搜索结果：Journal of plant research

The subfamily Detarioideae stands out among legumes as a clade with diverse floral morphology. Within it, the seven genera of the Brownea clade exhibit significant variability, especially in the merism of corolla and androecium, inflorescence architecture, and pollination strategies. This study aims to expand the understanding of the morphology and development of inflorescences and flowers of six species within the clade: Brownea longipedicellata, Brownea leucantha, Heterostemon mimosoides, Macrolobium suaveolens, Paloue paraensis and Paloue speciosa. We also provided an anatomical analysis of the nectariferous hypanthium of four of these species. We discuss the roles of heterochrony and mechanical pressures in floral development and how these factors lead to the observed morphological diversity. The study reveals several ontogenetic novelties for the Brownea clade, such as the basipetal development of B. longipedicellata racemes, the erratic organogenesis of the flowers of B. leucantha due to mechanical pressure from adjacent flowers in the congested inflorescences, the heteromorphic development of the corolla in H. mimosoides, and the development of massive bracteoles of M. suaveolens impacting the development of subsequent whorls. We provide new insights on the meristic reduction in different taxa within Detarioideae. In addition, we observed that in the species of the clade Heterostemon+Macrolobium+Paloue, the adaxial petal surrounds the carpel in the bud, a previously undescribed feature in Detarioideae, and possibly a new synapomorphy of this clade. We describe the inflorescence development in the group, which varies from simple racemes in most taxa to large capituliform racemes in Browneopsis and in some species of Brownea and Paloue. We compare this inflorescence and floral diversity, including the anatomy of the hypanthium with different pollination syndromes, including entomophily, ornithophily, and chiropterophily.

This study integrates the TPB with Information Processing Theory and Sensory Marketing Theory to investigate the influence mechanisms of Plant-Rich Foods(PRF) attributes and their packaging on consumer purchase intention and healthy eating behaviors. Through the construction of a structural equation model, empirical analysis was conducted on seven core variables and their interrelationships: consumer attitude(CA), socio-cultural environment(SE), consumer individual requirements(CIR), packaging environmental considerations(ECP), perceived experiential value(PEV), food information factors(FIF), and packaging functional attributes(FPP), thereby validating the proposed hypotheses. The results indicate that all seven variables significantly and positively influence purchase intention, albeit with varying strengths. Packaging functional attributes demonstrated the strongest driving force, followed by individual consumer needs and food information factors. Perceived experiential value, consumer attitude, and packaging environmental considerations exhibited moderate influence, while the socio-cultural environment exerted the weakest impact. The overall influence of "externally oriented" product variables on purchase intention surpassed that of "internally oriented" consumer variables. The impact on healthy eating behaviors presented a dual logic of "direct drive and indirect transmission." consumer individual requirements exhibited a weaker direct influence on healthy eating behaviors compared to their influence on purchase intention, forming a chained transmission pathway from individual needs to purchase intention to healthy behaviors. Theoretically, this research extends the application of the Theory of Planned Behavior, elucidates the transmission mechanisms of variables, and constructs a multidimensional relational framework. Practically, it offers direction for plant-based food enterprises in optimizing packaging and marketing communication strategies, and provides a reference basis for policymakers.

