealing distinct, tissue-adapted Treg subsets and identifying the Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR) as the critical molecular marker for durable lineage stability. The transition toward personalized Treg medicine has become feasible through an integrated pipeline that maps individual cellular signatures and employs precision engineering. Transitioning to personalized Treg medicine requires an integrated pipeline combining antigen-specific CAR-Treg design, CRISPR-mediated epigenetic stabilization, and metabolic reprogramming. However, durable success hinges on navigating biological and translational hurdles, including lineage plasticity, receptor-driven exhaustion, and manufacturing bottlenecks. By integrating real-time TSDR monitoring and inducible safety switches like iCasp9, this framework translates mechanistic insights into context-matched, precision interventions. This roadmap provides a definitive strategy for restoring immune balance in autoimmunity and transplantation while addressing the complex constraints of modern living-cell therapies.
Enzyme-free nucleic acid amplification circuits, such as the hybridization chain reaction (HCR), hold immense promise for molecular diagnostics but are fundamentally constrained by a persistent trilemma in biological applications: the trade-off between reaction kinetics, probe stability, and manufacturing complexity. Here, we overcome this challenge by introducing a Localized HCR Nanosphere (LHCR-NS), a self-assembling DNA nanodevice that leverages spatial confinement to simultaneously accelerate reaction speed, enhance biostability, and simplify fabrication. The LHCR-NS is constructed from a single palindromic DNA strand that spontaneously folds into a core-shell nanostructure, which then immobilizes hairpin probes. This localized architecture concentrates reactants, boosting the HCR kinetics by over an order of magnitude compared to conventional free-solution systems. The compact spherical structure provides steric shielding, rendering the nanoprobe exceptionally resistant to nuclease degradation even in raw serum. This robust platform achieved an attomolar limit of detection (LOD) for miR-21 with single-nucleotide specificity. Its superior stability and biocompatibility enabled real-time, high-contrast imaging of endogenous miRNA fluctuations within living cancer cells. Critically, the simplified one-pot synthesis and assay workflow allowed for the rapid and accurate quantification of miR-21 in clinical serum samples, perfectly discriminating cancer patients from healthy controls (AUC = 1.0). This work presents a new paradigm in DNA nanoprobe design, where architectural simplicity and physical principles, rather than chemical complexity, are harnessed to create powerful tools for both fundamental cell biology and clinical diagnostics.
This study aimed to analyze the global research landscape, collaborative patterns, and developmental trends of nanotechnology applications in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) using bibliometric analysis and knowledge visualization techniques. Publications from 1985 to 2024 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the R-package bibliometrix (version 4.5.0) to evaluate publication metrics, while knowledge graph visualization was performed using CiteSpace software (version 6.2.6) to identify research clusters, evolutionary pathways, and emerging topics. We identified 321 relevant publications, demonstrating exponential growth (14.85/year, R2=0.913) with a significant increase after 2017. China dominated global research (72.59% of publications), while Western countries demonstrated higher citation impact. The most prolific institutions were Sun Yat-sen University (26 papers), Jinan University (21 papers), and Fujian Normal University (19 papers). The International Journal of Nanomedicine was the leading publication venue (15 papers). Three major research clusters emerged: Nanoscale diagnostic platforms employing SERS technology, targeted therapeutic systems incorporating folic acid modification, and bioinspired nanomaterials with exosomes exhibiting promising growth. The research evolved from basic nanomaterials (2002-2013) through multifunctional platforms (2014-2020) to precision medicine applications (2021-2024), with recent emphasis on overcoming treatment resistance. Nanotechnology in NPC is rapidly evolving toward integrated theranostic platforms; however, clinical translation requires addressing scale-up manufacturing and long-term safety assessment challenges.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide due to the limited sensitivity of current surveillance and diagnostic strategies for early-stage detection. Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as promising tools for HCC diagnostics owing to their high sensitivity, rapid response, low cost, and compatibility with point-of-care testing. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in electrochemical biosensors for HCC detection, focusing on key biomarkers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), glypican-3 (GPC-3), AFP-L3, and circulating nucleic acids. We discuss developments in biorecognition strategies, nanomaterial-assisted signal amplification, and analytical performance of reported sensor platforms. In addition, the review critically examines the gap between laboratory-scale sensor performance particularly ultra-low detection limits and practical clinical requirements, including selectivity in complex biological matrices, reproducibility, long-term stability, and validation using clinical samples. The review also discusses how nanomaterial selection, fabrication complexity, and device variability influence the clinical translation of electrochemical biosensors. Finally, the review highlights future directions for developing clinically viable electrochemical biosensors, including multiplex biomarker detection, standardized validation with real clinical samples, scalable manufacturing approaches, and integration with artificial intelligence and digital health platforms to improve HCC monitoring.
