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It seems fitting to begin this address with a reference to Charles Maier, whose famous critique of our field, published twenty-three years ago, ushered in an era of critical introspection and self-flagellation among diplomatic historians. Whether intended or not, one of Maier’s more recent essays actually hints at the dawning of a new day, when diplomatic history might well return from the margin to the mainstream of historical studies. In “Consigning the Twentieth Century to History,” published in June 2000, Maier argues that the age of “territoriality,” an age of “bounded geographical space” marked by a “frontier at the edge and the lands within,” was coming to an end. Between 1870 and 1970, bounded space had provided the “basis for material resources, political power, and common allegiance,” for “identity space” and “decision space,” for state sovereignty, and for the great geopolitical struggles inscribed in the annals of diplomatic history. According to Maier, however, the era of territoriality had started to wane after 1970, coincident, I might add, with the waning of diplomatic history. In the new global age, information and technology, rather than territory, constitute the basis of economic and political power; allegiance to the state gives way to new forms of identity, and bounded space gives way to “culture or civilization” as the source of global conflict.1 If the decline of territoriality coincided with the decline of diplomatic history, specialists in the field might still take heart, or so Maier seemed to imply. After all, there was good work to be done exploring the unfolding process of globalization and the new identities and sources of conflict it created. Lynn Hunt, then president of the American Historical Association, made a similar point two years later, when she, too, seemed to predict a revival of diplomatic history. It had been a long time since such an eminence had nodded approvingly in our direction, yet there it was. Writing against a backdrop that included the decline of theory in historical studies and a rising concern with issues of globalization, Hunt noted how current events were forcing historians to ask new questions of the past and explore new approaches. It was in this context that she wondered if the “next big thing” would be “some kind of revival or refashioning of diplomatic” history.2 Actually, that refashioning has been going on for several years. As anyone familiar with the pages of Diplomatic History will know, the last decade or so has witnessed a growing number of scholarly articles dealing not only with new topics, such as those having to do with race or gender, but also with new theoretical approaches, notably those borrowed from cultural studies. On gender, for example, one thinks of Frank Costigliola’s important essays, or Kristin L. Hoganson’s work on the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars, or Robert Dean’s new book on gender and the Cold War, to name but a few.3 On race we can point to contributions by Brenda Gayle Plummer, Penny von Eschen, Michael Krenn, Marc Gallicchio, Thomas Borstelmann, Gerald Horne, James Meriwether, and Carol Anderson.4 And when it comes to the “cultural turn,” we think first and foremost of Emily S. Rosenberg. One of the most imaginative diplomatic historians of her generation, Emily’s brilliant work helped to clear a path for a batch of new books that borrowed from cultural studies, including Andrew S. Rotter’s book on the United States and India, Mark Bradley’s on Vietnam, Mary Renda’s on Haiti, and Matthew Connelly’s on Algeria, not to mention the books by Hoganson and Dean cited earlier.5 To be sure, more traditional approaches still dominate the field and the journal, but they increasingly share space with works, often by younger scholars, that are asking new questions and exploring new sources. The same diversity of paradigms, old and new, has led Tom Paterson and me to revise our joint venture, Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations. In addition to essays on more established paradigms, the new volume contains chapters on cultural transfer by Jessica C. E. Gienow-Hecht, on modernization theory by Nick Cullather, on comparative history and the global frontier by Nathan J. Citino, on memory and foreign relations by Robert D. Schulzinger, on gender by Kristin Hoganson, on race and ethnicity by Gerald Horne, and on critical theory by Frank Costigliola. The new edition thus reflects more fully than its predecessor the intellectual pluralism that now marks a discipline that not long ago was seen as a wasteland by historians in other fields.6 Although diplomatic historians can take pride in these developments, they do not completely capture what may be the most in recent that our field at the of historical studies. by the of Maier and Hunt this the the of American history and The of this are years ago the of American established an I for a and to with in other the work on American history by foreign scholars, these to the and the the of American its the of American History an of published more work on American history by the United and a to books by similar most the of American with to the on the of American on this at a of the of Thomas of and at in these historians from the United States and a of to on to a new for American scholarly exploring new and published a of these in American History in a a book I According to and of American not the to and global a of the past a to of the as the of American and more by new of and global and cultural In and to the United States on a global well that a global context would of American notably a comparative one that the American with that of of such as to explore the way in the or the of as an has been and such as Charles and Michael to on questions of sovereignty, including American sovereignty, and how it and in an And still to context of the as the in historical they these and other historians with the of the published in by on of the of American the that globalization than a of American history, to be by the United States in a or to recent work dealing with and and with such as the and the of the the a history that with the but with that be or than the To a new of historians for this and a of the in history at American and in the way we and of more and more and was the of American the only that to in the In the most in the field of American studies. 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The of and in or L. and in or in and the of of these by a diplomatic an in history. a a of in cultural studies, and the in volume are American historians and at these and other works, including a number of articles on similar published in a of one can the that diplomatic historians are of field to specialists in other to it that specialists in these other are the history of foreign relations and for traditional diplomatic historians are and in the its Diplomatic History to more on traditional than articles that take a cultural this also the with other in the same the for good articles of this to it increasingly to the I the of Diplomatic History years ago, the History was one of the with a similar Diplomatic History also for with and Cold and the of Cold the last two of Diplomatic for and in the after and as its on works, as Cold its in 2000, Cold History has published articles on Cold only a of be as a cultural or The same can be of the of Cold the of a this journal, too, has published traditional only History Diplomatic has to its traditional with of the approaches, Diplomatic I to has been than the other when it comes to by historians the United States or to an of scholarly As this our discipline still and from the of to be done to the that diplomatic history from other of those that are new in to be as and as as to our journal, and to it a of that not only for the work on traditional but also for new work by not been in the history of American foreign relations but are to the of American history. me to the of a of from in our field for including years as the of our journal, a that gives me a that I as as these however, are in It not to the work of of those what might be a more or traditional diplomatic history. I done share of in the not of it these and I to think such a would the the the to diplomatic history, now seems when to the cultural of recent years. And last on and the of the borrowed from theoretical and historical work on political and it on American in the Cold and not fully in with the and comparative approaches in of the new cultural and history. 