搜索结果：Journal of strength and conditioning research

Dabbs, NC, Binkley, H, Bott, C, Fragala, MS, Herda, A, Moeskops, S, Moore, EWG, Smith-Ryan, A, and Triplett, NT. National Strength and Conditioning Association position statement on strength and conditioning of female athletes. Part I: Lifespan, injury, and health considerations. J Strength Cond Res 40(8): 875-894, 2026-Throughout an athlete's lifespan, there are several contributing factors that can affect performance. Sex-specific physiological differences occur between male and female athletes that may result in different needs throughout the stages of an athlete's development and through maturation, where special consideration may be needed for specific health aspects and common injuries in female athletes. A greater understanding of the developmental stages of female athletes, including their unique biological differences in health and risk of injury, is warranted among strength and conditioning professionals to provide comprehensive training programs for female athletes. The purpose of this position statement is to help strength and conditioning practitioners understand current evidence and recommendations for female athletes throughout their lifespan, the female-specific injuries that may occur, and the health considerations that may enhance overall female athlete health and well-being. Therefore, Position Statement Part I is separated into 3 sections: (a) lifespan development, (b) injury considerations, and (c) health considerations.

Feuerbacher, JF, Jacobs, MW, Dragutinovic, B, Rehbein, P, and Schumann, M. Effects of prolonged combined aerobic and strength training on movement velocities during a strength loading bout: targeting same versus separate muscle groups. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Combined aerobic and strength training may impair explosive strength performance, especially when targeting the same muscle groups. This study aimed to assess the effects of prolonged combined aerobic and strength training on movement velocities and velocity loss during a strength loading bout when the aerobic and strength training target the same vs. separate muscle groups. Thirty-two men participated in a 12-week intervention, divided into 3 groups: (a) LHLS (lower-body high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and strength training), (b) LHUS (lower-body HIIT and upper-body strength training), and (c) LSUS (lower- and upper-body strength training). Changes in the area under the mean propulsive velocity (MPV) and velocity-loss curves during strength loadings were analyzed pre- and postintervention. Squat performance was compared between LHLS and LSUS, while bench press performance was compared between LHUS and LSUS. The level of significance was set at ρ ≤ 0.05. During bench press loading, no statistically significant main effects for group (p = 0.225), for timepoint (p = 0.170), nor group × timepoint (p = 0.943) were observed for MPV. In squat loading, a statistically significant main effect for timepoint was found (p = 0.020), with a decrease in MPV for LHLS postintervention (p = 0.006). The interaction between group and timepoint was not statistically significant (p = 0.083). No statistically significant main effects for group (p = 0.110, p = 0.076), for timepoint (p = 0.590, p = 0.244), nor group × timepoint (p = 0.626, p = 0.239) were observed for velocity loss in either bench press or squat loading. These findings suggest that explosive strength performance may be more susceptible to interference when aerobic and strength training target the same, rather than different, muscle groups.

Lee Ramsey, J, Walsh, J, Asare, A, Guluzade, N, Faricier, R, Thiessen, J, Boldt, K, and Belfry, G. Cardiorespiratory differences between female and male subjects during three sets of 10 repetitions of trap bar deadlift exercise. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Energy cost of exercise, including resistance exercise, is commonly quantified using rate of oxygen uptake. However, cardiovascular responses to resistance training movements peak after the completion of a set, and little is known about how these responses differ between male and female subjects. The purpose of this study was to compare the cardiorespiratory responses of strength-trained female and male subjects during and after trap bar deadlift exercise. Ten male and 10 female subjects with at least 2 years of resistance training experience completed warm-up sets at 45 and 60% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM), followed by 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% of 1RM in the trap bar deadlift. Over 3 visits, each separated by 72 hours, subjects completed a 1RM test, a V̇O2max test on a cycle ergometer, and an experimental visit with 3 sets to determine peak exercise V̇O2, V̇O2 kinetics (on- and off-responses), and blood lactate concentrations. Data were analyzed using t tests and two-way analysis of variance with an alpha level set at 0.05. Male subjects displayed significantly greater absolute V̇O2 (∼26.3% higher in males, p = 0.023) and blood lactate (∼23.1% higher in males, p = 0.015) than female subjects both during and after sets 2 and 3 of the exercise. However, when normalized to V̇O2max, no sex-based differences were observed for exercising V̇O2. Absolute and relative V̇O2 spiked after each set in male subjects compared with values recorded at the end of each set, whereas female subjects did not demonstrate this pattern. Female subjects exhibited significantly faster V̇O2 off-kinetics (∼29.5% faster in females, p = 0.028), reaching peak V̇O2 more quickly after each set than male subjects. No sex differences were found in V̇O2 on-kinetics during the exercise (p = 0.404). In conclusion, although male subjects show higher absolute metabolic demands, relative responses were similar between sexes. Female subjects recovered faster, supporting shorter rest intervals during resistance training to promote individualized training and recovery strategies.

