A novel ternary composite of zirconium-based supramolecular organic framework/fullerene@strontium-based metal-organic framework (Zr-SOF/C60@Sr-MOF) was synthesized and adopted as an electrode modifier to construct a high-sensitivity electrochemical sensor for ciprofloxacin (CIP) determination. The composition and morphology of the material were confirmed by SEM, TEM, XPS, XRD and FT-IR. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to evaluate the electron-transfer properties and interfacial behavior of the modified electrodes, and square wave voltammetry (SWV) was employed for the sensitive and quantitative detection of the target analyte. The results reveal that the composite inherits the abundant porous structure of Zr-SOF, the expansive specific surface area of Sr-MOF and excellent electron transfer capability of fullerene. The sensor enables accurate CIP detection in the linear range 5.0 nM-1000 µM, with a detection limit of 7.0 nM (S/N = 3), along with satisfactory selectivity, reproducibility and long-term stability. Practical application was validated in lake water, tap water and milk samples, yielding recoveries of 95.3%-101.63%. This work provides new insights into SOF/MOF-based electrochemical sensing and establishes an efficient strategy for rapid on-site detection of CIP antibiotics in environmental and food matrices.
With the phosphate fertilizer industry expanding to meet rising global demand, it generates substantial quantities of phosphogypsum (PG), a by-product with complex composition. The environmental challenges associated with long-term PG storage are becoming increasingly severe. This paper reviews the research progress and future prospects of PG from three perspectives: its compositional characteristics, pretreatment technologies and utilization. The Physicochemical characterization of PG are presented, and the correlations between various impurity components and application pathways are summarized. The characteristics and application scenarios of PG pretreatment technologies are discussed. Physical, chemical, and thermal treatment methods are found to be inadequate in impurity removal and associated with high costs. Biowashing method is recognized as a green approach with significant potential for impurity removal, and the development of "microbial-enzyme synergy" technologies and screen acid-resistant strains is required to balance cost reduction and safety. The current applications and limitations of PG in construction industry, agriculture, chemical industry and environment are summarized. Critical challenges include impurity-induced restrictions and the necessity for rigorous safety assessments in short-term (highway engineering) and long-term (artificial soil) large-scale applications. Finally, future research directions are proposed: screening acid-tolerant microorganisms, recovering high-value elements with low carbon emissions, evaluating the long-term performance of road materials, and optimizing the ecological safety of artificial soils. These efforts aim to promote the green treatment, efficient utilization and ecological recycling of PG.
Chlorpyrifos (CPF), a persistent organic pollutant prevalent in the environment, has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer through mechanisms that remain incompletely elucidated. Since microorganisms are more susceptible to CPF than animals, this study employed a 24-week exposure mouse model to investigate the impacts of environmental-dose CPF (2 and 20 μg/kg) on gut microbiota (GM), microbial metabolites, and breast tumor growth. Our findings revealed that chronic CPF exposure reduced bacterial α diversity with a significant proliferation of Clostridium and Alloprevotella within the gut. This microbial dysbiosis led to elevated levels of microbial metabolites such as acetate, propionate, and deoxycholic acid in serum and tumor tissues, with increases ranging from 2.14 to 3.18-fold. Notably, CPF exposure was terminated before tumor inoculation, but the altered microbial metabolites continued to promote the tumor growth by reprogramming tumor metabolism. Through untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics analyses, the increased microbial metabolites were found to be strongly associated with a series of enhanced metabolic processes for tumor proliferation, including tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, purine and pyrimidine synthesis, triglyceride degradation, and phospholipid synthesis. This study suggests an indirect mechanism by which CPF exposure promotes the growth of breast tumors, specifically through alterations in GM and microbial metabolite profiles. This underscores the pivotal role of GM-derived metabolites as critical mediators in the toxicity of low-dose pesticide exposure.