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traditional so will to American and the as of a can be done in by as I might done by the of the state in this with state in and the the Cold It can be done in other by the American of a in a global and in still by the and it as an rather than an American Although it may coming from a of the American we also are not only the but also the and not to those that the of state If we are historians of foreign not then the global for the and to name a the of our from to work on in this direction, as recent work by a of but more to be As has the history of relations not be the history of or the history of and on of or in the context of and and other global may but may also as the of those including the and geopolitical that often diplomatic historians. and are the of a new history and not our or the of our In this there will be to from in and studies and from those are now exploring the history of same are the field of American studies. from the work of historians in the the of the of and the of to the and of to a new of and and to to and the of the the of studies been by other to a new history of and and to the history of including and and in of the also important in the field of studies, in the work of and work to the and of in by the way and identities been to and the in by exploring the way has been from the of in a a space two In theory to on the and and on the way cultural are in of the other and with issues of and in an scholars, as Emily has explore the cultural that and with the new and historians of the and they to a new history of these as as of and as was and identities were and of cultural also be of traditional and not only the by our field, and were bounded by they also be of and that were to and a on and were to the frontier as Nathan has and not to the American and that diplomatic historians can from in history, comparative frontier studies or seen the frontier as to the of a global approaches with the new history and by a comparative and diplomatic historians can explore how cultural and how were how were the global and how often the of In the they can the of American as they the of American In Matthew Connelly’s recent book the been and a of diplomatic history in a global the of those in history and in the history of as well from the of studies, and to an history of for sources to in this and to the way also that in a of and cultural in a and and the and In the not only the of but of the not only of the Cold but also of and global of that It of a of and of and global of identities and the rising of of cultural and to the diplomatic and of the To be sure, when that American diplomatic historians not done to history from the history of the as they the history of the history of to and American historians of the American and specialists in American studies are more with and other Matthew Mary Mark Nathan Citino, and started to the of with a of relations to and as Michael Hunt in exploring the and gender that foreign and still Emily in from cultural studies and this of gives that diplomatic history on the edge of a great work I not such as the work done in the of history and I not to the of this the work that more traditional and paradigms, more than I to that a or the important foreign relations and state I to new of that of our new or in Lynn Hunt and Charles Maier, Emily and I that we for those are American history and our to the of a history that with the state or with the and more with and I of this as well for work on the sources of American foreign on the of on the of the state in and on the of on state If the of the intellectual how do we our and on what we In this of I the for by the American when it the American Association, and by the of American when it the and the on the of American I our to these in to American history history, in for more and for our and younger and in to the of the process by identities are and are and the of that the and the the same I as I an that to the new diversity in our field and the new in history. I would to that I as the last president of the for of American Foreign Relations. I if that will be the and not president has been On the I how it to that seemed so years as of Diplomatic I mention only of the as we to it in the when I the from the that it was if not and be with a more and a global it to that it several years and to that so I not the for on a I the new president of and to our by historians in other whose work the of history and the history of might in American studies, studies, and studies are on the cultural and of It would those in the new history whose work on comparative history and history. 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Praise for the previous edition of the Encyclopedia of Translation Studies: 'Translation has long deserved this sort of treatment. Appropriate for any college or university library supporting a program in linguistics, this is vital in those institutions that train students to become translators.' – Rettig on Reference 'Congratulations should be given to Mona Baker for undertaking such a mammoth task and...successfully pulling it off. It will certainly be an essential reference book and starting point for anyone interested in translation studies.' – ITI Bulletin'This excellent volume is to be commended for bringing together some of [its] most recent research. It provides a series of extremely useful short histories, quite unlike anything that can be found elsewhere. University teachers will find it invaluable for preparing seminars and it will be widely used by students.' – The Times Higher Education Supplement' ... a pioneering work of reference ...'– Perspectives on Translation The Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies has been the standard reference in the field since it first appeared in 1998. The second, extensively revised and extended edition brings this unique resource up-to-date and offers a thorough, critical and authoritative account of one of the fastest growing disciplines in the humanities. The Encyclopedia is divided into two parts and alphabetically ordered for ease of reference. Part One (General) covers the conceptual framework and core concerns of the discipline. Categories of entries include: central issues in translation theory (e.g. equivalence, translatability, unit of translation) key concepts (e.g. culture, norms, ethics, ideology, shifts, quality) approaches to translation and interpreting (e.g. sociological, linguistic, functionalist) types of translation (e.g. literary, audiovisual, scientific and technical) types of interpreting (e.g. signed language, dialogue, court). New additions in this section include entries on globalisation, mobility, localization, gender and sexuality, censorship, comics, advertising and retranslation, among many others. Part Two (History and Traditions) covers the history of translation in major linguistic and cultural communities. It is arranged alphabetically by linguistic region. There are entries on a wide range of languages which include Russian, French, Arabic, Japanese, Chinese and Finnish, and regions including Brazil, Canada and India. Many of the entries in this section are based on hitherto unpublished research. This section includes one new entry: Southeast Asian tradition. Drawing on the expertise of over 90 contributors from 30 countries and an international panel of consultant editors, this volume offers a comprehensive overview of translation studies as an academic discipline and anticipates new directions in the field. The contributors examine various forms of translation and interpreting as they are practised by professionals today, in addition to research topics, theoretical issues and the history of translation in various parts of the world. With key terms defined and discussed in context, a full index, extensive cross-references, diagrams and a full bibliography the Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies is an invaluable reference work for all students and teachers of translation, interpreting, and literary and social theory. Mona Baker is Professor of Translation Studies at the University of Manchester, UK. She is co-founder and editorial director of St Jerome Publishing, a small press specializing in translation studies and cross-cultural communication. Apart from numerous papers in scholarly journals and collected volumes, she is author of In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation (Routledge 1992), Translation and Conflict: A Narrative Account (2006) and Founding Editor of The Translator: Studies in Intercultural Communication (1995), a refereed international journal published by St Jerome since 1995. She is also co-Vice President of the International Association of Translation and Intercultural Studies (IATIS). Gabriela Saldanha is Lecturer in Translation Studies at the University of Birmingham, UK. She is founding editor (with Marion Winters) and current member of the editorial board of New Voices in Translation Studies, a refereed online journal of the International Association of Translation and Intercultural Studies, and co-editor (with Federico Zanettin) of Translation Studies Abstracts and Bibliography of Translation Studies.

