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This article reflects on Law and Human Behavior's creation and a potential direction for its evolution. It starts by recounting seminal events in the journal's creation and its relationship to the creation of Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. It then argues that the time has come for the journal to stimulate and systematically publish empirical research on the operation of all criminal and civil law and its relationships to human behavior. The resulting refocusing and writings will advance our understanding of law in books and law in action, as well as why psychological science is critical to understanding law, and highlight potential opportunities for improving law domestically and globally. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
The 50th anniversary of Law and Human Behavior provides a unique opportunity to reflect on the journal's past and future. During my term as editor-in-chief (2019-2024), our editorial team advanced two key initiatives: promoting open science and expanding diversity, equity, and inclusion. We sought to strengthen scientific validity by adopting the Transparency and Openness Promotion Guidelines, enhancing reporting standards, and supporting practices such as registered reports. We also prioritized representation by publishing special issues on race and bias, increasing the diversity of the editorial board, and launching a reviewer mentoring program to expand the pipeline for future leadership. Together, these efforts underscore the importance of integrating scientific rigor with equity-driven practices to ensure that Law and Human Behavior remains the premier outlet for scholarship on psychology and law. Future work is necessary to better align our field's overwhelmingly positive attitudes toward open science with actual engagement and to expand the journal's diversity pipeline. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
As the official journal of the American Psychology-Law Society (Division 41 of the American Psychological Association), Law and Human Behavior occupies a prominent position in the psychology-law field. It is a privilege to introduce this special section celebrating the journal's 50th anniversary. A review of the types of articles published in Law and Human Behavior over the past 5 decades reveals that the journal has continued to evolve to reflect the most important developments in the field in an effort to serve as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, legal professionals, and policymakers. The evolution of Law and Human Behavior is likely attributable, at least in part, to recent advances in forensic research and clinical-forensic practice, the increasingly complex legal landscape relevant to the psychology-law field, and growing recognition of the value of high-quality empirical research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
This reflective article commemorates the 50th anniversary of Law and Human Behavior, tracing the journal's evolution and its influence in shaping psychology and law as both a scientific and an applied field. Drawing on my experiences as Law and Human Behavior's third editor (1988-1996), it highlights editorial initiatives that expanded the journal's scope, strengthened links between research and practice, and fostered the development of emerging scholars. The article concludes by identifying key directions for future scholarship, including the impact of artificial intelligence, the importance of international and comparative perspectives, and the need to address structural inequities that shape access to justice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
This invited commentary contains my personal reflections during my time as Editor-in-Chief of Law and Human Behavior, from 2005 to 2011. My term was a period of change for Law and Human Behavior. We initiated the process of establishing a team of associate editors who served as action editors. We successfully reduced the time between article submission and editorial decision. We changed publishers. My efforts to broaden the content of Law and Human Behavior, however, were not so successful. Overall, my team and I had a very good run. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
During the years 1996 to 2005, Law and Human Behavior changed from a small paper-and-pencil outlet to a large online operation with an ever-increasing number of submissions. This essay reflects on how that happened and the differences in process and outcome that resulted while I served as Editor-in-Chief of the American Psychology-Law Society's flagship journal. It includes a discussion of the goals that I had for the journal and some thoughts about its future. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
I reflect on my tenure as Editor-in-Chief of Law and Human Behavior, including my attempts to improve the scientific impact of the work published in the journal and to increase the representation of traditionally minoritized groups among those who reviewed for it. I also describe the introduction of the nascent open science movement to the field and the journal, with the journal being the first journal published by the American Psychological Association to offer open science badges. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