Although understanding the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles is essential to studying their impact on climate and health, information on the viscosity of nanoparticles composed of organic and inorganic salts, as well as the aging process with soluble polluting gases is still rare. In this work, based on a high contrast imaging device enabled by the photonic chip, we measured the hygroscopic growth factors (GFs) of nanoparticles of KCl and glucose mixed in different organic and inorganic dry mass ratios (OIRs). In addition, we also proposed a viscosity retrieval method to quantify the viscosity of the nanoparticles at different relative humidities (RHs) according to the Arrhenius mixing rule and Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson approach. Moreover, the retrieval viscosities after deliquescence are almost in perfect agreement with the predicted curves from the Aerosol Inorganic-Organic Mixtures Functional groups Activity Coefficients Viscosity model. Furthermore, the hygroscopic GFs of the components other than glucose in the aged mixed-component particles after deliquescence is slightly higher than that of the aged single component KCl. This might be due to the viscosity of the organic components cause a delay in the volatilization of HCl gas and the formation of K2SO4. For instance, the calculated GFs for the aged mixtures with OIRs of 1:3,1:1 and 3:1 are 1.61, 1.62 and 1.66 at 90 % RH, respectively, while the GF of the aged single component KCl is about 1.60. These results are expected to provide theoretical reference for the future field observation of the various physicochemical property of ambient aerosol samples.
Dissolved sulfides are widely distributed in anoxic soils and sediments and can readily reduce the ubiquitous iron(hydro)oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), which strongly adsorb extracellular antibiotic resistance genes (eARGs) and thus inhibit their transformation activity. Here, we investigated whether and to what extent sulfide-induced reductive dissolution of IONPs affects the release and transformation potential of adsorbed eARGs. As the concentration of Na2S increased from 0.05 to 5 mmol/L, the release ratios of adsorbed plasmid from hematite nanoparticles (HNPs) and goethite nanoparticles (GNPs) increased from 0.8 % and 0.6 % to 91 % and 75 %, respectively, with the presence of Pahokee Peat Humic Acid (PPHA, 10 mg C/L). However, in the absence of PPHA, no plasmid was released regardless of the concentration of Na2S. Remarkably, increasing sulfide concentration concurrently reduced the activity of released plasmid to transform Escherichia coli DH5α. This observed much lower transformation activity was accounted for by sulfide-induced deactivation reaction of released plasmid. Intriguingly, PPHA played dual and opposing roles in mediating the transformation activity of released plasmid: an accelerator that prevented re-adsorption of released plasmid back to IONPs and to newly formed FeS, and a suppressor that facilitated electron transfer from sulfides to plasmid to exacerbate its deactivation. Considering the ubiquitous presence of sulfides in anoxic environments and their crucial role in iron cycling, the sulfide-induced release of IONPs-bound eARGs is particularly important and deserves serious consideration when assessing eARGs' fate and the potential for horizontal transfer to bacteria.
The increasing detection of emerging organic pollutants (EOPs) in the environment raises concerns about ecological impacts and human health risks, requiring urgent research on degradation pathways and environmental fate. Microbial degradation of EOPs often proceeds concurrently with the metabolism of other pollutants and typically manifests as a co-metabolic process in environmental media. Studying the mechanism of co-metabolism can realistically simulate environmental conditions and elucidate the behavioral mechanisms and ecological impacts of EOPs. This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms of pollutant metabolism and co-metabolic degradation at the molecular level, with a focus on identifying and characterizing the key enzyme systems in metabolic and co-metabolic pathways. Based on these findings, it further proposes key regulatory parameters and engineering strategies to optimize the metabolic and co-metabolic processes, thereby laying a solid theoretical and technical foundation for the development of bioremediation technologies with high specificity, high efficiency, and environmental compatibility. Moreover, by elucidating the microbial metabolism and co-metabolism processes, this work provides innovative research ideas and methodological support for developing advanced bioremediation technologies, facilitating the green and sustainable treatment of environmental pollutants.
Microplastics (MPs) have gained increasing scientific attention for their complex and far-reaching impacts on aquatic ecosystems, particularly through their interactions with elemental biogeochemical cycles. As an essential nutrient, phosphorus (P) plays a pivotal role in sustaining biological productivity in aquatic environments, yet its transport and fate are substantially altered by the presence of MPs. This review synthesizes findings from 38 peer reviewed studies to elucidate how MPs influence P cycling at aquatic interfaces. MPs serve as dynamic participants in P cycling. They affect P dynamics through dose dependent effects, physical interference, and both direct and indirect biochemical pathways, with incompletely degraded MPs having more pronounced impacts. By altering habitat conditions and offering new surfaces for colonization, MPs reshape microbial communities and the expression of functional genes involved in P metabolism. Modifications in surface reactivity, ion exchange equilibrium, and redox processes further influence the migration and transformation of P. These interactions are largely governed by the physicochemical properties of MPs and ambient environmental conditions, with particle size and abundance identified as key determinants of total phosphorus in natural waters. Although laboratory experiments have yielded valuable mechanistic insights, they frequently fail to replicate in situ complexity, underscoring the need for more realistic, long-term studies. This review also highlights potential mitigation strategies, including biodegradable MPs, microbial remediation, and ecosystem-based engineering. By addressing a critical research gap, it emphasizes the importance of integrating MPs into nutrient cycling frameworks and aquatic ecosystem management.