Feminist Studies 41, no. 2. © 2015 by Feminist Studies, Inc. 409 Ariane Cruz Beyond Black and Blue: BDSM, Internet Pornography, and Black Female Sexuality I have been the meaning of rape I have been the problem everyone seeks to eliminate by forced penetration with or without the evidence of slime and/ but let this be unmistakable in this poem is not consent I do not consent —June Jordan, Poem about My Rights Introduction: The Evidence of Slime Slavery, itself a kind of "slime," remains an active marketplace for the production of Black female sexuality and its representations.1 The impact of chattel slavery and the pervasive rape of Black female slaves on modern 1. In using the term "Black women," I am referring to African American women for whom the history of chattel slavery in the Americas has produced the socio-historical conditions that uniquely inform Black female subjectivity and sexual politics. My use of this term is not to essentialize Black American womanhood; rather, like Black feminist scholar Patricia Hill Collins, I use the term to gesture to a Black women's standpoint influenced by the condition and experience of gendered and racialized abjection, a "common experience of being Black women in a society that denigrates women of African descent." Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment (London: Routledge, 1990), 22. In this essay, I focus on Black women who practice BDSM, a small but nonetheless heterogeneous group of women in the already-marginalized larger kink community. 410 Ariane Cruz constructions and representations of Black women has been well theorized , in particular by a number of Black feminist scholars who have worked to rupture what Darlene Clark Hine terms the "culture of dissemblance ," the politics of silence shrouding expressions of Black female sexuality.2 While the antebellum legacy of sexual violence on Black women is substantive, what has not been effectively considered is how Black women deliberately employ the shadows of slavery in the deliverance and/or receiving of sexual pleasure. That is, how the "slime"—a staining sludge of pain and violence—becomes a type of lubricant to stimulate sexual fantasies, access sexual pleasure, and heighten sexual desire. In this paper, I explore how Black women facilitate a complex and contradictory negotiation of pain, pleasure, and power in their performances in the fetish realm of BDSM.3 Situating my analysis in the context of hardcore BDSM Internet pornography and the controversial praxis of race play, I argue that BDSM is a critical site from which to reimagine the formative links between Black female sexuality and violence. Race play is a BDSM practice that explicitly uses race to script power exchange and the dynamics of domination and submission. Most commonly an interracial erotic play, race play employs racism, often involving the exchange of racist language, role-playing, and the construction of racist scenes. Eroticizing not just racism, but the miscegenation taboo, racial difference, and (hyper) 2. See Darlene Clark Hine, "Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West," Signs 14, no. 4 (1989): 912–920. For more on Black female slave sexual assault and its aftermath, see Hazel V. Carby, Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987); Ann duCille, "'Othered' Matters: Reconceptualizing Dominance and Difference in the History of Sexuality in America," Journal of the History of Sexuality 1, no. 1 (1990): 102–27; Elsa Barkley Brown, "Imaging Lynching: African American Women, Communities of Struggle, and Collective Memory," in African American Women Speak Out on Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas, ed. Geneva Smitherman (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1995), 100–24; and Cheryl Harris, "Whiteness As Property ," Harvard Law Review 106, no. 8 (June 1993): 1707–91. 3. BDSM is an umbrella term that stands in for bondage/discipline (B/D), domination /submission (D/S), and sadism/masochism or sadomasochism (S/M). For the purposes of this paper I exchange S/M, S&M, and/or SM with the more contemporary label BDSM. For more about the terminology of BDSM, see Margot Weiss, Techniques of Pleasure: BDSM and the Circuits of Sexuality (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011). Ariane Cruz 411 racialization itself...