Nishioka, T, Yamaguchi, S, Yoshikawa, A, Hajima, D, Yabuno, N, Aoki, A, Kunita, Y, Hashimoto, Y, and Inami, T. Integrating strength and technique: Field-based predictors of sprint running performance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This cross-sectional study aimed to (a) examine the interrelationships among field-based indicators of strength qualities, sprinting technique, and sprint running performance; (b) identify the combination that best predicts sprint performance; and (c) determine whether sprinting technique explains additional variance beyond strength qualities. Thirty young, resistance-trained subjects performed 30-m sprint runs. Sprinting technique was assessed using the sprint mechanics assessment score (S-MAS) with a smartphone slow-motion 240-fps video. Strength qualities were assessed using the squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), bounce drop jump (BDJ), foot-ankle rebound jump (FARJ), and back squat (BSQ) 1 repetition maximum (1RM) tests. The S-MAS, SJ height, CMJ height, and FARJ reactive strength index (RSI) had significant and strong correlations with 30-m sprint time (&#x3c1; = 0.629, -0.629, -0.592, and -0.645, respectively; p < 0.001). The BDJ RSI and BSQ 1RM relative to body mass showed significant and moderate correlations with certain sprint times. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis yielded a prediction equation (adjusted R2 = 0.561, p < 0.001) for 30-m sprint time, with FARJ RSI, SJ height, and S-MAS as significant independent variables (p < 0.05). The FARJ RSI and SJ height had negative partial regression coefficients (&#x3b2; = -0.324 and -0.355, respectively), and the S-MAS had a positive partial regression coefficient (&#x3b2; = 0.318). In conclusion, greater speed strength, foot-ankle reactive strength, and sprinting technique were strongly and independently associated with superior sprint running performance. Therefore, practitioners may benefit from targeting these strength and technical qualities, which can be regularly monitored using field-based assessments.

Wilwand, M, VanderAkker, J, Guymon, I, Mortensen, BB, and Johnson, AW. Normalized eccentric hamstring strength in collegiate American football: Position-based norms and longitudinal patterns. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The purpose of this study was to (1) establish normative values for eccentric hamstring strength in collegiate American football players; (2) evaluate how normalized strength differs by player position, age, and team affiliation; and (3) assess longitudinal changes across competitive seasons. Eccentric hamstring strength was measured in 332 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes from 4 teams using the NordBord device and normalized to body mass (N&#xb7;kg-1). A multiple linear regression identified significant predictors of normalized strength, and longitudinal data from 2 teams (n = 50; 15% of the full sample) were analyzed across 3 seasons using repeated measures analysis of variance. Results showed that skill, power, and special teams athletes had significantly greater normalized strength than linemen (p < 0.001), and that age (p = 0.04) and team affiliation, specifically Teams B (p < 0.001) and D (p < 0.001) compared with Team A, were also significant predictors. Effect sizes indicated small-to-large magnitudes of difference between position groups. Post hoc analyses revealed that the skill group had significantly greater strength than the power group (p = 0.008), while the special teams group did not differ significantly from the skill group (p = 0.18). Athletes from 2 teams exhibited lower normalized strength than their peers. Longitudinal analysis showed no significant changes in normalized strength over time (p = 0.89), and trivial effect sizes were observed, suggesting that substantial changes are unlikely within this experienced athlete population. These findings support the use of normalized-rather than absolute-eccentric strength values and highlight meaningful differences by position and program. Practical applications include using position-specific benchmarks to guide individualized training, rehabilitation, and return-to-play strategies aimed at optimizing performance and reducing injury risk in American football athletes.