Rare earth elements (REEs) are commonly found in minerals such as monazite and xenotime and often occur in association with tin deposits. These minerals also contain significant amounts of natural radionuclides, uranium (U) and thorium (Th). Mining residues and their weathering can contaminate ecosystems. This study aimed to evaluate the natural background levels, fractionation, distribution, possible sources, and ecological risk of REEs in soils from different locations on Phuket Island, southern Thailand, which was once the main center of tin mining. The correlations between REEs, U, and Th and radiological hazard were also investigated. The results showed that the REEs content ranged from 0.14 to 1287.13 mg/kg, with an average of 344.85 mg/kg. The chondrite-normalized REEs patterns showed enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and depletion in heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). Most of the soils showed negative Ce and Eu anomalies, indicating weathering of granitic rock. The enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), and potential ecological risk (PERI) of REEs in most soils were classified as moderate enrichment, moderately contaminated, and low ecological risk, respectively. The mean activity concentration of 226Ra (149.3 Bq/kg), 232Th (104.7 Bq/kg), and 40K (825.2 Bq/kg), and the radiological hazard indices were slightly higher than the recommended safe limits of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR 2008 and 2000). The results of this study can be used as a background for tracking environmental changes and developing safety strategies.
Evidence regarding the effects of particulate matter (PM) exposure on hepatic glucose metabolism and insulin resistance is limited, and its mechanisms remain unclear. Macrophages, as key regulators of the liver microenvironment, may mediate PM-induced metabolic processes. This study used an individually ventilated cage (IVC)-based real-ambient PM exposure system mouse model, co-cultured macrophages and hepatocytes, and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (Nlrp3)-knockdown model to investigate the impact of macrophages on hepatic insulin resistance (IR) and glucose metabolism under PM exposure. Our findings revealed that glycogen storage was impaired, insulin signaling was suppressed, the mRNA expression of glucose metabolism-related genes was altered, and the number of macrophages increased in the mouse liver after 15 weeks of PM exposure. Additionally, PM exposed mice exhibited reduced glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. In the transwell co-culture model, macrophages exposed to PM for 72 h exhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β release, which were associated with lysosomal damage and cathepsin B release, accompanied by inhibition of insulin signaling and abnormal expression of glucose metabolism-related genes in hepatocytes. In vitro inhibition of NLRP3 and in vivo knockdown of Nlrp3 significantly attenuated these effects of PM exposure. Additionally, IL-1β inhibition improved glucose metabolism abnormalities. These findings reflect specific effects on insulin signaling and glucose metabolism mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome or IL-1β. These results suggest that PM exposure leading to macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β release is an important cause of abnormal hepatic glucose metabolism, providing new insights into the underlying mechanisms of PM-related hepatic glucose metabolism and IR.
Blixaea quinquecornis (Abé) Gottschling is a monotypic and cosmopolitan marine dinoflagellate with a Chaetoceros derived tertiary plastid (a dinotom). An extensive bloom of B. quinquecornis that covered 80 km² and extended to 15 km away from the coastline occurred at the Brazilian Northeast coast. B. quinquecornis abundances of 2.3 × 10⁶ cells/L were recorded, causing water discoloration. Molecular analysis of field cells confirmed the identity of B. quinquecornis and the diatom Chaetoceros tenuissimus Meunier, that was found in close association with the dinoflagellate. B. quinquecornis presented the typical morphology of the species, with a conical epitheca, and hypotheca with four antapical spines. Mean cell length was 23.3 ± 2.8 µm and width 19.5 ± 2.8 µm. Toxin screening (PSTs, palytoxins, brevetoxins) showed negative results, though the presence of a putative new palytoxin analogue cannot be excluded. This study presented the first comprehensive characterization of B. quinquecornis, combining morphological description, molecular phylogeny and toxin screening, and contributed with the second molecular sequence of this species. It is noteworthy that B. quinquecornis was found in close association with Chaetoceros tenuissimus, the original diatom-derived tertiary plastid in B. quinquecornis. Future research should prioritize establishing cultures of B. quinquecornis to definitively resolve the nature of its plastid association (kleptoplastidy vs. permanent endosymbiosis) and to enable more comprehensive toxin biosynthesis investigations.