This cross-sectional study aims to describe the characteristics of physical activity, sedentary time, sleep quality, and resting EEG among college students with mild depressive symptoms, and further explore pairwise correlations between behavioral patterns, resting EEG, and mild depressive symptoms. This study included 75 college students with mild depressive symptoms (MDS) and 75 college students without depressive symptoms (ND) as research subjects. Physical activity (vigorous physical activity (VPA), moderate physical activity (MPA), and low physical activity (LPA)) and sedentary time（ST） were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF). Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Resting EEG power values were collected from subjects in a quiet, eyes-closed state using an electroencephalography (EEG) device. (1) Characteristic analysis revealed that compared with the ND group, the MDS group exhibited reduced MPA and VPA scores, elevated ST scores, and increased total PSQI scores along with elevated scores across its subdimensions. Their behavioral patterns (Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA), Sedentary Behavior (SB), Poor Sleep Quality (PSQ) may have changed, including a decrease in the proportion of MVPA, an increase in the proportion of SB, and an increase in the proportion of PSQ. Analysis of resting EEG revealed increased Alpha2 (α2) band power in the temporal regions (T3 and T5) and increased Beta1 (β1) band power in the frontal region (Fp1) in the MDS group (all p FDR < 0.01). (2) Exploratory analyses revealed that SB and PSQ behaviors may be positively correlated with mild depressive symptoms, while MVPA may be negatively correlated with mild depressive symptoms. The combination of certain EEG indicators (α2 at T3 and T5, β1 at Fp1) achieved an AUC of 0.659 (95% CI: 0.572 to 0.745, p = 0.001) for identifying mild depressive symptoms. Additionally, in the MDS group, sleep efficiency scores showed a negative correlation with Alpha1 (α1) band power at the frontal region (F4) electrode position, sleep disturbance scores showed a negative correlation with theta (θ) band power at the parietal region (P3), hypnotic medication scores showed a positive correlation with beta1 (β1) band power at the frontal region (F3), and total PSQI scores showed a negative correlation with θ band power at the temporal region (T3). College students with mild depressive symptoms may exhibit altered behavioral patterns and abnormal neural activity in the frontal and temporal regions. Their changed behavioral patterns may correlate with mild depressive symptoms, and recognition models based on certain resting EEG indicators demonstrate preliminary application potential. The association between specific sleep issues and localized EEG activity in this population may provide evidence for further elucidating the mechanistic pathways linking their behavior and brain activity. Future longitudinal studies are recommended to explore causal relationships among these variables.
Human error is a significant cause of aviation accidents, and numerous individual psychological factors strongly influence pilots' safety behavior. Therefore, it is crucial to identify factors that may enhance pilots' safety behavior and explore their underlying mechanisms. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this study examines whether, how, and under what conditions defensive pessimism affects pilots' safety behavior from a cognitive strategy perspective. Using a sample of 308 Chinese commercial airline pilots, we tested a moderated mediation model between defensive pessimism strategy and pilots' safety behaviors. The results indicate that defensive pessimism strategy has a direct positive effect on pilots' safety behavior and that this relationship is partially mediated by safety attitudes. Additionally, safety culture negatively moderates both the positive relationship between defensive pessimism strategy and safety attitudes and the indirect effects of this cognitive strategy on safety behavior through safety attitudes. On a theoretical level, this study first validates the effectiveness of the defensive pessimism strategy within the high-risk context of aviation safety, thereby advancing the understanding of its unique mechanisms. Second, by elucidating how individuals proactively employ specific cognitive strategies to shape behavioral attitudes and subsequently influence actual behavior, this study extends the Theory of Planned Behavior from a cognitive strategy perspective. Furthermore, it explores the boundary condition of safety culture, deepening our understanding of the interaction between organizational environments and individual cognitive strategies. Finally, on a practical level, this research offers valuable insights for aviation safety management, informing practices related to pilot selection, daily mental health support, and the exploratory development of the defensive pessimism strategy into a potential risk management tool.
