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Artificial intelligence (AI) is widely regarded as a key technology for the further development of medical care. Its performance, however, depends less on algorithmic innovations than on the quality, availability and interoperability of medical data. This article outlines the foundations of medical AI, current fields of application, with a particular focus on oncology as well as the relevant ethical, legal and quality assurance frameworks. Central to the discussion is the hypothesis that AI can only realize its full potential if it is built upon FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable), semantically interoperable and standardized data and infrastructures. The AI is not an optional add-on but a necessary infrastructural prerequisite for modern medicine. Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) gilt als Schlüsseltechnologie für die Weiterentwicklung der medizinischen Versorgung. Ihre Leistungsfähigkeit hängt jedoch nicht primär von algorithmischen Innovationen, sondern von der Qualität, Verfügbarkeit und Interoperabilität medizinischer Daten ab. Der vorliegende Beitrag skizziert die Grundlagen medizinischer KI, aktuelle Anwendungsfelder – mit besonderem Fokus auf die Onkologie – sowie ethische, rechtliche und qualitätssichernde Rahmenbedingungen. Künstliche Intelligenz kann nur dann ihr Potenzial entfalten, wenn sie auf „FAIRen“, semantisch interoperablen und standardisierten Daten und deren Infrastrukturen aufsetzt. Künstliche Intelligenz ist keine optionale Ergänzung, sondern eine notwendige infrastrukturelle Voraussetzung moderner Medizin.
Metabolic bone disorders are common, albeit underestimated, causes of fractures and chronic bone pain in internal medicine. They can remain asymptomatic for long periods and are frequently only diagnosed when insufficiency fractures occur. The aim of this review article is to discuss common and rare metabolic bone disorders and to outline a practice-oriented diagnostic approach. Narrative review of current literature with particular emphasis on clinically relevant differential diagnoses and diagnostic algorithms. In addition to secondary osteoporosis, disorders of calcium and phosphate metabolism play a central role. Important differential diagnoses include primary hyperparathyroidism, genetic osteopathies, hypophosphatasia, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)-mediated hypophosphataemia. Crucial for diagnosis are a structured medical history, the measurement of calcium, phosphate, magnesium, parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase, as well as, where necessary, further parameters such as tubular maximum for phosphate reabsorption per glomerular filtration rate (TMP/GFR) and FGF23. Magnetic resonance imaging is essential for detecting insufficiency fractures. A systematic approach to the diagnosis of metabolic bone diseases is crucial, as this directly determines different therapeutic implications, and specific treatment options are increasingly becoming available. HINTERGRUND: Metabolische Knochenerkrankungen sind häufige, jedoch oft unterschätzte Ursachen für Frakturen und chronische Knochenschmerzen in der Inneren Medizin. Sie können lange asymptomatisch verlaufen und werden nicht selten erst im Rahmen von Insuffizienzfrakturen diagnostiziert. Ziel dieses Übersichtsbeitrags ist es, häufige und seltene metabolische Knochenerkrankungen darzustellen und ein praxisorientiertes diagnostisches Vorgehen zu vermitteln. Narrative Übersicht aktueller Literatur unter besonderer Berücksichtigung klinisch relevanter Differenzialdiagnosen und diagnostischer Algorithmen. Neben der sekundären Osteoporose spielen insbesondere Störungen des Kalzium- und Phosphatstoffwechsels eine zentrale Rolle. Wichtige Differenzialdiagnosen umfassen den primären Hyperparathyreoidismus, genetische Osteopathien, Hypophosphatasie sowie Fibroblast-growth-factor-23(FGF23)-vermittelte Hypophosphatämien. Entscheidend für die Diagnostik sind eine strukturierte Anamnese, die Bestimmung von Kalzium, Phosphat, Magnesium, Parathormon und alkalischer Phosphatase sowie bei Bedarf weiterführende Parameter wie das Verhältnis der maximalen tubulären Phosphatrückresorption (TMP) zur glomerulären Filtrationsrate (GFR) und FGF23. Die Magnetresonanztomographie ist essenziell zum Nachweis von Insuffizienzfrakturen. Eine systematische Diagnostik metabolischer Knochenerkrankungen ist entscheidend, da sich hieraus unmittelbar unterschiedliche therapeutische Konsequenzen ergeben und zunehmend spezifische Therapieoptionen zur Verfügung stehen.