Sato, S, Nosaka, K, Murakami, Y, Kasahara, K, Yosida, R, and Nakamura, M. Comparison between bilateral and unilateral leg-press resistance exercise training for their effects on muscle strength and jump performance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study compared the effects of unilateral and bilateral leg-press eccentric-accentuated resistance training on lower-limb strength and jump performance. Twenty-eight resistance-untrained young men were assigned to either a bilateral (BG, n = 14) or unilateral training group (UG, n = 14) and performed a leg-press resistance exercise consisting of 3 sets of 10 (3-s eccentric, 1-s concentric) contractions in a session, twice weekly for 8 weeks. The UG completed the leg-press exercise for each leg separately within a session, and the BG trained both legs together. The training intensity increased from 30 to 120% of the pretraining 1 repetition maximum (1RM) strength. Changes in bilateral and unilateral leg press 1RM strength, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque of knee extensors (KE) and flexors, squat (SJ), countermovement (CMJ), and drop jumps (DJ) were measured before and after training. The bilateral leg-press 1RM strength increased (p < 0.05) similarly from pre- to post-training for BG (150.4 &#xb1; 18.7 to 170.0 &#xb1; 21.1 kg: 13.4 &#xb1; 9.3%) and UG (144.3 &#xb1; 17.8 to 165.4 &#xb1; 21.2 kg: 14.7 &#xb1; 7.1%). Likewise, MVC-isometric (BG:10.2 &#xb1; 7.6%, UG:12.4 &#xb1; 9.3%), MVC-concentric (11.5 &#xb1; 12.0%, 7.0 &#xb1; 8.1%), MVC-eccentric (10.7 &#xb1; 10.8%, 11.0 &#xb1; 7.5%) of the KEs, and SJ (14.0 &#xb1; 13.4%, 9.8 &#xb1; 13.0%), CMJ (9.6 &#xb1; 11.7%, 9.0 &#xb1; 8.7%), and DJ (14.2 &#xb1; 16.4%, 16.3 &#xb1; 19.4%) height increased (p < 0.05) without significant differences between groups. However, the increase in unilateral 1RM strength was greater (p < 0.01) for UG (22.7 &#xb1; 7.0%) than for BG (13.7 &#xb1; 8.3%). No significant (p > 0.05) correlations were evident between changes in the muscle strength and jump height measures. These indicate that unilateral than bilateral eccentric-accentuated resistance training increased single-leg 1RM strength greater, probably because of training specificity, but no other measures changed differently between the unilateral and bilateral training.

Loturco, I, Requena, B, Tavares, LD, Mercer, VP, Moura, TBMA, Alexandre, MGA, Oliveira, LP, Nakamura, FY, and Pereira, LA. Comparison of speed-related and power-related variables between first-division and second-division professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study investigated whether speed-related and power-related variables differ between professional soccer players competing in the first and second divisions within the same regional federation, where training conditions and testing procedures are standardized. One hundred fifty male players (first division: n = 78; second division: n = 72) performed countermovement jumps; linear sprints over 5, 10, and 20 m; a curvilinear sprint test; and jump squat (JS) assessments to determine peak velocity and peak power using a load corresponding to 40% body mass. Players from the first division consistently demonstrated superior performance across all tests, including higher jump height, greater JS peak velocity and JS peak power, and faster linear and curvilinear sprint speeds compared with second-division soccer players (p < 0.05; effect sizes = 0.40-0.89). These predominantly moderate differences indicate that speed and power meaningfully differentiate competitive levels in professional soccer, even when testing procedures and training environments are comparable. For coaches and performance staff, the findings highlight the practical value of routinely monitoring sprinting and power-related metrics and reinforce the importance of prioritizing the identification and selection of fast and powerful players, particularly in contexts where opportunities to substantially improve these neuromuscular qualities are limited.