This study examines the robustness of a conceptual model, testing the influences of work pressure and other factors on job-related mental health outcomes in Dutch judges, providing insights for the judiciary, and bringing together organizational psychology and judicial well-being research. We predicted (a) that the conceptual model fits the data well and is robust and (b) that an increase in the job demands, work pressure, and work-home interference would be associated with more burnout; an increase in the job resources, autonomy, and social support would be associated with more work engagement and job satisfaction; higher neuroticism would be related to more burnout and to more workaholism; and higher extraversion would be related to more work engagement. Dutch judges (N = 257; 165 females [64%]; mean age: 51 years old, range = 34-67 years old, SD = 7.90) completed questionnaires. (a) After modifications, the conceptual model was robust. (b) An increase in job demands (work pressure and work-home interference) was associated with more burnout (β = .20 and .23). Autonomy was not significantly associated with work engagement and job satisfaction (β = <.01 and .07). An increase in the job resource social support was positively associated with heightened work engagement and job satisfaction (β = .22 and .27). Higher neuroticism related to more burnout and workaholism (β = .17 and .19), whereas higher extraversion was related to more work engagement (β = .20 and .12). All results mentioned here reflect small to medium effect sizes. Both job characteristics and personality factors influence burnout, work engagement, and job satisfaction. Implications for judges include vigilance regarding high work pressure and recognizing influences on mental health. Courts can play an important role in implementing strategies to reduce work pressure and in facilitating adequate job resources to improve judges' mental well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Social network diffusion interventions are a promising strategy for promoting health behavior change at the community level. Individuals impacted by the criminal legal system (CLS) experienced disproportionately high morbidity and mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. As part of the National Institutes of Health Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics-Underserved Populations (RADX-UP) initiative, we evaluated a group-level social network diffusion intervention incorporating motivational interviewing strategies to increase COVID-19 testing and vaccination among CLS-impacted individuals and their social networks across four urban cities. Between January 2023 and February 2024, participants were randomized by cohort to either a Motivational Interviewing-based intervention (MI) or a Prevention Education (PE) comparison condition. The MI intervention incorporated motivational interviewing-informed strategies to support participants in engaging and influencing members of their social networks, whereas PE participants received COVID-19 prevention education. The primary outcome was uptake of COVID-19 testing or vaccination within 90 days among previously unvaccinated primary participants, with testing and vaccination outcomes for social network members assessed based on participant report. Secondary outcomes included COVID-19 testing and vaccination knowledge among primary participants and reported resource sharing within social networks. A total of 810 primary participants were enrolled (MI: n = 403; PE: n = 407), with most identifying as Black or African American (89.8%) and 9.5% as Hispanic. At baseline, 83% of primary participants had previously been tested for COVID-19, and 70% had received at least one vaccine dose. At the 90-day follow-up, no statistically significant differences were observed between MI and PE groups in COVID-19 testing or vaccination uptake among primary participants or their network members. However, primary participants in the MI condition demonstrated significantly higher mean COVID-19 testing and vaccination knowledge scores compared with those in the PE condition. Patterns of resource sharing differed across study arms. Relative to MI, PE participants were more likely to share COVID-19 testing and vaccination resources at 30 days (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.39-0.74, p < 0.01), though this difference was not sustained at 90 days (OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.58-1.35, p = 0.576). While the intervention did not produce significant differences in COVID-19 testing or vaccination uptake, both approaches facilitated dissemination of COVID-19-related resources and improved knowledge within CLS-impacted communities. These findings highlight both the potential and limitations of social network-based approaches for translating increased awareness into sustained preventive health behaviors.
Aim: This study assessed the effects of a six-week educational intervention using an adapted "Snakes and Ladders" board game on hydration knowledge, behavior, and status among Tunisian elementary school children during physical education (PE) lessons. Method: A randomized controlled trial involving 207 children was conducted, with participants assigned to either the educational group (EG, n = 99) or the control group (CG, n = 108). The EG participated in six weekly 30-min board game sessions, while the CG continued regular activities. Knowledge of hydration was assessed using a validated questionnaire. Hydration status was monitored indirectly by the percentage change in body mass from pre- to post-PE session. Perceived thirst was evaluated using a 9-point scale, and hydration behavior was evaluated based on water consumption during PE lessons. Results: Following the intervention, the EG demonstrated a significant improvement in overall hydration knowledge (ΔMean = +0.30 ± 0.11 vs. -0.05 ± 0.08 in CG; p < 0.001). Water intake during PE sessions increased progressively from week 2 (83.6 ± 127.2 mL) to week 6 (311.2 ± 204 mL) in the EG, whereas it remained unchanged in the CG (p < 0.001). Body mass loss after PE sessions decreased significantly in the EG (-0.03 kg) compared with the CG (-0.16 kg; p < 0.001), and perceived thirst before and after PE sessions was markedly lower (Cohen's d = 0.75-1.32). Conclusions. The six-week board-game intervention appeared effective in increasing hydration knowledge, promoting healthier drinking behaviors during PE, and improving indirect indicators of hydration status. These findings provide preliminary evidence for the feasibility and educational value of a gamified, low-cost approach to hydration promotion in schools. Further research should examine long-term retention, include objective hydration biomarkers, and evaluate applicability across diverse school settings and environmental conditions.