Anticancer peptides (ACPs) have emerged as a transformative class of next-generation therapeutics that bridge molecular precision with multifunctional tunability. Unlike many conventional small molecule chemotherapeutics, ACPs offer intrinsic selectivity toward malignant cells through preferential membrane targeting, immunomodulation, and disruption of oncogenic signalling pathways. Advances in peptide engineering, including sequence optimization, incorporation of non-natural amino acids, cyclization, stapling, PEGylation, and structure-activity relationship-guided refinement, have substantially improved their stability, potency, and pharmacokinetic performance. Parallel progress in nanotechnology has further expanded the translational potential of ACPs by enabling controlled release, cancer cell specific targeting, and multimodal theranostic integration. Lipid nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric systems, dendrimers, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and stimuli-responsive platforms now provide multiple and combinatorial strategies to overcome biological barriers, enhance intracellular delivery, and minimize systemic toxicity. Emerging concepts such as enzyme-activated nanocarriers, ligand-directed precision delivery, and light- or pH-responsive systems are redefining and energizing the spatial and temporal control of peptide therapeutics research fields. Despite encouraging preclinical and early clinical progress, including FDA-approved peptide-based agents and peptide receptor radionuclide therapies, challenges related to stability, immunogenicity, manufacturing scalability, and regulatory harmonization remain significant. This review highlights current advances in ACP discovery, molecular engineering, and nanotheranostic integration, and outlines a roadmap for advancing peptide-based precision oncology. Collectively, next-generation ACP platforms hold promise to reshape cancer therapy by integrating targeted cytotoxicity, immune activation, and real-time imaging within a single modular framework.
Immune checkpoint blockade transforms outcomes for the 15% of colorectal cancers (CRCs) with mismatch-repair deficiency; yet most tumours remain refractory. Beneficial gut microbes can change this. Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides fragilis, and short-chain fatty acid producers prime dendritic cells to produce interleukin (IL)-12, polarise Th1 cells, and reinvigorate CD8+ T-cells. Antibiotics, Western-style diets, and Fusobacterium nucleatum foster myeloid suppression and β-catenin- or IL-17-mediated signalling, which blunt checkpoint activity. Multi-omics analyses link biosynthetic genes for inosine, riboflavin, and folate to durable clinical benefit. Faecal microbiota transplantation from responders has produced objective regressions in otherwise refractory microsatellite-stable disease. This narrative review maps CRC-microbiota-immune crosstalk, evaluates biomarkers and interventions, and proposes a CRC-specific, three-tiered clinical algorithm. We outline standards for trial design and manufacturing processes to facilitate the translation of microbiota-guided therapy into routine practice.
Veratrum species (Melanthiaceae) have a long history of medical usage throughout Europe, Asia, and North America. However, they are well-known for their toxicity. Their pharmacological significance stems from a number of steroidal alkaloids with unique C-nor-d-homosteroidal and isosteroidal structures. This review provides an overview of the Veratrum-derived steroidal alkaloids. It focuses on their structural diversity, manufacturing processes, isolation methods, biological activity, and potential as new therapeutic leads. Nearly 185 steroidal alkaloids have been found in Veratrum species. They are usually classified as cevanine, veratramine, jervine, verazine, and solanidine. Improvements in chromatographic and spectroscopic technologies, particularly HPLC-MS/MS and multidimensional NMR, allow for a more detailed understanding of the structures of these complex substances and ensure quality control. Biosynthetic studies suggest that cholesterol is an important starting point for their synthesis, but various late-stage enzymatic processes remain unknown. Veratrum alkaloids have a diverse biological activity. Notably, they inhibit the Hedgehog/SMO pathway, as seen in cyclopamine and its derivatives, and impact voltage-gated sodium channels, such as veratridine. This emphasizes both their medicinal potential and hazardous hazards. Semi-synthetic alterations and research into the link between structure and activity have resulted in derivatives with increased potency, stability, and solubility, including prominent cyclopamine analogs such as patidegib. In conclusion, this review identifies Veratrum steroidal alkaloids as essential natural structures that link traditional medicine and modern drug research. It also emphasizes the importance of carefully evaluating their toxicity, as well as further research into their production and pharmacological properties, in order to realize their full therapeutic value.