The development and use of artificial intelligence (AI)-supported medicine does not take place in a legal vacuum but within a traditional and well-established ethical and legal framework. Relevant legal issues relate to compensation for malpractice, criminal responsibility and data protection. Added to this is the European Union's new AI Act. These regulations must be applied in such a way that the use of AI in medicine is not prevented but only restricted and controlled in the interests of the patients. Die Entwicklung und der Einsatz KI-gestützter Medizin findet nicht in einem rechtsfreien Raum statt, sondern innerhalb eines tradierten und wohlbewährten ethischen und rechtlichen Rahmens. Einschlägige Rechtsfragen beziehen sich auf Schadensersatz wegen Fehlbehandlungen, strafrechtliche Verantwortung und Datenschutz. Hinzu tritt die neue KI-Verordnung der Europäischen Union. Es gilt, diese Regelungen so anzuwenden, dass der Einsatz von KI in der Medizin nicht verhindert, sondern nur eingehegt und im Interesse der Patienten gesteuert wird.
Osteoporosis affects approximately 6 million people in Germany, both women and men, making it one of the most significant common diseases. Fractures as a typical manifestation of the condition increase with advancing age-a fact that carries particular weight in an increasingly ageing society. In 2019, at least 20% more femoral neck fractures and pertrochanteric fractures were recorded compared to 2009. Evidence-based diagnostics and therapy are therefore indispensable for which S3 guideline recommendations (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften [AWMF] 183-001) have been formulated and were updated in September 2023. Diagnosis is based on fracture risk, and while various treatment approaches are available, adequate care structures that ensure reliable management of patients are lacking in many places-particularly in the aftermath of an osteoporotic fracture. This article aims to address the criticism that the current osteoporosis guideline is too complex. In fact, diagnosing and treating fracture risk is now highly standardized and easily put into practice. A second aspect is the neglect of the topic of osteoporosis in men. Osteoporose betrifft in Deutschland rund 6 Mio. Menschen, Frauen und Männer, und zählt damit zu den bedeutendsten Volkskrankheiten. Frakturen als typische Krankheitsmanifestation nehmen mit steigendem Lebensalter zu – ein Umstand, der in einer zunehmend älter werdenden Gesellschaft besonderes Gewicht erhält. So wurden im Jahr 2019 im Vergleich zum Jahr 2009 mindestens 20 % mehr Schenkelhalsfrakturen und pertrochantäre Frakturen registriert. Eine evidenzbasierte Diagnostik und Therapie ist für die Versorgung Betroffener daher unverzichtbar und hierfür wurden S3-Leitlinienempfehlungen (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften [AWMF] 183-001) formuliert und zuletzt im September 2023 aktualisiert. Die Diagnostik erfolgt nach Frakturrisiko. Für die Therapie stehen verschiedene Behandlungsansätze zur Verfügung, doch mangelt es vielerorts an geeigneten Versorgungsstrukturen, die eine zuverlässige Betreuung der Patientinnen und Patienten gewährleisten – gerade auch im Anschluss an eine erlittene Fraktur. Dem Vorwurf, die Leitlinie Osteoporose sei zu komplex, soll mit diesem Artikel begegnet werden, denn ein Frakturrisiko zu diagnostizieren und zu therapieren ist standardisiert und gut praktikabel. Ein zweiter Aspekt ist die Vernachlässigung des Themas Osteoporose beim Mann.