Although breast cancer rates among Chinese women are lower than among white women, breast cancers and other breast diseases often go undetected and untreated in Chinese women. Cultural values with respect to modesty and sexuality, especially in unmarried women, partly account for a Chinese lack of attention to breast health. In addition, institutional barriers, such as an unavailability of information in Chinese languages, few female physicians, and an absence of educational campaigns, contribute to Chinese women's neglect of breast health.

Enacted by reformers, radicals, and reactionaries, the drama of American sexual politics since the Civil War is as diverse and unpredictable as the nation's citizenry. In this collection of sixteen essays, the shifting tensions between sexual reform and repression are seen in historical explorations of men's and women's sexuality, of the sexual-social dynamics of lesbians and gay men, of the violent repression of African-American sexuality. The broad range of methodological approaches and perspectives make this multidisciplinary anthology an exciting contribution to the history of sexuality. Included are Anthony S. Parent, Jr., and Susan Brown Wallace on childhood and sexual identity under slavery; Martha Hodes on white women and Black men in the South; Kevin J. Mumford on sexual impotence and Victorian Culture; Jesse F. Battan on language, authority, and sexual desire; Joan Smith Iversen on the antipolygamy controversy, 1880-1890; Angus McLaren on sex radicalism in the Canadian Pacific Northwest, 1890-1920; Pamela S. Haag on ideologies of love, modern romance, and women's sexual subjectivity; Ann duCille on the novels of Jessie Fauset and Nella Larsen; Robyn Wiegman on the anatomy of lynching; Sonya Michel on sexuality in postwar films; Carole Joffe on abortion before legalization; Roy Cain on disclosure and secrecy among gay men; Joshua Gamson on condoms; Lillian Faderman on the return of butch and femme; Katherine Cummings on teaching AIDS; and Arthur Flannigan-Saint-Aubin on black gay male discourse. This diverse overview of American sexual politics will interest students and scholars of the history of sexuality, gender studies, women's studies, and gay studies. These essayspreviously appeared in the Journal of the History of Sexuality. John C. Fout is professor of history at Bard College and editor of the Journal of the History of Sexuality. He is also general editor of the Chicago Series on Sexuality, History, and Society, published by the University of Chicago Press. Maura Shaw Tantillo is the managing editor of the Journal of the History of Sexuality.