Panthong, S, Tongsiri, N, Tanaka, H, and Suksom, D. Comparative effects of circuit training, high-intensity interval training, and combined training on performance and neuromuscular function in masters trail runners. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Middle-aged trail runners often face time constraints due to occupational and family responsibilities, and many lack regular access to terrain-specific environments. Therefore, time-efficient training modalities capable of replicating the physiological and biomechanical demands of trail running are warranted. This study compared the effects of 3 such training modalities on performance and neuromuscular adaptations in master trail runners. Forty runners aged 35-55 years were randomly assigned to circuit weight training (Circuit: n = 13), uphill-high intensity interval training (HITT: n = 13), or combined training (n = 14) for 12 weeks. All groups performed 3 endurance sessions per week in addition to 3 modality-specific sessions. Outcomes included mountain trail running time, running economy during level and uphill running, maximal oxygen consumption (V&#x307;O2max), anaerobic fitness, lean mass, knee extensor strength, countermovement jump power, leg stiffness, dynamic balance, and neuromuscular function. Mountain trail performance improved following HIIT and combined training (p < 0.05). Circuit and combined training increased lean mass, muscle strength, jump power, and maximal voluntary contraction (p < 0.05), whereas voluntary activation remained unchanged. Running economy during level and uphill running improved in HIIT and combined groups (p < 0.05). V&#x307;O2max, anaerobic fitness, leg stiffness, and balance improved across all groups (p < 0.05). Overall, HIIT and combined training were more effective in enhancing uphill running economy and trail performance, while combined training provided complementary neuromuscular and endurance adaptations. These findings support multimodal strategies as time-efficient approaches to optimize performance in master trail runners.

Bright, TE, Hughes, JD, Handford, MJ, Loturco, I, Thapa, RK, Pontiggia, M, Soriano, M, Taguia, A, and Weldon, A. An international survey of practitioners' perceptions and practices regarding accentuated eccentric loading for power development in sport. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The aim of this study was to examine strength and conditioning (S&C) practitioners' perceptions and practices of accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) for power development in sport. An anonymous cross-sectional online survey was completed by S&C practitioners (n = 106), of whom 66 (62%) reported using AEL for power development. The survey comprised fixed-response and open-ended questions across 5 sections: informed consent, background information, perceptions, practices, and additional feedback. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze fixed-response data, whereas open-ended responses were analyzed using thematic analysis. Among AEL users, submaximal and supramaximal approaches were equally reported (both 42.4%), with 15.2% of practitioners using both. Accentuated eccentric loading was most commonly implemented 1 to 2 times per week using low volumes (1-3 sets of 4-6 repetitions), with application distributed across general (31.2%), specific (36.6%), and in-season (24.7%) phases. Practitioners reported improvements in jump and explosive performance, although implementation was influenced by athlete readiness, training age, and technical competency. Key limitations included fatigue and recovery demands (49.0%) and technical complexity (28.6%). Non-use was primarily attributed to practical constraints (43.8%), athlete readiness (37.5%), and perceived risk or uncertainty (18.8%). Accentuated eccentric loading is widely used by S&C practitioners to enhance power development; however, its application is highly variable and constrained by practical and contextual factors. Practitioners should individualize AEL prescription based on athlete characteristics, training phase, and logistical constraints, while carefully managing eccentric load and velocity to optimize power-oriented outcomes.

Quintana-Cepedal, M, Bailen-Garcia, T, Riestra-Cendan, S, Crespo, I, and Olmedillas, H. Sex differences in maximal and endurance adductor strength: implications for athlete screening and return to play. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Lower maximal and endurance adductor strength have been identified as modifiable risk factors contributing to groin injury. However, there are currently no data examining the relationship between these 2 variables. This study aimed to determine if maximal hip adduction strength can be predicted by performance on the Brazilian Adductor Performance Test (BAPT) in competitive female and male athletes from different sports. Secondary aims were to compare strength output between female and male athletes in all tests. Baseline demographic characteristics were collected alongside the Hip and Groin Outcome Score and adductor strength. Maximal isometric hip adductor strength was assessed during the 5-second squeeze test, whereas the BAPT evaluated adductor endurance. Linear mixed-effects models were developed with maximal isometric adductor strength as the dependent variable. Strength was quantified as absolute strength (N), normalized strength (N&#xb7;kg-1), and normalized torque (N&#xb7;m&#xb7;kg-1). A total of 131 healthy athletes (n = 253 limbs, 54% female; &#x2265; Tier 2) were included in the study. This final count excludes 9 limbs that failed to meet the eligibility criteria. The BAPT could not predict maximal strength (R2 = 0.049 to 0.11); however, model fit improved when sex was included as a covariate (R2 = 0.23 to 0.50). Male subjects performed significantly more repetitions in the endurance test (28 vs. 21, d = 0.84) and exhibited higher maximal strength (N&#xb7;m&#xb7;kg-1 = 3.08) compared with female subjects (N&#xb7;m&#xb7;kg-1 = 2.34; d = 1.23). Because hip adductor maximal and endurance strength correlate poorly, each test evaluates a particular physical capacity and, as such, should not be used interchangeably. Our findings suggest that clinicians should use both tests to screen for potential deficits in either endurance or maximal adduction strength.