Renal biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosing kidney disease; it is performed in accordance with generally accepted clinical indications and evaluated using well-established histopathological techniques. This is usually done by specialized renal pathology departments, which have the necessary special techniques at their disposal, such as special staining, immunofluorescence or immunohistology, and, above all, electron microscopy, which are not available at all pathology institutes. In addition to classic histology-based analysis methods, new modern complementary methods are increasingly being developed, including molecular and digital techniques, which are intended to enable more precise, pathogenetically oriented diagnosis, better prognosis assessment, and, increasingly, therapy-guided decisions. As in medicine as a whole, trends are moving away from classic, purely morphological assessments toward integrated, digital, and molecular diagnostics, which are more accurate, improve prognoses, and enable more targeted therapies. Zur Diagnose von Nierenerkrankungen ist die Nierenbiopsie nach wie vor der Goldstandard. Sie wird entsprechend allgemein gültiger klinischer Indikationen durchgeführt und mittels gut etablierter histopathologischer Techniken beurteilt. In der Regel sind hierfür spezialisierte Nierenpathologien verantwortlich, die die notwendigen besonderen Techniken wie spezielle Färbungen, Immunfluoreszenz oder Immunhistologie und v. a. die Elektronenmikroskopie vorhalten, welche nicht an allen Pathologischen Instituten vorhanden sind. Neben den klassischen histologiebasierten Analysemethoden entwickeln sich zunehmend neue moderne Zusatzmethoden, u. a. molekulare und digitale Techniken, die eine präzisere, pathogenetisch orientierte Diagnose, eine bessere Prognoseabschätzung und zunehmend auch therapiegeleitete Entscheidungen ermöglichen sollen. Wie in der gesamten Medizin geht in der Nephropathologie der Trend in der Beurteilung der Nierenbiopsie von der klassischen, rein morphologischen Beurteilung hin zu einer integrierten, digitalen und molekularen Diagnostik, die genauer ist, Prognosen verbessert und gezieltere Therapien ermöglicht.
Aerosol therapy is an essential procedure in the treatment of acute and chronic respiratory diseases. Currently, there are no up-to-date guidelines from German-speaking countries on the selection and use of nebulizer systems in patients undergoing high-flow therapy via nasal cannula (HFT) and non-invasive ventilation (NIV). An interdisciplinary panel of experts consisting of pulmonologists and intensive care physicians developed practice-oriented recommendations for aerosol therapy under HFT and NIV. The evidence base was derived from a systematic search of the PubMed database of the US National Library of Medicine up to and including November 2025.Publications on clinical studies, reviews, guideline documents, and technical reports were included. The respective level of evidence of the information was evaluated. The recommendations were agreed upon in a multi-stage process. Aerosol administration under HFT and NIV with a vibrating mesh nebulizer (VMN) achieved better lung deposition compared to the use of a jet nebulizer (JN). A JN is suitable if VMNs are not available, if highly viscous drug solutions are to be nebulized, or if there are budgetary limitations. The choice and application of the nebulizer system should be patient-specific, consistent with the indication, taking into account technical, clinical, and economic requirements. Die Aerosoltherapie ist ein essenzielles Verfahren in der Behandlung akuter und chronischer Atemwegserkrankungen. Derzeit existiert keine aktuelle Leitlinie aus den deutschsprachigen Ländern zur Auswahl und Anwendung von Verneblersystemen bei Patienten unter High-Flow-Therapie via Nasenkanüle (HFT) und nichtinvasiver Beatmung (NIV).Ein interdisziplinäres Expertengremium aus Pneumologen und Intensivmedizinern entwickelte praxisorientierte Empfehlungen zur Aerosoltherapie unter HFT und NIV. Die Evidenzgrundlage bildete eine systematische Recherche in der Datenbank PubMed der US National Library of Medicine bis einschließlich November 2025.Einbezogen wurden Publikationen zu klinischen Studien, Übersichtsarbeiten, Leitliniendokumente und technische Berichte. Der jeweilige Evidenzgrad der Informationen wurde bewertet. Die Empfehlungen wurden in einem Mehrstufenverfahren konsentiert.Die Aerosolapplikation unter HFT und NIV mit einem Vibrating-Mesh-Vernebler (VMN) führt zu einer besseren Lungendeposition im Vergleich zur Verwendung eines Jet Nebulizers (JN). Ein JN ist geeignet, wenn VMN nicht verfügbar sind, hochvisköse Medikamentenlösungen vernebelt werden sollen oder wenn budgetäre Limitationen bestehen.Die Wahl und Anwendung des Verneblersystems sollte patientenindividuell, indikationsbezogen und unter Berücksichtigung technischer, klinischer und ökonomischer Rahmenbedingungen erfolgen.