THE UNTIMELY DEATH of Michel Foucault in 1984 left unfinished his influential and controversial multivolume The History of Sexuality. Indeed, volumes 2 and 3 appeared on bookshop shelves in Paris only a few days before his death. The fourth volume, entitled Les Aveux de la chair (Confessions of the flesh) and devoted to the discourse of sexuality in late ancient Christianity, remains at Foucault's request unpublished. 1 In the intervening years since the publication of volumes 2 and 3, The History of Sexuality has been the object of intense engagement and critique, and it has left its imprint on a wide body of scholarship and inquiry. Whether one greets Foucault's History with enthusiasm or suspicion, its impact is undeniable. This special issue of the Journal of the History of Sexuality is devoted to exploring some of the Jewish and Christian sources from the period Foucault sought to explore in his fourth volume and thereby to engaging imaginatively in a continuation of Foucault's work--a continuation that, at important moments, necessarily includes some measure of critique. This introduction attempts to articulate a theoretical response to Foucault and his critics as a framework for reading the essays included in this issue. [End Page 357]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how school-based sexuality education has had a long and troubled history of exclusionary pedagogical practices that have negatively affected such populations as lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer (LGBTQ) individuals, people of color, and the disabled. The social ecological model is introduced as a way of offering sexuality educators and school administrators a way of thinking more broadly about how to achieve sexual health through sexuality education efforts inside and outside of the school environment. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses critical analysis of current and historical school-based sexuality education methods and curricula used in the USA. Authors use both academic journals and their own expertise/experience teaching sexuality education in the USA to analyze and critique the sources of sexuality education information and curricula used in schools. Findings – Historically, sexuality education in school settings in the USA has been biased and has generally not offered an educational experience fostering sexual health for all students. There are now welcome signs of reform and movement toward a more inclusive and progressive approach, but there is still some way to go. Sexuality education programs in schools need to be further and fundamentally reformed to do more to foster sexual health particularly for LGBTQ individuals, students of color, and people with disabilities. Practical implications – This paper offers sexuality educators ways of addressing structural issues within the sexuality education curriculum to better serve all students to increase the quality of their sexual health. Integrating critical pedagogy and anti-oppressive education can increase students’ sexual health along physical, social, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual dimensions. Originality/value – This paper provides historical analysis along with the identification of structural difficulties in the sexuality education curriculum and proposes both critical pedagogy and anti-oppressive education as ways of addressing sex and relationships education.

in Country: Youth, Media, and Queer Visibility in Rural America Citation: Kazyak, E. (2010) Book Review Out in country: Youth, media, and queer visibility in rural America. Journal of Research in Rural Education 25(6). Retrieved from http://jrre.psu.edu.articles/25-6.pdf. Mary Gray's book, in Country, allows readers to inhabit world of rural and small town Kentucky and understand how young LGBT people and their allies experience its contours. The findings Gray presents primarily draw from nineteen months of ethnographic fieldwork as well as interviews she did with thirty-four LGBT youth. This ethnography challenges assumptions that circulate, both in and outside academy, about expressions of gender and sexual nonconformity in rural America, LGBT activism, and role of new media in social change. Gray asks how rural youth LGBT identities and how new media matters in their lives. Given its aim, book most centrally contributes to sexualities and media studies - yet its analyses will be of interest to scholars who study rural communities and education and social movements, as well as to educators and activists dedicated to supporting LGBT youth in rural areas. Perhaps one of this book's most exciting contributions to sexuality studies is how it problematizes way that the rural United States operates as America's perennial, tacitly taken-for-granted closet (p. 4). Gray laments way that both political Left and Right characterize rural America as inhospitable to queer expressions of gender and sexuality, and notes paucity of academic research addressing experiences of LGBT individuals in these areas. Thus, Gray's contributes to sexuality studies by illustrating how rural LGBT youth do collective labor of identity work (p. 21). Throughout her discussion of identity work, in Country focuses on relationship between identities and political activism. Specifically, chapters two and three document importance in rural life of being able to make claims of belonging and sameness, asking how, in turn, this shapes political work. One example is political mobilizing of area college students to contest a state representative's claim that his lack of attention to LGBT issues occurred because there were no gay people in his district. Combating logic that would displace queer into stranger category and outside of rural spaces, these students mobilized, securing 400 signatures from people demanding that their representative acknowledge that, in fact, gay people did live there. Gray astutely identifies tension that exists for LGBT activists in rural communities between laying claims to familiarity and asserting queer difference. Gray suggests that of non-profit organizations is important in lives of rural LGBT youth as it helps youth feel a part of a community. These chapters, however, are more concerned with highlighting connections and tensions between national, statewide, regional, and local advocacy efforts and less concerned with detailing impact for rural LGBT youth identity. Continuing focus on political mobilization strategies, chapter three addresses struggle over a Gay-Straight Alliance (GSA) at Boyd County High School. This section will likely be of most interest to rural educators and scholars interested in K-12 rural education. Gray outlines history of this GSA - including its inception in October 2002, its ban a few months later by county school board, protests against and in favor of club, and its final reinstatement in 2003 by order of a district judge. Gray also draws our attention to a few key players shaping club's history. For instance, Gray discusses how local activists were able to draw on support and knowledge from national nonprofits like American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network (GLSEN) in advocating for GSA. …