Many ecosystems worldwide are experiencing chronic anthropogenic nutrient enrichment, which often increases plant productivity while reducing species richness. Although nutrient inputs are now declining in some regions, the potential benefits of this reduction depend on the reversibility of enrichment impacts. In turn, ecosystem recovery can be determined by the enrichment history, that is, the rate and duration of nutrient enrichment. Here, we quantify how nutrient enrichment history shapes community recovery dynamics using a four-decade grassland experiment that examines the joint effects of nutrient enrichment rate and duration with: (1) three durations of nutrient enrichment and recovery: one decade of enrichment followed by three decades of recovery, three decades of enrichment followed by one decade of recovery, or continuous enrichment for four decades; and (2) nutrient enrichment at a gradient of rates ranging from atmospheric deposition to agricultural fertilization. Our results showed nutrient enrichment increased plant biomass and reduced species richness, with higher nutrient addition rates leading to more rapid and sustained species loss and biomass increase, even over short enrichment periods. We assessed recovery dynamics following cessation as increases in species richness and declines in community biomass relative to control conditions, because of the tight coupling between richness and biomass in many communities. We found that the reversibility of enrichment effects depended on enrichment duration, with prolonged enrichment slowing recovery of both species richness and biomass, especially at high enrichment rates. However, biomass recovered more rapidly than species richness following cessation. These findings highlight that recovery trajectories of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning depend jointly on enrichment rate and duration, underscoring the need for restoration strategies that account for nutrient legacies and their determinants. 全球范围内许多生态系统正在经历由长期人类活动引起的营养物质富集，这往往会提高植物群落生产力，同时降低物种丰富度。尽管部分地区的营养物质输入正在减少，但这种减少能否带来生态效益，取决于营养物质富集效应的可逆性。而生态系统恢复的过程又可能受到营养物质富集历史的影响，即营养物质添加的速率与持续时间。本研究基于一项持续四十余年的草地实验，量化了不同营养物质富集历史如何影响植物群落恢复动态。该实验同时控制了养分添加速率与持续时间，包括:(1)三种不同的养分添加与恢复历史:添加10年后停止并恢复32年、添加32年后停止并恢复10年，以及持续添加42年；(2)八种养分添加速率，覆盖从大气氮沉降到农业施肥水平(0–272 kg N·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹)。 研究结果表明，即使在较短的富集时间内，较高的养分添加速率也会导致更快速且持续的物种丧失与生物量增加。由于许多植物群落中物种丰富度与生物量之间存在紧密耦合关系，养分添加停止后，我们通过物种丰富度以及群落生物量相对于对照条件的差距来衡量群落恢复动态。研究发现，营养物质富集效应的可逆性受到养分添加持续时间的显著影响；长期养分添加会延迟物种丰富度与群落生物量的恢复，尤其是在高养分添加速率下更为明显。不过，在停止养分添加后，群落生物量的恢复速度显著快于物种丰富度。这些结果表明，生物多样性与生态系统功能的恢复轨迹受到养分添加速率与持续时间的共同影响，凸显了充分考虑营养物质遗留效应及其决定因素对于生态恢复策略制定的重要性。.

This study aimed to present the status of on-farm conservation, considering its relevance for the preservation of agrobiodiversity on a global scale and its impacts in Brazil. Through bibliometric analyses, the most frequent institutions, countries, and researchers publishing on the topic were identified, and the main topics studied in each four-year publication period were discussed, covering the period from 1996 to 2023. A timeline of significant events in the establishment and legal recognition of landrace conservation was created. Since 1996, 315 original and 15 review articles have been indexed. Italy, Brazil, and the USA lead in publication numbers, with Italy standing out due to its focus on Fabaceae varieties and high researcher output. Brazil, like the USA and Italy, also has a significant support from global funding agencies for on-farm conservation research. The four-year analysis revealed the decentralization of research from Europe to the Global South and the improvements in research over time. The bibliometric review and organization of a timeline demonstrated that the development of incentive programs for the conservation of landrace varieties, coupled with support for scientific research, enhances the value of plant genetic resources and contributes to food security, sustainable agriculture, and genetic conservation.

Fusion transcripts, first characterized in cancer, have been increasingly reported in plants with the expansion of next-generation sequencing. However, their prevalence and biological relevance remain highly debated, particularly given the technical challenges associated with their detection. Here, by integrating multiple high-quality long-read RNA sequencing datasets from rice, we present a systematic assessment of fusion transcript detection in plants and demonstrate that almost all detected fusion transcripts arise from technical and analytical artifacts rather than genuine biological events. Mechanistically, we identify short homologous sequence mediated template switching during reverse transcription as the predominant source of spurious fusions, especially in PCR-based workflows. Additional contributors include misalignment, reference genome bias, and gene misannotation. We further uncover recurrent artifact hotspots that explain the non-random distribution of fusion signals. Through redesigned in vitro and in vivo validation experiments, we demonstrate that commonly detected fusion signals lack reproducibility and do not reflect true transcriptomic events. Importantly, we establish a gold-standard validation pipeline prioritizing long-read direct RNA data, reference-aware mapping, and rigorous experimental validation to establish new reproducibility criteria for identifying authentic fusion transcripts. Our study provides a comprehensive, plant-focused experimental dissection of fusion transcript artifacts across sequencing platforms. These findings challenge prevailing assumptions about the abundance of fusion transcripts in plants and establish a robust framework for their reliable identification, with broad implications for transcriptomics studies in complex genomes.