The twin transition - combining digitalisation with sustainability - has emerged as a strategic driver of competitiveness and resilience within industrial systems. Digital product passports (DPPs) constitute a key instrument in this transformation, offering life-cycle data facilitating transparency, traceability and circular strategies. The present study explores the implementation of DPPs in the cosmetics industry - a sector marked by complex formulations and global supply chains, with direct implications for human health and consumer safety. The methodology contributes to the advancement of SDG12 by evaluating both producer and consumer perspectives through multi-criteria decision-making methods (i.e., AHP, TOPSIS, VIKOR) and an online survey. The results reveal that familiarity with digital tools significantly influences consumer behaviour: digitally literate consumers ascribe to the DPP a value that transcends technical information, viewing it as a symbol of transparency, sustainability and social responsibility. This perception enhances brand trust and informs more conscious, value-driven purchasing decisions. In this light, the DPP emerges not merely as an informational resource but as a strategic lever for cosmetics companies, capable of aligning technological innovation with the ethical expectations of digital consumers. The findings indicate that managers should invest not only in digital infrastructure, but also in the human competencies required to interpret, communicate and capitalise on the DPP, thereby transforming it into a strategic asset promoting transparency, consumer trust and competitive advantage.
Regulations prohibiting retaliatory killing of wildlife are widespread, but their efficacy depends on individuals' perceptions of, adherence to, and willingness to cooperate with these rules. We investigated the willingness of rural communities in China to cooperate with measures to reduce human-wildfowl conflict by examining the potential influence of individual attitudes and social factors on this willingness. Through a public survey and choice experiments with 1381 participants (344 rural residents in the Sanjiang Plain conflict areas and 1037 urban residents in Harbin and Beijing), we identified 5 distinct attitudes toward retaliatory killing of wildfowl in rural areas. Among these, the deterrence-driven (compliance motivated by fear of legal punishment), law-as-principle (adherence to law as a formal obligation), and law-morality-consensus (alignment between legal rules and personal moral values) attitudes predominated. Only respondents with a law-morality-consensus attitude had a significantly higher willingness to cooperate with wildfowl conservation efforts. Regarding wildfowl management policies, rural residents preferred population reduction, whereas urban residents favored population increases. Compounded by, for example, imbalanced economic development and the unilateral burden of wildlife-related losses, this urban-rural divergence may foster a sense of conservation-related inequity in rural residents. Such perceived inequity, exacerbated by limited participation in decision-making, could diminish rural residents' voluntary cooperation and create a cycle in which high economic losses by rural residents lead to differences between urban and rural conservation values that lead to shifts in local attitudes and result in retaliatory killing by rural residents. Management should prioritize ensuring that conservation benefits accrue to local communities. Such a shift could involve implementing scientifically assessed, quota-based hunting in high-conflict areas and channeling resulting revenues into community conservation efforts. Actitudes rurales y urbanas ante el conflicto y la cooperación con directivas de conservación de aves de caza en una comunidad china Resumen Las normativas que prohíben la matanza de animales como represalia están muy extendidas, pero su eficacia depende de la percepción que tengan las personas de estas normas, de su cumplimiento y de su disposición a cooperar con ellas. Investigamos la disposición de las comunidades rurales de China a cooperar con las medidas destinadas a reducir el conflicto entre los seres humanos y las aves de caza, examinando la posible influencia de las actitudes individuales y los factores sociales en dicha disposición. A través de una encuesta pública y experimentos de elección con 1,381 participantes (344 residentes rurales de las zonas de conflicto de la llanura de Sanjiang y 1,037 residentes urbanos de Harbin y Pekín), identificamos cinco actitudes distintas hacia la matanza en