As global food demand is projected to rise in the future due to population growth, animal husbandry has been increasingly promoted worldwide. Yet, pharmaceuticals are extensively used for animal husbandry to prevent disease outbreaks, possibly posing human health risks via consumption of pharmaceutical-contaminated animals. Using a typical bullfrog farm as the study site, this study assessed the accumulation of pharmaceuticals in bullfrogs at different ages (juveniles vs. adults) from different origins (cultured vs. wild). The health risk of bullfrog consumption was then evaluated with the consideration of different cooking methods (steaming, pan-frying and deep-frying). Different types of pharmaceuticals were detected in the culture ponds, where sulfonamides (SAs) and fluoroquinolones (FQs) were predominant in water and sediment (> 60 % of total pharmaceutical concentration), respectively. Regardless of ages and origins, the intestine and stomach of bullfrogs had higher pharmaceutical concentrations than their muscle, skin and liver. Wild bullfrogs tended to accumulate more pharmaceuticals, particularly FQs, than cultured bullfrogs. Nevertheless, the health risk of bullfrog consumption was low (HR < 1), especially when the bullfrogs were well cooked by steaming that reduced pharmaceutical concentrations. This risk can be further lowered by avoiding the consumption of internal organs. Taken together, this study provides useful guidance for the public to minimize dietary intake of persistent pollutants and suggests that proper use of pharmaceuticals is promising for producing safe animal food products on a large scale, possibly serving as an important solution to the future increase in global food demand.
Urban biodiversity theories, such as the luxury and legacy effects, have been developed mainly in low-altitude, temperate, and long-urbanized cities. Whether these frameworks hold under extreme high-altitude conditions remains unclear, and the rapidly advancing urbanization on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), one of the world's most climatically constrained and ecologically sensitive regions, provides a critical setting to test their applicability. Against this backdrop, residential areas-as critical components of urban ecosystems-provide an important lens for understanding how natural and anthropogenic factors jointly shape urban plant diversity. To investigate these dynamics, we conducted field surveys of 598 plant species across 34 residential areas in 15 plateau cities and assessed the influence of architectural, climatic, socioeconomic, and landscape variables at both residential and plot scales. The flora was dominated by native and spontaneous herbaceous plants, indicating strong environmental filtering associated with high elevation. Socioeconomic indicators, particularly GDP, exhibited the strongest significant positive relationships with diversity indexes, demonstrating the relatively pronounced luxury effect despite severe climatic constraints. By contrast, both residential age (time since construction) and historical land use types showed limited explanatory power for current plant diversity, indicating no detectable legacy signal given current data. Climatic gradients and landscape fragmentation further limited plant diversity, especially in higher-altitude and structurally complex residential environments. Overall, the results show that socioeconomic investment and landscape configuration outweigh architectural attributes in shaping residential plant diversity. These findings underscore the need for context-specific greening strategies and equitable resource allocation to support biodiversity in rapidly transforming high-altitude cities.
Studying the migration and transformation behaviors of trace elements during lignite combustion holds significant applied value and strategic importance for guiding the recovery of valuable metals from coal, controlling the emission of toxic pollutants, and supporting the development of clean and efficient utilization for lignite. This study investigates the occurrence characteristics and migration of trace elements (Ge, As, Sb, Pb, Zn and W) during lignite combustion under varying roasting temperatures and oxygen concentrations. Thermodynamic analysis shows that high-valent oxides of trace elements can be readily reduced to low-valent oxides or elemental species by CO or H2. Experiment results indicate that the volatilization efficiencies of trace elements increase with the increasing combustion temperature, while it decreases with the increasing O2 concentrations. Under 21 % O2 concentration, the volatilization efficiencies of Sb and Zn consistently remained above 90 % across combustion temperatures. While the volatilization efficiencies of Ge, As, Pb and W markedly increased from 5.14 %, 3.50 %, 12.36 % and 7.57 % at 773 K to 97.83 %, 97.56 %, 91.93 % and 24.48 % at 1473 K, respectively. Fixed the combustion temperature at 1373 K, the volatilization efficiencies of Ge and Pb moderately decreased from 97.37 % and 93.70 % to 88.52 % and 83.94 %, respectively, with the O2 concentration increasing from 0 to 21 vol.%. Conversely, the volatilization efficiency of As significantly decreased from 95.31 % to 68.76 %. This finding provides theoretical basis and technical support for the clean and efficient utilization of germanium-containing lignite.