This study aimed to investigate the biomechanical effect of external trunk perturbations on the plant leg during a football instep kick. Fifteen healthy male national level division-II football athletes were recruited as participants. A Vicon three-dimensional motion capture system synchronized with Kistler force plates was utilized to collect kinematic and kinetic data during standardized instep kicking. Joint angles, moments, and stiffness of the plant leg under four perturbation conditions. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA were employed for statistical analysis. Significant main effects of perturbation anticipation and direction on the biomechanical variables of the plant leg were found. UN perturbation increased hip flexion-extension (F&#x2009;=&#x2009;21.94, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01) and abduction-adduction (F&#x2009;=&#x2009;30.64, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01) and knee abduction-adduction (F&#x2009;=&#x2009;20.13, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01) range of motion. Reduced knee extension angles, increased ankle inversion angles, and abnormal changes in knee flexion-extension moments and ankle plantarflexion moments were observed, indicating compromised joint stability. Regarding directional effects, contralateral perturbations (right side) produced more pronounced alterations with increased hip adduction angles (F&#x2009;=&#x2009;20.75, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01) and moments, higher peak knee adduction angles (F&#x2009;=&#x2009;8.8, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.01), and enhanced ankle inversion-eversion stiffness (F&#x2009;=&#x2009;9.11, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.01). As the key findings suggested, the dynamic stability under UN perturbation should be enhanced to improve the resistance of perturbations and movement control, thereby providing reference for injury prevention and training optimization.

Plant hormones play critical roles in many aspects of plant life cycles including development, growth, reproduction and responses to environmental stimuli. These processes are often associated with changes in endogenous plant hormone levels and locations. Therefore, to understand the modes of action of plant hormones, it is important to accurately quantify these chemical compounds in a high-definition tissue map. In this study, we developed a system to quantify indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the major endogenous auxin, from small tissue samples using laser microdissection (LMD) coupled with nano-flow liquid chromatography (nano-LC)-mass spectrometry (MS), which improved detection limits, allowing quantification of IAA from a single 10&#xa0;&#x3bc;m cryosection of maize coleoptile. Our results reveal that IAA is actively synthesized in the apical 400&#xa0;&#x3bc;m region of the coleoptiles and is preferentially accumulated in vascular tissues. This technique can provide a precise view of the spatiotemporal distribution of plant hormones and their significance in regulating physiological responses at tissue or cellular levels.

In recent years, the negative environmental and health impacts of mining activities have significantly expanded in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) due to large volumes of metal waste. This systematic review identified metal-resistant bacteria, mechanisms and drivers of tolerance, and efficiency of bacterial bioremediation in metal-contaminated soils across SSA. Gaps in the literature and future research directions were also highlighted. We conducted a systematic review and synthesize information from articles published from 2005 to February 2026. Our results documented 26 types of metal waste generated from mining across SSA, with heavy metals predominating (87.4%). Notably, members of the Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera were prevalent across multiple metals, highlighting their functional redundancy and multiple bioremediation mechanisms in response to metal stress. The bacteria associated with Pb and Cd showed a high Pairwise Jaccard similarity index (0.78). The most frequently reported driving factors of bacterial bioremediation included environmental factors, metal chemistry, bacterial genetic and molecular resistance, with certain bacteria demonstrating high metal removal efficiencies under laboratory conditions. Despite these useful findings, this systematic review identified a restricted geographical scope among the studies and limited field-based application, which may limit our understanding of the field application of bacterial bioremediation of metal waste across SSA. However, diverse and indigenous bacterial microbiomes adapted to complex regional conditions present the opportunities to advance bacterial bioremediation through the integration of emerging techniques such as microbial-assisted phytoremediation, nanotechnology and genetic modification.