represalia de estas aves en las zonas rurales. Entre ellas, predominaban las actitudes basadas en la disuasión (cumplimiento motivado por el miedo al castigo legal), la ley como principio (cumplimiento de la ley como obligación formal) y la ley‐moralidad‐consenso (alineación entre las normas legales y los valores morales personales). Sólo los encuestados con una actitud de ley‐moralidad‐consenso mostraban una disposición significativamente mayor a cooperar con los esfuerzos de conservación de las estas aves. En cuanto a las políticas de gestión de estas aves, los residentes rurales preferían la reducción de la población, mientras que los residentes urbanos se mostraban a favor del aumento de la población. Esta divergencia entre las zonas urbanas y rurales combinada, por ejemplo, con un desarrollo económico desequilibrado y la carga unilateral de las pérdidas relacionadas con la vida silvestre, puede fomentar una sensación de desigualdad en materia de conservación entre los residentes rurales. Esta percepción de desigualdad, agravada por la limitada participación en la toma de decisiones, podría disminuir la cooperación voluntaria de los residentes rurales y crear un ciclo en el que las elevadas pérdidas económicas de los residentes rurales den lugar a diferencias entre los valores de conservación urbanos y rurales, lo que provocaría cambios en las actitudes locales y daría lugar a matanzas en represalia por parte de los residentes rurales. La gestión debe dar prioridad a garantizar que los beneficios de la conservación reviertan en las comunidades locales. Este cambio podría implicar la implementación de una caza basada en cuotas y evaluada científicamente en las zonas de alto conflicto, y la canalización de los ingresos resultantes hacia los esfuerzos de conservación de la comunidad. 中国人‐雁鸭类冲突中的城乡态度差异及其对农村居民保护合作意愿的影响研究 禁止报复性猎杀野生动物的法律法规虽已广泛实施, 但其成效在很大程度上取决于公众对规则的认知、遵循及合作程度。本研究以中国人与雁鸭类冲突为案例, 通过对1,381名受访者(包括三江平原冲突高发区的344名农村居民, 以及哈尔滨和北京的1,037名城市居民)开展公众问卷调查与选择实验, 探讨了农村社区的保护合作意愿, 并分析了个体态度及社会因素对其意愿的潜在影响。研究识别出农村地区存在五类对雁鸭类报复性猎杀持不同态度的群体。其中, “法律威慑型”(基于对法律制裁的畏惧而遵循)、“法律原则型”(将守法视为基本义务)以及“法德共识型”(法律规则与个人道德伦理相一致)群体占据主导地位。值得注意的是, 仅“法德共识型”受访者表现出显著更高的保护合作意愿。城乡居民在雁鸭类保护管理政策偏好上存在显著差异, 农村居民倾向于降低雁鸭类种群数量, 而多数城市居民则支持种群数量增加。在经济发展不平衡、保护损失由农村居民单方面承担等因素的复合影响下, 这种价值观差异可能诱发保护不公平感, 并因决策参与渠道受限而进一步削弱农村居民的自愿合规与合作。这可能引发“农村居民经济损失—城乡价值观分歧—地方态度转变—触发报复性猎杀”的恶性循环。我们认为, 野生动物管理应优先确保保护收益惠及地方社区。未来管理策略应从“禁止利用”向“谨慎利用”转型, 如在冲突高发区实施经科学评估的限额捕猎, 并将相关收益回馈于社区保护工作。.
Historically, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has faced the greatest public health burden from mpox, including more than 70 000 probable cases from 1 January 2024 to 2 February 2025. However, there has been a relative paucity of investigation focused on mpox community engagement in DRC, including assessments of disease knowledge and risk perception. Given the ongoing Clade I mpox public health emergency of international concern, and the linkage between sustained human-to-human transmission and dense sexual networks, we sought to investigate mpox knowledge and sexual behaviours among key populations. Between 20 March 2024 and 25 August 2024, we recruited 2794 participants distributed across Kinshasa, Kwango and North Kivu provinces, with a focus in urban centres where mpox risk was considered high. Most participants were considered other at-risk populations (948; 33.9%), followed by men who have sex with men (MSM, 828; 29.6%) and sex workers (897; 32.1%). Mpox knowledge, including transmission routes as well as sexual and health-seeking behaviours, was evaluated through questionnaires led by peer educators. Overall, only 6.1% of all participants reported prior mpox knowledge. Among this participant subset, zoonosis ('direct contact with infected animals') and 'people living in high-risk areas' were the most frequently selected options in regard to mpox transmission and populations at risk, respectively. When considering at-risk behaviours for mpox, those who identified as sex workers reported significantly higher risk sexual activities, including multiple sexual partners (80.3% of sex work participants), engaging in transactional sex (84.7%) and anonymous sex (80.8%) compared with MSM. However, both sex workers (44.8%) and MSM (56.7%) reported the highest health seeking behaviours for a suspected sexually transmitted infection. Our results highlight the need to evaluate knowledge in high-risk communities, especially in an endemic setting. Community engagement, which incorporates both mpox knowledge and risk perception activities, is inclusive of at-risk populations and is needed for ongoing mpox containment and mitigation efforts.