McMahon, G, Morse, C, Burden, A, Winwood, K, and Onambele-Pearson, G. Moderate intensity resistance training with partial range-of-motion at long muscle lengths elicits similar hypertrophy and architectural adaptations as high intensity resistance training using full range-of-motion. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Resistance training (RT) elicits varying magnitudes of active and passive forces in muscle. Evidence is lacking comparing chronic RT outcomes including muscle thickness (MTH) and muscle architecture (fascicle length [Lf], pennation angle [pen]) performing training at shorter, longer, and full ranges-of-motion (ROM). A total of 45 subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups-shortened partial ROM (SP, 0-50&#xb0; knee flexion, 80% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]), lengthened partial ROM (LP, 40-90&#xb0; knee flexion, 55% 1RM), full ROM (FROM, 0-90&#xb0; knee flexion, 80% 1RM), or control (CON)-completing 8 weeks of knee extensor exercise. Vastus Lateralis MTH, PEN, and Lf were measured at 25, 50, and 75% femur length pre-post training and analyzed as delta (&#x394;) change (%); statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. &#x394;MTH was greater in LP and FROM (p < 0.05) vs. SP at 75%. &#x394;MTH LP was greater than SP at 25% (p < 0.05) and &#x394;MTH FROM was greater than SP at 50% (p < 0.05) with no differences between LP and FROM at any location. &#x394;Lf was greater in LP vs. FROM (p < 0.05) at 25 and 75%, and LP vs. SP (p < 0.05) at all sites. &#x394;Lf was greater in FROM vs. SP (p < 0.05) at 50 and 75%. Absolute and normalized baseline Lf was inversely correlated with &#x394;Lf in all groups (p < 0.001). This study provides novel evidence that moderate-intensity RT with partial ROM at long muscle lengths elicits similar hypertrophic and superior Lf adaptations as high-intensity full ROM training. These findings challenge traditional RT prescription, offering new insights for optimizing muscle size and architecture in athletic populations.

Haischer, MH, Ahn, N, and Kipp, K. Lower-extremity joint function during a drop jump: relationships to performance and maximal strength. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Humans modulate joint stiffness during movement based on stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) loading demands. In performance tasks such as jumping, the SSC helps maximize vertical impulse through potentiation of concentric force after eccentric loading. However, joints can serve different locomotor functions (i.e., strut, spring, motor, or damper) while coordinating to achieve an overarching goal. Furthermore, while strength may benefit the ability to regulate joint stiffness under load, what joint functions facilitate optimal SSC task performance and their relationship to maximal strength is not well-understood. The purpose of this study was to describe lower-extremity joint function during a drop jump and characterize the associations to performance outcomes (jump height, ground contact time [GCT], and reactive strength index [RSI]) and relationships to maximal strength. Forty-five collegiate or club level athletes performed drop jumps off a 12-inch box while motion capture and ground reaction force data were recorded. Stance phase kinematics and kinetics were used to calculate joint functional indices (JFI) for the ankle, knee, and hip, reported as relative percentages of strut-, spring-, damper-, and motor-like mechanical behavior. Peak force from an isometric midthigh pull was also recorded as a proxy for strength, and correlations and elastic net regression analyses were performed (p &#x2264; 0.05). Strut, spring, motor, and damper was the rank order of JFI at all joints. Stronger athletes exhibited greater knee motor function, which was associated with a shorter GCT, greater jump height, and better RSI. Greater relative strength positively influences jump performance by enhancing the ability to generate mechanical energy.