Research shows that gender power inequity in relationships and intimate partner violence places women at enhanced risk of HIV infection. Men who have been violent towards their partners are more likely to have HIV. Men's behaviours show a clustering of violent and risky sexual practices, suggesting important connections. This paper draws on Raewyn Connell's notion of hegemonic masculinity and reflections on emphasized femininities to argue that these sexual, and male violent, practices are rooted in and flow from cultural ideals of gender identities. The latter enables us to understand why men and women behave as they do, and the emotional and material context within which sexual behaviours are enacted.In South Africa, while gender identities show diversity, the dominant ideal of black African manhood emphasizes toughness, strength and expression of prodigious sexual success. It is a masculinity women desire; yet it is sexually risky and a barrier to men engaging with HIV treatment. Hegemonically masculine men are expected to be in control of women, and violence may be used to establish this control. Instead of resisting this, the dominant ideal of femininity embraces compliance and tolerance of violent and hurtful behaviour, including infidelity.The women partners of hegemonically masculine men are at risk of HIV because they lack control of the circumstances of sex during particularly risky encounters. They often present their acquiescence to their partners' behaviour as a trade off made to secure social or material rewards, for this ideal of femininity is upheld, not by violence per se, by a cultural system of sanctions and rewards. Thus, men and women who adopt these gender identities are following ideals with deep roots in social and cultural processes, and thus, they are models of behaviour that may be hard for individuals to critique and in which to exercise choice. Women who are materially and emotionally vulnerable are least able to risk experiencing sanctions or foregoing these rewards and thus are most vulnerable to their men folk.We argue that the goals of HIV prevention and optimizing of care can best be achieved through change in gender identities, rather than through a focus on individual sexual behaviours.

BACKGROUND: Despite the aging of the population, little is known about the sexual behaviors and sexual function of older people. METHODS: We report the prevalence of sexual activity, behaviors, and problems in a national probability sample of 3005 U.S. adults (1550 women and 1455 men) 57 to 85 years of age, and we describe the association of these variables with age and health status. RESULTS: The unweighted survey response rate for this probability sample was 74.8%, and the weighted response rate was 75.5%. The prevalence of sexual activity declined with age (73% among respondents who were 57 to 64 years of age, 53% among respondents who were 65 to 74 years of age, and 26% among respondents who were 75 to 85 years of age); women were significantly less likely than men at all ages to report sexual activity. Among respondents who were sexually active, about half of both men and women reported at least one bothersome sexual problem. The most prevalent sexual problems among women were low desire (43%), difficulty with vaginal lubrication (39%), and inability to climax (34%). Among men, the most prevalent sexual problems were erectile difficulties (37%). Fourteen percent of all men reported using medication or supplements to improve sexual function. Men and women who rated their health as being poor were less likely to be sexually active and, among respondents who were sexually active, were more likely to report sexual problems. A total of 38% of men and 22% of women reported having discussed sex with a physician since the age of 50 years. CONCLUSIONS: Many older adults are sexually active. Women are less likely than men to have a spousal or other intimate relationship and to be sexually active. Sexual problems are frequent among older adults, but these problems are infrequently discussed with physicians.

The human desire to acquire new capacities is as ancient as our species itself. We have always sought to expand the boundaries of our existence, be it socially, geographically, or mentally. There is a tendency in at least some individuals always to search for a way around every obstacle and limitation to human life and happiness. Ceremonial burial and preserved fragments of religious writings show that prehistoric humans were disturbed by the death of loved ones. Although the belief in a hereafter was common, this did not preclude efforts to extend one’s earthly life. In the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (approx. 1700 B.C.), a king sets out on a quest for immortality. Gilgamesh learns that there exists a natural means – an herb that grows at the bottom of the sea. 1 He successfully retrieves the plant, but a snake steals it from him before he can eat it. In later times, explorers sought the Fountain of Youth, alchemists labored to concoct the Elixir of Life, and various schools of esoteric Taoism in China strove for physical immortality by way of control over or harmony with the forces of nature. The boundary between mythos and science, between magic and technology, was blurry, and almost all conceivable means to the preservation of life were attempted by somebody or other. Yet while explorers made many interesting discoveries and alchemists invented some useful things, such as new dyes and improvements in metallurgy, the goal of life extension proved elusive. The quest to transcend our natural confines has long been viewed with ambivalence, however. Reining it in is the concept of hubris: that some ambitions are off‐limits and will backfire if pursued. The ancient Greeks exhibited this ambivalence in their mythology. Prometheus stole fire from Zeus and gave it to humans, thereby permanently improving the human condition. Yet for this act he was severely punished by Zeus. The gods are repeatedly