This study aimed to assess the degree to and manner in which research published in four forensic psychology journals in the years 2016-2020 addressed sociocultural identities. This was an exploratory content analysis with no a priori hypotheses. All empirical articles (n = 859) published in Behavioral Sciences and the Law, Criminal Justice and Behavior, Law and Human Behavior, and Psychology, Public Policy, and Law in the years 2016-2020 (inclusive) were coded. Information on seven sociocultural identities was recorded, including whether the identity was mentioned, participant identities were reported, and participants with different identities were compared, among other information. Additional details were recorded for a randomly selected subset of articles (n = 401). Sociocultural identities were infrequently mentioned in titles and abstracts of these articles; for example, gender was mentioned in 31.5% abstracts, and race was mentioned in 13.2%. Almost all corresponding and first authors (97.4%) worked in a United Nations regional group that includes primarily high-income, democratic nations, many of which have predominantly White populations. Gender (95%), race and/or ethnicity (74%), and socioeconomic status (43%) were the identities most frequently reported in the articles; others were very rarely reported (e.g., sexual orientation, 2%). Few studies addressed cultural strengths and/or explicitly recognized the impact of systems-level biases. Few studies explicitly addressed within-group differences for any sociocultural identity group. There was minimal evidence of improvement in the inclusion of sociocultural identities over time. The articles in this content analysis were largely completed prior to the publication of updated guidance regarding addressing the sociocultural identities of participants in publications. The results indicate that despite progress since previous content analyses were published, there was considerable room for improvement as of 2020. Greater attention to sociocultural factors will facilitate our understanding of the generalizability of our research and of the experiences of people with nondominant identities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
The cerebellum's involvement in cognitive functions is increasingly recognized, yet its developmental contribution to cognition remains poorly understood. The cerebellum undergoes rapid development in early life, paralleling major cognitive and behavioral changes. Although clinical studies have linked early cerebellar disruptions to profound developmental deficits, it remains largely unclear how typical cerebellar maturation supports the development of cognitive functions and how it interacts with broader cerebral development. Here, we apply a normative modeling framework to map cerebellar volumetric growth from age one to young adulthood (N = 751; ages 1-21 years). Using both lobular and functional cerebellar parcellations, we characterize typical cerebellar development from late infancy and its relationship to cerebral development and behavioral performance in childhood through adulthood. Across parcellations, association areas consistently show steeper growth trajectories than sensorimotor areas. Cerebellar and cerebral areas with similar functional roles demonstrate coordinated maturation, and volumetric growth in the posterior cerebellum relates to individual differences in socio-linguistic behaviors. These findings establish a comprehensive reference for typical cerebellar development, highlight cerebellar co-maturation with the cerebral cortex, and underscore the cerebellum's role in supporting the development of cognitive functions.