Mach, MS, Cho, CC, Ericksen, HM, ACT, Slavens, BA, Earl-Boehm, JE, and FNATA, ATC. The relationships between army combat fitness test performance and functional motor competence in army reserve officer training corps cadets. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Decreases in youth physical activity and motor competence may be a threat to Army physical military readiness (PMR) which was assessed from 2019 to 2025 by the Army combat fitness test (ACFT). Functional motor competence (FMC), developed through youth physical activity, may play a crucial role in PMR. However, limited research exists on the relationship between FMC and ACFT performance. The purposes of this study were to (a) identify the relationships among the individual events of the ACFT and FMC composite score and (b) determine the relationship between FMC composite score and ACFT total score. A total of 70 healthy reserve officers training corps cadets (female n = 21; male n = 49; age: 20.2 &#xb1; 1.5 years) completed an FMC test battery consisting of a long jump, ball throw and kick, and vertical jump. Best attempts were standardized and summed to calculate FMC composite scores. Linear regressions assessed the relationship between FMC and ACFT performance. Alpha was set at 0.05. FMC significantly predicted ACFT total score and each of the individual event scores accounting for 28.2% of the variance in ACFT total score and between 6.7 and 22.6% for each ACFT event. In conclusion, FMC may be an underappreciated factor in PMR and could be easily assessed earlier in a cadet's career to inform cadre about potential ACFT performance. The practical applications of this study include potentially being able to use FMC screening to identify cadets with low FMC. Low FMC can be improved using neuromuscular training; therefore, cadets with low FMC could be provided additional training to improve PMR.

Taylor, JM, Pallotta, H, Hamilton, A, Tears, C, and Wright, MD. Assessing isometric hip adductor and abductor strength in elite youth soccer players: Does hip-flexion angle matter? J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Isometric hip strength is a risk factor for hip and groin injuries in soccer and is assessed at various short lever positions (i.e., a hip-flexion angle of 45-90&#xb0;). In this study, the effects of hip-flexion angle on peak adduction and abduction force, adduction-to-abduction ratio (ADD:ABD), and relationship between test positions were assessed. Twenty-four male soccer players (age 17.4 &#xb1; 0.8 years) completed 3 testing sessions across 2 weeks, during which peak adduction and abduction force and ADD:ABD were assessed at 45-, 60-, and 90&#xb0; of hip flexion on a fixed frame dynamometer. Players completed three 5-second maximal voluntary contractions in each position, and the tests were completed in counterbalanced order. Robust repeated measures ANOVAs were used to compare peak force and ADD:ABD between positions, with significance set at p < 0.05. Pearson's correlations were used to quantify associations between peak force on each test. Significant differences were observed in adduction between 45 and 60&#xb0; (right -25.9 &#xb1; 23.1 N [&#xb1;95% confidence limit]; left -33.4 &#xb1; 19.1 N); 45 and 90&#xb0; (right 46.8 &#xb1; 23.2 N; left 32.6 &#xb1; 19.9 N) and 60 and 90&#xb0; (right 72.7 &#xb1; 22.9 N; left 66.1 &#xb1; 19.9 N). Significant differences were also observed in abduction between 45 and 90&#xb0; (right 32.2 &#xb1; 20.8 N; left 25.7 &#xb1; 21.1 N) and 60 and 90&#xb0; (right 42.4 &#xb1; 20.9 N; left 41.6 &#xb1; 21.3 N). Very large correlations between tests were observed in adduction and abduction, respectively ( r = 0.77-0.87). However, prediction errors were also large (&#x223c;40 N). Adduction-to-abduction ratio was highest at 60&#xb0; (1.10). In conclusion, peak adduction and abduction force vary between short lever testing positions. Although strong associations between testing positions exist, large prediction intervals are evident, and these tests should not be used interchangeably.