The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the loading and unloading of organic liquids in chemical-industrial parks has yet to receive widespread scholarly attention, despite its pronounced impact on front-line operators. This study presents a comparative field investigation of VOC emissions from loading/unloading operations at six chemical enterprises in an East China industrial park, using photochemical assessment monitoring stations (PAMS) and TO-15 methods for species-resolved quantification. Subsequently, a quantitative analysis was conducted to assess ozone formation potential (OFP), toxification, and an on-site health risk evaluation, encompassing six representative companies. This research builds upon previous studies by expanding both the number of facilities investigated and the diversity of species detected. The findings reveal that halohydrocarbons, alkenes, and aromatics, which together account for 96 % of total emissions, are the primary contributors to VOC emissions in these companies. Of these, alkenes contribute the most significantly to OFP, a result that aligns with similar studies. Furthermore, compounds such as 1,3-butadiene and benzene emerge as substantial contributors to long-term health risks, with aromatics serving as major agents for both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects. These findings provide crucial insights for the development of VOCs control strategies for process flows involving the loading and unloading of organic liquids in chemical industrial parks.
Photodegradation is gaining attention as an effective approach for treating wastewater, especially for removing organic pollutants. In this work, we present an environmentally friendly green route to synthesize titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles using Syzygium cumini leaf extract as a reducing and capping agent. Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared using Hummers' method, and the TiO₂/GO nanocomposite was subsequently formed via a hydrothermal process. This green synthesis route offers a sustainable, non-toxic, and low-cost alternative to conventional methods. The materials were thoroughly characterized using XRD and FTIR to confirm their composition, SEM and TEM for morphological analysis, and UV-DRS to study their optical properties. The photocatalytic performance was evaluated through the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in water. The TiO₂/GO nanocomposites achieved an impressive 99.2 % degradation of methylene blue (MB) after 240 min. Good stability was maintained over three reuse cycles, with a degradation efficiency of 70.7 % and a rate constant of 0.01167 h⁻¹, following a first-order kinetic model. The computational investigation of the molecular orbitals of MB also helps to elucidate its photoinduced reactivity, offering valuable insights into the underlying pathways of the photocatalytic process. These results highlight the potential of green-synthesized TiO2/GO nanocomposites as efficient and reusable photocatalysts for water purification.
Nitryl chloride (ClNO2), an important precursor of chlorine radicals (Cl), significantly enhances atmospheric oxidative capacity (AOC) during early morning hours. Previous studies have shown that ClNO2 exhibits distinct vertical characteristics, with concentrations typically higher in coastal areas, raising concerns about chlorine-induced pollution. This study investigates the vertical formation of ClNO2 in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), focusing on the contribution of sea spray aerosol (SSA). Using field observations and WRF-CMAQ model simulations, we assess the impact of SSA on nocturnal heterogeneous reactions driving ClNO2 formation. The observations show that ClNO2 mixing ratios are significantly higher in the upper boundary layer (∼200 m) compared to surface measurements, with peak mixing ratios occurring in the early morning. Air mass trajectory analysis shows that the marine air masses are primarily responsible for elevated ClNO2 levels aloft. The maximum contribution of SSA to ClNO2 yield is found to be more than 95 % of the total yield. Process analysis identifies the upper boundary layer as the critical region for ClNO2 formation, with SSA playing a dominant role. Moreover, SSA not only enhances ClNO2 production but also increases the mixing ratios of chlorine and hydroxyl radicals at higher altitudes the following day (∼400 m), significantly boosting AOC, with an increase in AOC of up to 10 %. These findings highlight the pivotal role of SSA in modulating vertical ClNO2 formation and its broader impacts on regional air quality, particularly in coastal areas.
Antibiotic resistance has arisen as a formidable challenge to global health governance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have garnered considerable attention as highly potent alternative to antibiotic for preventing resistant pathogens. In this study, the AMP Hidefensin5 (Hi5), derived from Hermetia illucens, was designed and exhibited antibacterial activity against gram-negative pathogenic bacteria at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Furthermore, the ecological effects of applying crude Hi5 fermentation and purified Hi5 as feed additives on the structure of the gut microbiota and the antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profile of zebrafish were assessed. The findings indicated that compared with unpurified Hi5, purified Hi5 markedly enhanced the microbial α-diversity and simultaneously reduced the accumulation of pathogenic bacteria (PBs) and the prevalence of drug resistance-related metabolic pathways, as well as the energy metabolic burden within the gut microbiota. With respect to the ARG resistome, purified Hi5 application reduced the absolute ARG abundances across risk ranks I to IV and the co-association patterns of ARGs-mobile genetic elements-PBs, whereas unpurified Hi5 increased the risk of pathogens developing drug resistance. This study confirmed that purified AMP application contributed to hindering the development of drug-resistant PBs, providing a valuable reference for antimicrobial resistance risk management in antibiotic-free aquaculture.