Atomic-scale solid-gas interface (SGI) dynamics remain elusive due to transient intermediates, complex interfacial environments, and challenges of real-time characterization. Using an environmental transmission electron microscopy cell as a microreaction chamber combined with atomic-resolution in-situ imaging, here we directly visualize SGI reactions at the interface of transition metal oxidate WO2.72 nanowire under reactive gas environments. We reveal that initial SGI interactions trigger surface restructuring into a dual-layer configuration, consisting of an uppermost amorphous layer and an underlying lattice-distorted condensed region. The amorphous surface layer acts as a quasi-liquid precursor reservoir that promotes reversible crystalline-amorphous transformations and short-range ordering for critical nucleus formation, while the roughened, defect-rich subsurface interface provides energetically favorable sites for WS2 nucleation and vertical growth. Furthermore, in-situ atomic-scale observations of MoS2 nucleation and growth via SGI reactions demonstrate the generality of this mechanism. The atomistic processes governing interfacial reconstruction and nucleation are further corroborated by theoretical calculations. Our results establish a dual-layer-mediated reconstruction pathway during SGI reactions, overturning the conventional view of atomically sharp and static reaction fronts. Moreover, these findings provide insights into multistep phase-transition-governed WS2 nucleation and growth, enabling controlled synthesis of 2D WS2 and MoS2 toward atomic-scale manufacturing.
Heat transfer is frequently employed in various industrial processes such as paper production, electronic device cooling, and the synthesis of new materials. Hence, this study aims to investigate the effect of Joule heating and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) on the flow of a hybrid nanofluid with a power law heat flux past a shrinking sheet. The transformed governing equations are solved numerically using MATLAB's bvp4c solver, and the results are validated against previously published data, showing excellent agreement (error < 0.01%), confirming the model's accuracy. The analysis reveals that an increase in the magnetic parameter from 0.0 to 0.2 results in an increase of approximately 10.4% in the skin friction coefficient, while the local Nusselt number increases by about 18.8%, indicating that the magnetic field strengthens shear stress and enhances heat transfer. Meanwhile, the Joule heating parameter elevates the temperature gradient within the boundary layer, reducing the heat transfer rate, whereas the suction parameter enhances both the momentum and thermal gradients near the surface, improving surface heat transfer efficiency. Stability analysis confirms that only the first solution is physically stable. These findings demonstrate that coupling MHD and Joule heating effects in hybrid nanofluids enhances thermal regulation and provides significant potential for advanced cooling and manufacturing applications.
Among additive manufacturing (AM), 3D inkjet technology, materials extrusion (ME), and digital light processing (DLP), which are from dot and line to face printing, have been extensively investigated for biological and pharmaceutical applications. These techniques are valued for their ability to create customized complex drug laden devices and tissue engineering scaffolds. However, testing new bioinks or filament designs can be both expensive and time-consuming. To this end, numerical simulation offers a useful solution by reducing costs and saving time. Both machine learning and theory-based models can be used for simulation. Machine learning excels in handling complex data but faces challenges with data availability and overfitting, while theory-based models provide a more interpretable and data-efficient framework. This review explores how theory-based numerical simulation can be used to assess and optimize factors such as bioink printability, technique mechanism, printing parameters, and post-printing outcomes. By using simulation, key parameters can be understood and optimized without the need for physical experiments. The review highlights current models and discusses opportunities and challenges in using simulations to enhance the AM process, potentially advancing regenerative medicine and personalized treatments.