Stevens, LJ, Carey, DL, Gastin, PB, and James, LP. Validity and reliability of a 3-point load-velocity profile for predicting hex bar deadlift 1 repetition maximum. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study assessed the between-session reliability of load-velocity-derived parameters in the hex bar deadlift using a 3-point method and velocity-based load prescription and determined the validity of a predictive 1RM model based on these parameters relative to actual 1RM testing. Nineteen resistance-trained subjects completed 2 testing sessions consisting of a traditional 1RM test and a submaximal 3-load load-velocity assessment using the hex bar deadlift. Between-session reliability of measures derived from the load-velocity profile and 1RM testing were evaluated using coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). A linear mixed-effects model was used to predict 1RM from theoretical maximal load (L0) and theoretical maximum velocity (V0) derived from individual load-velocity profiles. Bland-Altman plots with 95% limits of agreement were used to assess the level of agreement between methods. Between sessions, L0 showed excellent reliability (CV = 5.2%, ICC = 0.97), while V0 was generally less reliable (CV = 6.0%, ICC = 0.70). The predictive model explained nearly all variance in actual 1RM (marginal R2 = 0.975), with both L0 and V0 contributing significantly (p < 0.05). Predicted 1RM values were highly similar to actual 1RM values on average; however, the limits of agreement (&#xb1;15.7 kg) suggest that the 2 methods are not directly interchangeable. Overall, the methodology used in this study provides a feasible alternative for assessing maximal strength, offering a less fatiguing and efficient option for athlete monitoring. However, due to individual variability, predicted 1RM values should not be used interchangeably with direct 1RM testing.

Shaul, Y, Sax van der Weyden, M, and Martin, J. What drives army fitness testing ACFT success? Analysis of body composition, performance, and predictive measures among ROTC cadets. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) was introduced as multidomain assessment of strength, power, agility, and endurance. However, since the introduction of the ACFT, it was modified to the Army Fitness Test (AFT). This study examined sex differences in body composition and ACFT performance among Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) cadets, with attention to, performance stratification and longitudinal trends. Subjects included 177 cadets (134/43 M/F) in a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Sex differences were observed in body composition and raw ACFT scores, but not in total ACFT scores. Men showed stronger associations between Fat-Free Mass (FFM) and FFM Index (FFMI) with strength-power events. Repeated-measures agreement between changes in ACFT scores and changes in % body fat was small (&#x3ba; = 0.35) and slight for FFM (&#x3ba; = 0.18). Army Combat Fitness Test performance differed by class year (&#x3b7;2 = 0.23, p < 0.001), but no effect in high performers (top 5%). The largest differences in body composition and performance occurred between the lowest and highest quintiles, with little variation across mid-quintiles. Hand Release Push-Ups and plank together predicted total ACFT score (R2 = 0.625), while body composition had limited predictive value overall (R2 &#x2264; 0.138), but greater in top performers (R2 < 0.432). Rescoring cadet performance using the AFT sex-neutral combat standard substantially altered failure rates and body composition exemption eligibility, particularly among female cadets. These findings support a clustered approach to programming for ROTC cadets, recognizing that single-program approaches may overlook individual-level differences. The influence of FFM and FFMI, combined with sex-specific relationships to ACFT performance, supports training that emphasizes lean mass development.