Amyloidoses are rare protein-misfolding disorders characterized by the deposition of insoluble fibrillar aggregates, leading to potentially life-threatening organ damage. These deposits can be systemic or localized. Systemic amyloidoses are often associated with monoclonal gammopathies, chronic inflammatory conditions, or have a hereditary origin. Treatment strategies primarily focus on reducing the production of amyloidogenic proteins-depending on the specific protein and its origin-through therapies such as chemotherapy, anti-inflammatory agents, or gene-silencing approaches. Early diagnosis is crucial to prevent progressive organ dysfunction. Over the past 25 years, significant advances in the diagnosis and therapeutic management of amyloidosis have been made. Amyloidosen sind seltene Erkrankungen, bei denen Proteine aufgrund einer Fehlfaltung als fibrilläre Aggregate abgelagert werden, was zu potenziell lebensbedrohlichen Organschäden führen kann. Die Ablagerungen können systemisch oder lokal auftreten. Systemische Amyloidosen können mit monoklonalen Gammopathien oder chronischen Entzündungen verbunden oder hereditär bedingt sein. Die Behandlung zielt in den meisten Fällen darauf ab, die Produktion der amyloidbildenden Proteine zu verringern – je nach zugrunde liegendem Protein und dessen Ursprung etwa durch Chemotherapie, antientzündliche Therapien oder Gen-Silencer. Eine frühe Diagnose ist entscheidend, um eine weitere Organschädigung zu verhindern. In den letzten 25 Jahren haben sich Diagnostik und Therapie von Amyloidose-Erkrankungen deutlich verbessert.
Adjuvant chemotherapy provides limited benefit in unselected stage II colon cancer. Post-operative circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) has higher prognostic value than classical clinical markers, with ctDNA positivity indicating an unfavourable outcome. Patients with Union for International Cancer Control stage II, mismatch repair proficient/microsatellite stable colon cancer were tested for ctDNA using an academic, tumour-informed, next-generation sequencing-based test. ctDNA-positive patients were randomly assigned 2:1 to CHEMO (capecitabine ± oxaliplatin) or observation (OBS). ctDNA-negative patients were randomly assigned 1:4 to OBS or OFF-STUDY. ctDNA results were not disclosed in the OBS group. The primary endpoint was disease-free survival (DFS) in ctDNA-positive patients. All differences were tested using one-sided log-rank tests. The trial ended early due to funding expiry. From June 2020 to July 2025, 2126 patients were screened in Germany and Austria. Overall, 1396 patients (2.9% ctDNA-positive) were randomly assigned: 1083 to OFF-STUDY, 287 to OBS, and 26 to CHEMO, of whom 81% started therapy. DFS and overall survival (OS) were significantly worse in ctDNA-positive versus ctDNA-negative patients [3-year DFS 52% versus 87%, hazard ratio (HR) 4.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.32-7.93, P < 0.001; 3-year OS 88% versus 98%, HR 5.48, 95% CI 1.64-18.28, P = 0.001]. In the intention-to-treat (ITT) cohort, the between-arm differences were not significant (3-year recurrence 36% versus 62%, HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.17-1.33, P = 0.075; 3-year DFS 61% versus 38%, HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.21-1.48, P = 0.12). In the per-protocol analysis (excluding untreated CHEMO patients), time to recurrence and DFS were improved with CHEMO compared with OBS (3-year recurrence 19% versus 62%, HR 0.23, 95% CI 0.06-0.87, P = 0.009; 3-year DFS 77% versus 38%, HR 0.31, 95% CI 0.09-1.03, P = 0.021). The primary ITT endpoint was not met, potentially related to the reduced power due to premature trial closure. The per-protocol analysis suggests a benefit from adjuvant therapy in ctDNA-positive patients, supporting ctDNA testing for adjuvant decision making in the future.