'This fascinating book presents the work of nine social historians who seek to reconstruct the elusive and highly personal private lives of colonial Latin Americans. essays analyze a range of issues from sexuality marriage, divorce, and illegitimacy to sexual witch-craft, conceptions of sin, and confession...Uniformly engaging, provocative, and well-written, these essays represent some of the most interesting contemporary work on colonial Latin American society' - Hispanic American Historical Review.'A very welcome contribution to the study of the hitherto little explored personal dimensions of the formation and reproduction of colonial society. essays uncover a rich set of illuminating but until now largely neglected archival sources, throwing light not only on the shifting sexual politics of church and state, the evolution of sexual constraints, and the contradictions between institutional norms and individual practice but also on the private, personal aspects of relations between the sexes with special attention to the experience of women' - Journal of the History of Sexuality.' Sexuality and Marriage in Colonial Latin America presents the best work on the subject so far' - The Village Voice. Asuncion Lavrin is a professor of history at Arizona State University at Tempe. Her 1995 book, Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, 1890-1940, won the Arthur P. Whitaker Prize from the Middle Atlantic Council on Latin American Studies.

‘The best short introduction to medieval sexuality that I have read: a remarkable book.’ -Vern Bullough, Reviews in History 'Undergraduate and graduate students will find in Karras’ book an extremely helpful guide to what can be a confusing and perplexing body of scholarship. Even established scholars are likely to find it enlightening as well as enjoyable.' - James Brundage, Journal of Ecclesiastical History ‘An impressively synthetic and highly readable survey of current scholarship on medieval sexuality that will be of considerable use in undergraduate and postgraduate teaching.’ - Emma Campbell, Signs Sexuality in medieval Europe has become a vital scholarly field that is now recognized as central to the study of the Middle Ages. Using a wide collection of evidence from the late Antique period up until the fifteenth century, this new edition of the standard overview on the topic demonstrates that medieval culture developed sexual identities that were quite different from the identities we think of today, yet that were still in some ways ancestral to our own. Challenging the way the Middle Ages have been treated in general histories of sexuality, Ruth Mazo Karras shows how views at the time were conflicted and complicated; there was no single medieval attitude towards sexuality any more than there is one modern attitude. The well-known lusty priest and the ‘repressed’ penitent have their roles to play, but set here in a wider context these figures take on fascinating new dimensions. Focusing on acceptable marital sexual activity as well as what was seen as transgressive, the chapters cover such topics as chastity, the role of the church, and non-reproductive activity. Combining an overview of research on the topic with original interpretations, now updated with the latest scholarship and additional material from medieval Christian Europe, Jewish medieval culture and the Islamic world, Sexuality in Medieval Europe is essential reading for all those who study medieval history and culture, or who have an interest in the way sexuality and sexual identity have been viewed in the past.  

The aim of this review is to put core features of human sexuality in an evolutionary light. Toward that end, I address five topics concerning the evolution of human sexuality. First, I address theoretical foundations, including recent critiques and developments. While much traces back to Darwin and his view of sexual selection, more recent work helps refine the theoretical bases to sex differences and life history allocations to mating effort. Second, I consider central models attempting to specify the phylogenetic details regarding how hominin sexuality might have changed, with most of those models honing in on transitions from a possible chimpanzee-like ancestor to the slightly polygynous and long-term bonded sociosexual partnerships observed among most recently studied hunter-gatherers. Third, I address recent genetic and physiological data contributing to a refined understanding of human sexuality. As examples, the availability of rapidly increasing genomic information aids comparative approaches to discern signals of selection in sexuality-related phenotypes, and neuroendocrine studies of human responses to sexual stimuli provide insight into homologous and derived mechanisms. Fourth, I consider some of the most recent, large, and rigorous studies of human sexuality. These provide insights into sexual behavior across other national samples and on the Internet. Fifth, I discuss the relevance of a life course perspective to understanding the evolution of human sexuality. Most research on the evolution of human sexuality focuses on young adults. Yet humans are sexual beings from gestation to death, albeit in different ways across the life course, and in ways that can be theoretically couched within life history theory.

PRIOR TO THE 1980S, HISTORIANS OF AFRICA rarely paid explicit attention to sexuality, a topic generally presumed to belong more appropriately to anthropology or psychology. Moreover, when the topic did come up, authors across the disciplines commonly assumed or asserted an African ("native," customary, tribal, or premodern) sexuality, in the singular and in implicit timelessness. With the advent of HIV/AIDS, however, and following trends in international scholarship that saw a proliferation of close empirical case studies that employed (and extended) Foucauldian and postcolonial theory, this began to change dramatically. Much of the thinking about HIV/ AIDS since the 1990s, notably, has stressed the long-term impacts of colonialism, racism, and male migrant labor that underpin the pandemic and that help to explain striking regional disparities. Indeed, the new scholarship argues that ahistorical readings of scientific data, let alone of ethnography or the other social sciences, have actually contributed to the HIV/AIDS crisis by unwittingly promoting colonial-era stereotypes, simplifications, and calumnies against African cultures. Medical anthropologists thus now routinely acknowledge the importance of historical change, context, and specificity to their research on sexual health. 1 Several problems remain, however, that are quickly apparent both in studies about African sexualities and in the ways that Africa is represented or engaged (or not) in global sexuality studies. Comparative, and even national, histories of HIV/ AIDS remain rare. Same-sex sexuality is still largely overlooked in these, and even in texts aimed directly at sexual healthcare professionals. Attempts to counter that blind spot have tended to rely heavily on the exhumation of colonial ethnographies, forensic evidence, and missionary diatribes, with limited effectiveness. The evident fact that so many of the leading researchers in the field are non-African also introduces concerns, most obviously about language, epistemology, and culturalinsider secrets. In some cases, this has provoked sharply defensive reactions from African leaders and intellectuals. The latter have been particularly galled when