Type II arabinogalactans (AG-II) are biologically significant plant polysaccharides that exist both in free form and as side chains covalently bound within complex polysaccharides. However, the specific quantification of these bioactive AG-II domains in complex matrices remains a critical analytical challenge. Although the &#x3b2;-glucosyl Yariv reagent is a classic chemical reagent used in plant biology for the qualitative identification of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), its quantitative potential has been constrained by the lack of standardized protocols. Here, we established a spectrophotometric method based on the Yariv reagent for AG-II quantification. The method demonstrated high sensitivity and reproducibility, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.25&#xa0;&#x3bc;g/mL, a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.75&#xa0;&#x3bc;g/mL, and a recovery of 101.95%, indicating excellent applicability. To address the response discrepancy between the generic standard and the specific AG-II analyte, we implemented a "dual-standard strategy" and determined a conversion factor (1.188), successfully establishing a quantitative link between the accessible standard and the target AG-II polysaccharides. The method was applied to analyze Lycium barbarum samples from various origins, successfully revealing significant variations in the content of AG-II across different geographical regions, providing a novel technical pathway for the precise quantification of AG-II.

Many of today's food production systems follow a linear model, where natural resources are extracted, converted into food, and discarded as waste. Efforts to reduce the environmental impact of this model have primarily focused on improving nutrient conversion efficiency. However, because linear systems are open-ended, scaling up production typically results in increased environmental costs, making sustainability goals increasingly difficult to achieve. By contrast, circular food systems (CFS) aim to recycle internal waste streams, using intermediary organisms to transform organic waste into resources that can be reused within the system. Insects are particularly promising in this context due to their dual ecological role: they convert plant and other waste into edible biomass and produce frass-a residual waste product with fertilisation potential for supporting plant growth. To assess the current state of knowledge, a structured literature review with a systematic search of peer-reviewed studies was conducted. The Web of Science Core Collection was used to search for two topic queries ("circular food system AND insect" and "circular food production system AND insect") and included all peer-reviewed articles published through December 2024. This resulted in 395 articles identified, of which 63 met the inclusion criteria, focusing on insect integration within circular food systems. Although insects are being actively studied in linear systems for their efficient biomass conversion and nutrient-rich outputs, their central role in circular food systems has so far been explored mostly through theoretical and modelling studies, with limited empirical validation. Unlocking their full potential in circular food systems requires a deeper understanding of how insects process waste, generate harvestable nutrients, and interact with other organisms in closed-loop conditions. Three urgent research priorities were identified: understanding the suitability of residual waste streams as insect feed, elucidating insect ecology and life-cycle dynamics under circular conditions, and exploring multi-species interactions within integrated systems. Because circular systems must function as simplified ecosystems with producers, decomposers, and consumers interacting across trophic levels, an ecosystem engineering approach will be needed to design and maintain them. This transition demands transdisciplinary collaboration and new ecological insights. Addressing these gaps is essential for realising the full ecological and functional potential of insects in sustainable circular food production.

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are widely used in plant-derived food cultivation. However, misuse may cause pollution and residual contamination. Challenges persist due to complex matrices and trace-level residual amounts, complicating detection in the plant foods. The present study developed a real-time direct analysis-high resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS) method to determine 31 plant growth regulator residues in Rehmannia glutinosa. Quantification was performed using a matrix-matched calibration curve combined with internal standard correction. A strong linear correlation was observed between PGR concentration and the peak area ratio, with a correlation coefficient (R2) exceeding 0.99. LOQs were lower than the lowest residue limits in EU pesticide regulation (10 &#x3bc;g/kg) for the majority of analytes. Results confirmed that the method can detect these residues, with matrix-matched calibrations yielding acceptable recovery (70.1-119.8%) and precision (<20% RSD). The method was applied to the 16 cultivated R. glutinosa samples, and a total of four compounds were detected at concentrations ranging from 0.88 to 40.78 &#x3bc;g/kg. The results demonstrated that the method was simple, accurate, and reliable, making it suitable for detecting PGRs in R. glutinosa.