Colini, CL, Teixeira, EL, Andreato, LV, Marques, DC, Magnani Branco, BH, and de Salles Painelli, V. Beta-alanine supplementation improves isotonic strength endurance performance without altering psychological responses during drop-set and bi-set resistance exercises in resistance-trained individuals. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The ergogenic effects of beta-alanine (BA) supplementation are widely recognized, yet its effects on resistance exercises remain uncertain. It is possible that previous protocols were not sufficiently 'acidotic,' such as advanced drop-set and bi-set training systems. This study investigated whether BA supplementation improves isotonic strength endurance performance and psychological responses (perceived exertion, motivation, affect) during drop-set and bi-set protocols. In a double-blind parallel-group design, 22 young resistance-trained men and women were randomly assigned to either a BA group (6.4 g&#xb7;day-1, n = 12) or a placebo (maltodextrin, n = 10). After familiarization with psychological scales, maximal strength (1-RM), and strength endurance tests, subjects' total number of repetitions and psychological responses were recorded during drop-set (three sets at 80% 1-RM, with 3 successive 20% load reductions) and bi-set (three sets at 70% 1-RM, consisting of inclined bench press followed by flat bench press) protocols before and after a 4-week supplementation period. Outcomes were analyzed using mixed models for repeated measures (p < 0.05). The total number of repetitions increased with BA in the drop-set (+17.3%, effect size [ES] = 0.74, p = 0.007) and bi-set (+18.2%, ES = 0.98, p < 0.0001) protocols, but not with placebo (respectively, -0.98%, ES = -0.06, p = 0.988; and +5.6%, ES = 0.01, p = 0.406). Perceived exertion increased across sets during drop-set and bi-set protocols (both p < 0.0001), but without between-group differences (both p > 0.05). Other psychological responses were not influenced by set, group, or time (all p > 0.05). Four weeks of BA supplementation enhanced isotonic strength endurance performance in trained individuals performing drop-set and bi-set resistance protocols, without concurrent change in psychological responses.

Espeit, L, Rozand, V, Gravholt, A, Ravel, A, Gondin, J, Millet, GY, Maffiuletti, NA, and Lapole, T. Effects of narrow- vs. wide-pulse neuromuscular electrical stimulation training on functional performance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) training has been shown to improve maximal isometric strength but inconsistent effects have been reported on dynamic/functional outcomes. Inconsistencies have been attributed to the general training setup (isometric mode) and to the unphysiological motor unit recruitment pattern of NMES. As pulse duration could modify motor unit recruitment, the aim of the present study was to compare the effects of NMES training with narrow vs. wide pulses on explosive and isokinetic strength, jumping performance, and fatigability. Thirty-six healthy men were randomly allocated to a control group or 1 of 2 NMES training groups, who underwent a 6-week NMES program. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation with narrow (0.2 ms) or wide (1 ms) pulses was applied to the quadriceps muscle with a stimulation frequency of 50 Hz and at the maximal tolerable current intensity. PRE- and POST-training measurements included explosive strength (early and late rate of torque development [RTD]), isokinetic strength (concentric at 60&#xb0;&#xb7;s-1 and 180&#xb0;&#xb7;s-1, eccentric at -60&#xb0;&#xb7;s-1), countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and fatigability (fatigue index during repeated maximal concentric contractions). The effects of NMES training were similar for the 2 training groups. Late- but not early-phase RTD increased at POST (p < 0.05). Isokinetic strength increased at POST (p < 0.05) at all angular velocities. No changes were observed for CMJ performance and fatigue index. In conclusion, 6 weeks of NMES with narrow and wide pulses induced similar improvements in explosive and isokinetic strength but failed to improve jumping performance and fatigability in healthy men.

Fry, AC, Schechter, EGK, Johnson, QR, and Cabarkapa, D. Tons of resistance exercise research, but does it apply to highly trained athletes? J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The volume of scientific research reviews on resistance exercise has increased markedly in recent years. The purpose of this report was to determine what subject populations have been studied to determine whether the findings are relevant to highly trained and elite athletes. A representative sample of 26 highly cited systematic reviews and meta-analyses on resistance exercise topics from the most recent 15 years (2010-2024) were analyzed to determine the subject characteristics of each study cited in the reviews. All reviews included dependent variables of strength or hypertrophy, and dependent variables of exercise choice, order, intensity [load], volume, interset rest, frequency, or lifting tempo. Subjects were classified with a 6-tiered scale ranging from sedentary (tier 0) to world class athlete (tier 5). Of 18,574 subjects reported in the selected reviews, only 2.3% were classified as highly trained or elite athletes. Similar distributions were observed when reviews were analyzed separately for each resistance exercise topic. Cumulatively, the reviews included have been cited by scientific and lay literature more than 7,000 times to date, indicating how effectively their findings are being disseminated. Although each of the reviews cited may provide helpful information for the general population for health and fitness purposes, the findings are not primarily based on the study of highly trained elite athletes, and does not consider training performed outside the weight room, training histories, competition schedules, or the specific demands of their sports. Several practical suggestions are presented that may facilitate research access to highly trained or elite athletes.