The German Guideline Committee (AGO: Working Group on Gynecologic Cancers) updated its yearly recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in March 2026. Chapters on oncological and oncoplastic-reconstructive surgery are coordinated with the Working Group for Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery in Gynecology (AWOgyn). The most important changes include the ommission of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and preffered axillary staging in patients with node-positive breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). Targeted axillary dissection (TAD) is endorsed as the method of choice [AGO ++] in patients converting from cN + to ycN0 status, and other de-escalated techniques (SLNB, target lymph node biopsy [TLNB]) are also possible options [AGO +]. Following NACT, ALND is indicated only when macrometastatic disease is detected in the sentinel and/or in the target lymph node.
Despite increasing cancer survival for young adults (YA), previous studies have shown poorer survival in YA compared to children for acute leukaemia. This study aims to present the survival outcomes of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) or acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) following an initial allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT), categorised by age. To this end, the survival outcomes, particularly overall survival (OS), of young adults aged 18 to 39 years were analysed in comparison with those of younger or older patients. For this purpose, the databases of the German registries for pediatric and adult hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and cellular therapy (PRSZT and DRST) were screened for patients with first AHSCT between 2011 and 2019. Patients after first AHSCT or without consent to report data were excluded. For all endpoints, YA were categorized between 13 to 17 and 40 to 59 year-old patients. We calculated 5-year OS / event-free survival (EFS) / graft-versus-host-disease-free-relapse-free survival (GFRS) probabilities separately for AML, ALL, age-subgroups, and sex. Out of a total of 8834 (78.5%) patients with AML and 2424 (21.5%) patients with ALL, 1276 (11.3%) and 882 (7.8%) young adults, respectively, were included. Of those, the 5-year OS/EFS/GFRS probabilities were 57%/46%/37% for AML and 53%/49%/35% for ALL. The corresponding 5-year-non-relapse mortality (NRM)/relapse incidence were 12%/40% and 19%/31%, respectively. In particular, YA with AML showed an improvement in NRM during the observation period, HR: .897 [0.828; .972]. While AHSCT seemed to balance survival differences between AML and ALL, children and adolescents benefited most. Survival differences between pediatric and adult patients are likely due to different donor selection and conditioning strategies. However, patient outcomes improved over time of AHSCT, for all age groups. In addition, relapse and non-relapse mortality increase with age and the mortality rate for males was significantly higher than that for females with acute leukemia after AHSCT. Although relapse and NRM increased with age, NRM tended to improve, especially in YA. Further investigations with a longer follow-up are needed to clarify differences in age-related survival between the diseases.