Maize ear rot severely restricts maize yield and quality, making the breeding of disease-resistant varieties the core strategy for disease prevention and control. Due to the highly uneven spatial distribution of lesions on maize ears, precise full-surface detection is essential for objectively quantifying disease severity. However, traditional manual disease grading is highly subjective, and conventional RGB-based detection methods struggle to precisely identify lesion regions associated with maize ear rot. These limitations hinder the precise identification and quantitative analysis of maize ear rot infection regions, thereby limiting the reliability of phenotypic data used for resistance evaluation and subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS). To address these challenges, this study developed an integrated full-surface hyperspectral imaging system featuring line-scan imaging and synchronous rotation control. Non-redundant full-surface ear images were then generated using the oriented FAST and rotated BRIEF (ORB) algorithm combined with random sample consensus (RANSAC), hereafter referred to as ORB-RANSAC. Furthermore, after Savitzky-Golay (SG) preprocessing and feature selection using a genetic algorithm (GA), three machine learning models and three deep learning models were established, and their classification performance was compared. The results showed that the convolutional neural network-bidirectional long short-term memory network (CNN-Bi-LSTM) model achieved the best average performance, with an average overall accuracy (OA) of 95.61&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;0.36%. It also achieved higher overall accuracy than traditional machine learning models such as random forest (RF), indicating that CNN-Bi-LSTM can achieve high-precision pixel-level detection of lesion regions showing Fusarium-associated maize ear rot symptoms. Additionally, this model was deployed in locally developed automatic analysis software, enabling an integrated analysis workflow from raw hyperspectral data input to the quantification of disease-related phenotypic parameters. This study not only fills the technical gap in the non-destructive full-surface detection of maize ear rot but also provides an efficient and reliable automated tool for high-throughput phenomics research, which holds great significance for accelerating the discovery of maize resistance genes and ensuring food security.

There is growing demand for data-driven frameworks to guide robust plant restoration strategies in response to anthropogenic disturbances. Several seed-sourcing (i.e., provenancing) strategies have been proposed, which balance the use of locally adapted genotypes against mixed genotypes to reduce mutation load or assist migration to anticipate future climate scenarios. However, taxonomic uncertainty and lack of data characterizing genetic differentiation and gene flow have hindered provenancing strategies for many ecologically important non-model plant species, especially those in remote but vulnerable regions like the boreal forests of northern Canada. To guide provenancing strategies following anthropogenic disturbance in Canada's Northwest Territories, we characterize species-specific markers, population structure and hybridization among three Calamagrostis species. Double digest RAD sequencing (ddRAD) resulted in 2951 polymorphic loci across 27 individuals, which we used to design loci for genotyping in thousands by sequencing (GT-seq), a cost-efficient target loci approach resulting in 256 polymorphic loci across 93 individuals from wild C.&#x2009;canadensis, C.&#x2009;stricta ssp. inexpansa and C.&#x2009;purpurascens seed accessions. To help define the scale of 'local' populations for seed sourcing, we characterized geographic variation and population structure among 57 field-collected seed accessions. We also assessed genetic relationships of wild C.&#x2009;canadensis to 69 individuals across eight commercially maintained cultivars used in restoration projects. We found that GT-seq yields similar genetic differentiation patterns as common neutral molecular marker approaches like ddRAD-seq. Specifically, we resolve morphologically misidentified individuals, identify genetic hybrids and characterize the scale of genetic isolation-by-distance. Finally, we determined that three cultivar seed sources were genetically similar to southern wild individuals, whereas five cultivars aligned with northern wild individuals of C.&#x2009;canadensis in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Overall, our results highlight the benefits of cost-effective methods for genome-wide multi-locus genotyping to inform provenancing best-practices and support more effective and sustainable restoration efforts.

Ecosystem restoration is increasingly implemented to mitigate biodiversity loss. Epiphytes represent up to a third of tropical plant diversity and perform key ecosystem functions. Yet, they are highly vulnerable to deforestation and their recovery under restoration remains understudied. We evaluated the effect of invasive plant removal on host-structurally dependent plant (SDP) interactions in the endemic and endangered Scalesia pedunculata forest on Santa Cruz Island (Galapagos). We considered the full assemblage of SDPs, including obligate, facultative, accidental epiphytes and other phorophyte-associated plants such as vines and lianas. Using 20 paired 10&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;10&#x202f;m plots (invaded versus 11 years of restoration), we compared interaction network structure, SDP diversity and the main predictors of SDP richness. Network descriptors did not differ between treatments but restored plots supported higher richness. Richness per host increased with moss cover and host tree diameter (DBH) in sites under restoration, indicating improved host suitability. The endemic S. pedunculata was identified as a keystone host, with the highest species strength and degree. However, its lack of regeneration in invaded plots threatens long-term SDP persistence. Our findings demonstrate that restoration enhanced SDP richness by fostering suitable hosts, highlighting the relevance of integrating biotic interactions into restoration planning and monitoring.