Sexuality research has a long history of controversy in the USA. This article examines sexuality research as a form of “dirty work,” an occupation that is simultaneously socially necessary and stigmatized. Using survey data of contemporary sociologists engaged in sexuality research, historical data on 20th century sexologists, and content analysis of top-tier sociology journals, I focus on the university system and its related functions of publishing, funding, and ethical review boards. I argue that sexuality research is constructed as dirty work by systematic practices of the university system, and further suggest that these practices impose stigma effects that are not simply individual but represent persistent patterns of institutional inequality. Further, I show how these institutional practices are shaped by cultural schemas regarding sexuality, enacted through cognitive and affective bias of institutional actors. The construction of sexuality research as dirty work affects not only researchers themselves but shapes the broad production of sexual knowledge.

Abstract While the incidence of HIV infection and AIDS amongst non drug injecting heterosexuals is currently low in the UK, epidemiological evidence suggests that this situation may be short lived. The sexual practices of young heterosexuals will then be crucial in determining the extent of the epidemic. Drawing on feminist theory, we argue that if we are to understand young people's sexual relationships we must attend to the power relations within which sexual identities, beliefs and practices are embedded. The social pressures and constraints through which young women negotiate their sexual encounters impinge directly on their ability to make decisions about sexual safety and pleasure. The power of young women to control sexual practices can then play a key role in the transmission or limitation of sexually transmitted diseases. From preliminary analysis of data collected by the Women, Risk and AIDS Project, we argue that the risks young women take in sexual encounters with men arise within a nexus of contradictions through which women are expected to negotiate safer sex practices. However well intentioned, public health campaigns aimed at women cannot be effective unless they recognise that men and women begin their sexual encounters as unequal partners in the battle against the sexual transmission of HIV.

The field of language and sexuality has gained importance within socioculturally oriented linguistic scholarship. Much current work in this area emphasizes identity as one key aspect of sexuality. However, recent critiques of identity-based research advocate instead a desire-centered view of sexuality. Such an approach artificially restricts the scope of the field by overlooking the close relationship between identity and desire. This connection emerges clearly in queer linguistics, an approach to language and sexuality that incorporates insights from feminist, queer, and sociolinguistic theories to analyze sexuality as a broad sociocultural phenomenon. These intellectual approaches have shown that research on identity, sexual or otherwise, is most productive when the concept is understood as the outcome of intersubjectively negotiated practices and ideologies. To this end, an analytic framework for the semiotic study of social intersubjectivity is presented.We are deeply indebted to Rusty Barrett, Jennifer Coates, Rudi Gaudio, Donna Goldstein, Jane Hill, Sally McConnell-Ginet, Bonnie McElhinny, Robin Queen, and Sara Trechter for their incisive comments on an earlier version of this article. In-depth conversations with Stacey Duke, Deena Hill, Anna Livia, and Jon McCammond helped us work through many thorny issues. For helpful feedback on oral presentations of some of this material, we are also grateful to audiences at the International Gender and Language Association Conference in Lancaster, the Lavender Languages and Linguistics Conference, the Department of Linguistics at Stanford University, and the Department of Anthropology at the University of Chicago; special thanks to James Fernandez for detailed suggestions. Any remaining weaknesses are our own responsibility.

Abstract This article examines how social stereotypes influence listeners' perceptions of indexical language. Building on recent developments in linguistics and social psychology, I investigate the extent to which stereotypical attitudes and beliefs about categories of speakers serve to enable the association of linguistic features with particular social meanings while simultaneously blocking others. My arguments are based on an analysis of listener perceptions of the intersecting categories of gender, sexuality, and social class among men in the UK. Using a modified matched-guise paradigm to test three category-relevant variables (mean pitch, spectral characteristics of /s/, and TH-fronting), I demonstrate how the perception of social meaning is governed by a combination of both attitudinal and cognitive factors. This finding is important because it illustrates the listener-dependent nature of sociolinguistic perception. Moreover, it also provides further empirical support for an understanding of social meaning as an emergent property of language-in-use. (speech perception, attitudes and stereotypes, sexuality, phonetic variation)*