Osteoarthritis is the most common degenerative joint disease worldwide and one of the leading causes of morbidity and reduced quality of life in older adults. In Germany, approximately 17.9% of adults are affected, including 21.8% of women and 13.9% of men. In individuals over 65 years of age, up to 48% of women and 31% of men are affected, with direct annual costs exceeding 12 billion euros in 2020. The pathophysiology is multifactorial and is driven by the interplay of cellular senescence, inflammatory cascade reactions, biomechanical factors, and metabolic dysregulation. Modifiable risk factors such as overweight, previous joint injuries, and physical inactivity account for roughly half of all incident cases of knee osteoarthritis. Evidence-based management prioritizes intensive (active) exercise therapy, weight management, and targeted analgesic strategies, with topical NSAIDs as the first-line option. Emerging biological approaches, including mesenchymal stem cell therapy, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs), show promising potential but still require further clinical validation. Arthrose ist die häufigste degenerative Gelenkerkrankung weltweit und eine der Hauptursachen für Morbidität und Einschränkung der Lebensqualität im Alter. In Deutschland sind etwa 17,9 % der Erwachsenen von Arthrose betroffen – bei Frauen 21,8 %, bei Männern 13,9 %. In der Altersgruppe der über 65-Jährigen sind bis zu 48 % der Frauen und 31 % der Männer betroffen, mit direkten Jahreskosten von über 12 Mrd. € im Jahr 2020. Die Pathophysiologie ist multifaktoriell und beruht auf dem Zusammenspiel von Zellseneszenz, inflammatorischen Kaskadenreaktionen, biomechanischen Faktoren und metabolischer Dysregulation. Modifizierbare Risikofaktoren – Übergewicht, frühere Gelenkverletzungen und Bewegungsmangel – sind beispielsweise für die Hälfte der Gonarthroseinzidenz verantwortlich. Die evidenzbasierte Behandlung priorisiert intensive (aktive) Bewegungstherapie, Gewichtsmanagement und gezielte Schmerztherapie mit topischen nichtsteroidalen Antirheumatika (NSAR) als Mittel der ersten Wahl. Neuere biologische Verfahren wie mesenchymale Stammzelltherapie, plättchenreiches Plasma oder der Einsatz von „disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs“ (DMOAD) zeigen perspektivisch Potenzial, erfordern aber eine weitere klinische Validierung.
The distribution of healthcare resources represents a major challenge for modern health systems. This article compares how Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Sweden, and England plan their healthcare provision to achieve needs-based equity. German outpatient healthcare planning relies mainly on fixed physician-to-population ratios and covers only physicians and psychotherapists. In contrast, other countries use more comprehensive approaches: The Netherlands regulates training capacities for 79 different health professions using simulation models to predict future workforce needs. Austria integrates planning across hospital beds, healthcare personnel, and geographic accessibility based on the "Best Point of Service" principle. Sweden uses population-based models that incorporate the Care Need Index, which considers social and health factors alongside legally guaranteed treatment timelines. England applies weighted funding formulas that explicitly consider preventable deaths and socioeconomic disadvantage when allocating resources. This comparison shows significant opportunities for Germany to improve its planning system, especially by including multiple healthcare professions, coordinating across care sectors, addressing social inequalities in health, and integrating non-physician professions such as midwives into systematic planning. The findings indicate that moving from simple population ratios toward outcome-focused planning methods that account for socioeconomic factors is essential for achieving true needs-based equity in healthcare. Die bedarfsgerechte Verteilung von Versorgungsressourcen ist eine zentrale Herausforderung für moderne Gesundheitssysteme. Dieser Beitrag vergleicht die Planungssystematiken zur Sicherstellung der bedarfsgerechten Versorgung in Deutschland, den Niederlanden, Österreich, Schweden und England. Während die deutsche ambulante Bedarfsplanung primär auf Arzt-Einwohner-Schlüsseln basiert und sich auf die ärztliche sowie psychotherapeutische Versorgung beschränkt, zeigen internationale Beispiele innovative Ansätze: Die Niederlande steuern über Ausbildungskapazitäten für 79 Gesundheitsberufe mithilfe von Simulationsmodellen. Österreich verfolgt eine integrierte Planung von Betten, Personal und Erreichbarkeit nach dem Best-Point-of-Service-Prinzip. Schweden setzt auf populationsbasierte, ethisch fundierte Modelle mit dem Care Need Index und einer gesetzlichen Behandlungsgarantie. England nutzt komplexe gewichtete Kopfpauschalenformeln, die explizit vermeidbare Mortalität und sozioökonomische Benachteiligung berücksichtigen. Der Vergleich verdeutlicht erhebliches Weiterentwicklungspotenzial für Deutschland, insbesondere hinsichtlich multiprofessioneller Planung, sektorenübergreifender Steuerung, der Berücksichtigung vertikaler Gerechtigkeit und der Integration nichtärztlicher Berufsgruppen wie Hebammen. Die Analyse zeigt, dass eine Abkehr von rein quantitativen Maßgaben hin zu Outcome-orientierten, sozioökonomisch adjustierten Planungsansätzen notwendig ist.