Advance care planning (ACP) is a critical process for ensuring person-centred end-of-life care, yet it remains underutilized among people with intellectual disabilities (ID). Understanding caregivers' perspectives is essential to identify barriers and facilitators to ACP implementation and improve practice. This study aimed to examine how professional caregivers in Austria perceive and experience ACP for people with ID, including its current use, barriers, facilitators, and strategies to improve uptake. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured online form comprising multiple-choice and open-ended questions. Data were collected from 125 professional caregivers across Austria who were primary caregivers of at least one adult with ID and proficient in German. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively, while qualitative responses to open-ended questions were subjected to content analysis. A total of 33.6% of caregivers reported engaging in ACP discussions, with considerable barriers including cognitive and communicative challenges, emotional discomfort, and structural constraints. Facilitators included person-centred communication, interdisciplinary collaboration, and targeted training. Notably, 83.2% of caregivers expressed interest in ACP training. ACP is rarely practiced in the care of people with ID in Austria. However, caregivers identified clear pathways to improve implementation, particularly through training, use of tailored communication methods, and systemic support within care institutions. Promoting inclusive ACP practices is essential to uphold the autonomy and health equity of people with ID, ensuring their voices are heard in decisions about their future and end-of-life care. People with intellectual disabilities often do not get the chance to talk about their wishes for future care and end-of life decisions. Advance care planning (ACP) means talking about what kind of care a person wants later in life, especially if they get very sick. It helps make sure their wishes are known and respected. In this study, we asked 125 professional caregivers in Austria about their experiences with ACP. We wanted to know how often they talk about future care, what makes it easy or hard, and how it can become better. Only one in three caregivers said they had talked about ACP with the person they care for. Many said it was difficult because of communication problems, not enough time, or not knowing how to do it. But most caregivers said they want more training and believe ACP is important. The study shows that people with intellectual disabilities need more support to take part in ACP. Professional caregivers need training, more time, and tools like pictures or simple language to help with these talks. This can help people with intellectual disabilities be more involved in decisions about their care and future.
Influenza is a seasonal viral respiratory disease causing significant global mortality but preventable through vaccination. Despite WHO recommendations, vaccination rates in Italy remain low due to mistrust, misinformation, and vaccine hesitancy. This study investigates determinants of influenza vaccine uptake in the post-COVID-19 era to identify barriers and guide targeted interventions. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on a representative sample of 8067 Italian adults between December 2024 and January 2025 through an anonymous online questionnaire. The survey explored sociodemographic characteristics, infectious disease behaviors, COVID-19 pandemic experiences, and vaccination attitudes. Overall, 33.7% of respondents received the influenza vaccine, while 61.8% reported no vaccination intention. Multinomial logistic regression identified three key domains of predictors. Sociodemographic determinants associated with uptake included age 65-75 years (OR = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.11-3.19), inactive employment status (OR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.12-2.67), and comorbidities (OR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.00-1.50). Past vaccination history emerged as the strongest driver of uptake (OR = 8.19; 95% CI: 3.98-16.84). Finally, behavioral factors, specifically the perception of mask usefulness, were significantly associated with vaccination intention among the unvaccinated (OR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.11-1.75). Influenza vaccination adherence in Italy is influenced by sociodemographic factors and preventive health practices, but most strongly by past vaccination behavior that should, thus, strength long-term engagement with vaccination programs.
Racial and ethnic disparities in criminal court outcomes in the United States are a persistent problem, one that is often attributed to the considerable discretion court actors have in determining whether, and to what extent, to punish criminal defendants. To reduce unwarranted disparities and overzealous sanctioning in U.S. courts, many have called for increasing the diversity of the court workforce. This article empirically examines the effects of workgroup diversity on court outcomes. We hypothesize that more racially and ethnically diverse courtroom workgroups will (a) be less punitive overall and (b) produce smaller racial and ethnic disparities in case outcomes. Using a sample of felony cases processed in Florida's Circuit Courts in 2017 (N = 10,202), we estimated a direct and interactive multinomial logistic regression model of pretrial and sentencing outcomes (case declination, diversion, transfer, withhold adjudication, probation, jail, and prison) with clustered standard errors to account for the nested nature of the data. We found that, although the majority of routine court actors in our sample were White, there was variation in case outcomes by workgroup diversity with more racially and ethnically diverse workgroups being, on average, less punitive than more homogenously White workgroups. However, the relationship between workgroup diversity and the severity of pretrial and sentencing outcomes operated differently for Black and Hispanic defendants. While Hispanic defendants tended to fare worse-in probation and jail decisions-in workgroups with a larger proportion of Hispanic court actors, Black defendants were more likely to be spared prison time in workgroups with a larger proportion of Black court actors. Our findings highlight the importance of disentangling race from ethnicity in understanding the impact of workgroup diversity on criminal case outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).