The ubiquitous presence of microplastics (MPs) in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated environments may hinder microbial bioremediation through adsorption and toxicity effects; however, their specific effects on PCB-degrading bacteria remain unclear. In this study, the effects of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), each at particle sizes of 25 μm and 250 μm, on the growth and Aroclor 1242-degrading capability of the resuscitated strain Achromobacter sp. HR2 were systematically evaluated. In addition, MP-induced alterations in the expression of functional genes, antioxidant enzyme activity, and morphological and physiological characteristics were assessed. The results revealed that MPs significantly inhibited microbial growth and PCB degradation in a size-dependent manner, with PS25 causing the greatest inhibition. Transcriptional analysis showed significant downregulation of key degradation genes (bphB, bphD, pobA, pcaGH, and pcaB) in MP-amended groups, with PS25 eliciting the most pronounced repression. MPs also induced elevated levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, accompanied by enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, indicating activation of the bacterial antioxidant defense system. Morphological and physiological disturbances were more pronounced with smaller (25 μm) MPs. This study provides valuable insights into the evaluation of microbial bioremediation performance in environments co-contaminated with MPs and PCBs.
To analyze the interplay between family history of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular health (CVH) in relation to T2D onset age and subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. A total of 79 831 participants were included to investigate the association between family history and T2D onset age. Then, 7387 diagnosed T2D patients were 1:1 matched with non-T2D individuals to analyze the association of T2D onset age with subsequent CVD risk. The benefit of good CVH was further assessed. Stratified Cox regression and conditional Cox regression were performed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Family history was associated with younger T2D onset, with an approximately 2.4-year earlier onset of T2D, which further increased the subsequent risk of CVD. Compared with individuals without family history, those with family history had HRs (95% CIs) of 3.911 (3.041, 5.032), 3.785 (3.385, 4.233), 3.627 (3.340, 3.938), 3.465 (3.189, 3.764), and 3.169 (2.787, 3.603) for T2D onset at < 40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, and ≥ 70 years old, respectively (Pinteraction = 0.007). Among individuals with family history, HR (95% CI) for incident CVD was 3.598 (1.372, 9.433) for those diagnosed T2D < 50 years compared with those without T2D, while the HR (95% CI) was 2.336 (1.232, 4.428) among those without family history. However, high CVH could mitigate risk of young-onset T2D, and could further decrease CVD risk after their T2D diagnosis. Having family history of T2D increased susceptibility to young-onset T2D and subsequent CVD risks, while ideal CVH could counteract these risks, highlighting the necessity of early screening and intervention.
The Na containing SSZ-13 is usually used for the synthesis of Cu-SSZ-13 after being converted to proton or ammonium form of SSZ-13 by washing with high-concentration NH4NO3/NH4Cl solution (1.0 mol/L) for several times, followed by washing with numerous DI water. In this work, we developed a liquid ion exchange (IE) method for the synthesis of Cu-SSZ-13 directly using SSZ-13 that contains 0.88 wt.% Na. The Na can be replaced by Cu ions in the Cu nitrate solution, leading to the facilitation in the rate of ion exchange of Cu compared with the H-SSZ-13. When the Cu was introduced to SSZ-13 by novel impregnation (NIM) method, since the Na will compete with the Cu for the ion exchange sites of SSZ-13, most of the Na needs be simply removed by washing with dilute NH4Cl (0.01 mol/L). Interestingly, the residual Na not only acts as Al protectors but also promotes the formation of [Cu(OH)]+-Z which possesses higher low-temperature activity. The proper amount of Na exists in SSZ-13 is beneficial for the synthesis of Cu-SSZ-13 with excellent hydrothermal stability and deNOx activity simultaneously no matter IE or impregnation method was used. Thus, we propose that the Na containing SSZ-13 is more competitive than H-SSZ-13 which is usually employed in scientific research and industrial manufacture.