Secretory cavities and canals are traditionally treated as distinct anatomical categories and widely employed as diagnostic characters in taxonomic studies. However, their coexistence or the presence of intermediate forms in the same individual or organ points to a more intricate developmental relationship. The mechanisms underlying their formation and structural differentiation, particularly the boundaries between cavities and canals, remain insufficiently understood. In this study, we selected Myrsine guianensis (Aubl.) Kuntze (Primulaceae) because it displays globose and elliptical cavities alongside linear, canal-like secretory spaces. This condition raises a fundamental question: do these structures represent two discrete types of secretory spaces, or are they transitional forms along a developmental continuum? To address this question, we investigated the secretory spaces from a developmental point of view using light and transmission electron microscopy. Secretory cavities originated from the fundamental meristem through a schizolysigenous process, giving rise to a lumen lined by a uniseriate secretory epithelium and surrounded by one or two layers of sheath cells. Epithelial cells exhibited ultrastructural features indicative of intense metabolic activity associated with oil-resin synthesis. Secretion involved pronounced cell-wall remodeling, transient periplasmic spaces, and the replacement of senescent epithelial cells. A shift from resin- and phenolic-rich secretion to predominantly oil-rich secretion coincided with epithelial senescence and the recruitment of sheath cells, thereby sustaining secretory activity. The fusion of adjacent cavities, epithelial reorganization, and progressive lumen expansion produced transitional forms between globose and elongated structures, supporting the existence of a developmental cavity-canal continuum. This structural plasticity challenges the view of secretory spaces as discrete anatomical entities and suggests that spatial constraints during morphogenesis contribute to their diversification.

Invasive species are a threat to ecological and anthropogenic systems. In the United States, policies to coordinate funding and precipitate management action have been slow to emerge at the federal level, and there is a patchwork of regulation and legislation at the state level. This means that managers and policymakers, already facing limited budgets and evolving goals for action on invasive species, also face detrimental policy inconsistencies across states. Although previous research has explored state-level invasive plant policy, policy relating to invasive invertebrate and vertebrate taxa (and across all three) is understudied. We expand upon previous taxa-limited examinations of public policy related to invasives, looking across all taxonomic groups, including plants, to explore coherency of state regulations. We expanded the taxonomicscope of a database of policies in 21 contiguous eastern US states and used it to examine (in)consistencies in spatial trends for invasive species listed in policies across and within taxonomic groups. We examined the coherency of neighboring states and regional overlap of named species. We also analyzed correlations between distances among states and the species listed in the policy to examine regional trends. We found 1117 policy segments relevant to invasive species with 448 naming at least one taxon at the genus or species level. Of these, 35.3% were plants, 19.9% were invertebrates, and 44.8% were vertebrates. The distribution of taxa contained within policies varied across states, underscoring high variability in the proportion of taxa listed in the policies of neighboring states. Even lower policy coherency existed at the regional scale, particularly for invertebrate and vertebrate taxa. Our results indicate that policy inconsistency exists across all taxonomic groups, and the lack of attention to invasive invertebrates and vertebrates across state policies is particularly concerning. Policy inconsistency means that proactive states are susceptible to invasion from neighboring states where invasives are not similarly regulated. There is an opportunity to improve coordination between states to reduce vulnerability to invasives due to policy inconsistency.

A photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor based on bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) nanoflower/biomass carbon (BiOI@BC) was fabricated for in-situ detecting abscisic acid (ABA) in tomato leaves under salt stress. Shrimp shells-derived biomass carbon acted as an enhanced carrier, and the biomass carbon improves the PEC performance of BiOI by extending the visible light absorption range and promoting the charge transfer of pure BiOI nanoflower. The BiOI@BC exhibited high photocurrent, which was about 19 times in contrast to pristine BiOI, attributing to the synergistic effects of biomass carbon self-doped with N, P, and S atoms. Furthermore, a PEC aptasensing platform was developed for the sensitive and selective determination of ABA, with a wide linear range from 0.1 to 1000 pM and a remarkably low detection limit of 0.03 pM. The practical applicability of the device was further validated by on-site monitoring of ABA levels in tomato leaves under salt stress, demonstrating good stability and accuracy. This work provides a robust strategy for real-time phytohormone detection, facilitating precise crop regulation in plant biology and agriculture.

Recent advances in human neuroimaging combined with machine learning have enabled identification of neural signatures representing various internal states, providing a promising framework for developing objective biomarkers. However, no study has investigated neural signatures that can reliably identify and distinguish itch and pain. Such neural signatures were explored in the present study using functional MRI (fMRI) and support vector machine (SVM). We measured brain activity in 33 healthy participants under cowhage-induced itch, mustard oil-induced pain, and control conditions using fMRI. We made seed-based functional connectivity images (R-images), where seed brain regions were the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and bilateral anterior insular cortex (aIC). We conducted a cross-validated and bootstrapped SVM using R-images to identify key brain regions with weights that were important to identify and distinguish itch and pain (threshold to identify these regions: p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). These neural signatures of itch and pain were applied to test sets of R-images to examine classification performance (Itch vs. Control or Pain). These signatures showed excellent classification capability, in particular when combining multiple signatures (area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic curve: >&#x2009;0.9, accuracy: >&#x2009;90%). This is the first neuroimaging study to explore neural signatures that can reliably detect and distinguish itch and pain using machine learning. Our approach using seed-based functional connectivity images combined with cross-validated and bootstrapped SVM demonstrated high classification performance. The present study serves as a proof-of-concept demonstrating the feasibility of this approach to develop brain-based biomarkers for assessing itch and pain. This is the first study to identify neural signatures of itch and pain. These signatures reveal distinct brain network patterns representing itch and pain, enabling reliable detection and differentiation of these two sensations based on brain activity. These signatures hold strong potential for the development of objective assessments of itch and pain.

Influenza D virus (IDV) is an emerging orthomyxovirus with cattle as its principal reservoir, and D/Yama2019-lineage viruses have become dominant in East Asia. Although IDV has been detected in Korean cattle, the genomic identity, phylogenetic placement, and regional evolutionary relationships of circulating Korean strains have not been defined. To address these gaps, nasal swabs were collected from 578 cattle with mild respiratory signs on 157 farms across eight provinces in South Korea during 2022-2023 and screened by RT-qPCR targeting the PB1 gene. Positive samples underwent complete genome sequencing of all seven segments, followed by maximum-likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses, discrete phylogeographic inference using a Bayesian stochastic search variable selection (BSSVS) model, and positive selection analyses. Six samples from three farms were IDV-positive (sample-level positivity: 1.04%; farm-level positivity: 1.9%), all from 8-to-10-month-old calves. Phylogenetic analysis of all seven genomic segments placed all six Korean strains within the D/Yama2019 lineage with strong bootstrap support (99%-100%), forming a monophyletic cluster more closely related to Chinese than to Japanese D/Yama2019 reference strains. No phylogenetic evidence of reassortment was detected. Bayesian time-scaled analysis estimated the most recent common ancestor of the Korean strains at ~2018.1-2020.1 across all seven segments. HEF-based BSSVS analysis suggested a China-to-South Korea transition within the sampled dataset (posterior probability (PP)&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.982; Bayes factor (BF)&#x2009;=&#x2009;163.67), although this result should be interpreted in light of the small number of Korean sequences and the single-segment basis of the phylogeographic analysis. Positive selection analyses revealed limited, method-dependent signals without support from the fixed effects likelihood model, and Korean-associated amino acid substitutions in PB1, P3, NS1, and NS2 were interpreted as lineage-associated molecular signatures rather than evidence of adaptive evolution. These findings provide a whole-genome baseline for IDV surveillance in South Korea and support continued longitudinal monitoring to clarify the persistence and transmission dynamics of D/Yama2019-lineage viruses in the region.