The therapeutic goal in chronic airway diseases is shifting from symptom control to disease remission. Disease-modifying therapies, including biologics and allergen immunotherapy, have made remission achievable in patients with severe asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), or allergic rhinitis (AR). This EUFOREA consensus aims to establish practical guidance for inducing and maintaining remission in global airway diseases. An international panel of experts in pneumology, rhinology, and allergology convened in Rome (October 2025) to review current evidence and develop consensus statements. The panel achieved consensus on key principles: (i) remission is a therapeutic target independent of disease severity prior to treatment initiation and should not be reserved for severe cases; (ii) CRSwNP with nonallergic eosinophilic asthma, and AR with allergic asthma should be considered features of a single disease rather than comorbidities; (iii) remission should be assessed by each subspecialty separately while warranting combined approaches; (iv) pragmatic definitions prioritizing achievability and clinical utility are recommended; and (v) a 4-week recall window is preferred to assess symptom control within the evaluation of remission and a 12-month period is suggested as the minimal period to define remission. Remission represents an ambitious yet achievable goal, with practical guidance for optimizing patient outcomes.
With around 7% of the population affected, rare diseases (RD) altogether represent a relevant group of conditions in Europe. One of the central problems of RD care is delayed diagnosis (on average 6-8 years), which has serious implications for the prognosis, treatment and quality of life of those affected. Primary caretakers play a crucial role in attempts to improve this situation, since they are the ones who identify suspected cases and take charge of their coordination. The implementation of a structured diagnostic pathway could considerably reduce the burden on primary caretakers, effectively shorten the time to diagnosis and lower costs for the healthcare system. Therefore, the following article maps out a concrete strategy. It contributes to strengthening primary caretakers in their role as central coordinators, as well as to improving cooperation between primary caretakers, patients affected by RD, specialists and centres for RD. Seltene Erkrankungen (SE) betreffen etwa 7 % der Bevölkerung und stellen damit eine große Krankheitsgruppe dar. Eines der zentralen Probleme ihrer Versorgung ist die im Schnitt um 6–8 Jahre verzögerte Diagnosestellung, was schwerwiegende Implikationen für Prognose, Therapie und Lebensqualität der Betroffenen mit sich bringt. Primärversorgende (PV) spielen eine Schlüsselrolle in der Versorgungsoptimierung, da ihnen die Identifizierung von Verdachtsfällen und deren Koordination obliegt. Durch Implementierung eines strukturierten Diagnosepfads sind eine Entlastung der PV, eine Verkürzung der Diagnosezeit und die Senkung der Kosten für das Gesundheitssystem zu erwarten. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein konkretes Konzept für eine solche Strategie entworfen. Dieses soll dazu beitragen, PV in ihrer zentralen Lotsenfunktion zu stärken und die Kooperation zwischen Betroffenen, Fachärzteschaft und den Zentren für seltene Erkrankungen zu verbessern.
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) offers significant potential to increase efficiency in hospitals, particularly in the context of demographic change and staff shortages. Generative and agent-based AI enable the automation of complex clinical and administrative processes, including ambient listening, AI scribes, reporting and voice input, medical letter writing, guideline support as well as capacity management and coding. To sustainably realize these potentials, consistent operationalization, integration into existing processes, addressing regulatory hurdles and safeguarding medical expertise are required. By taking over time-consuming routine tasks, AI creates cognitive space for patient care and complex decision-making, thereby measurably contributing to relieving clinical staff and optimizing hospital workflows. Der Einsatz von künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) bietet im Krankenhaus ein erhebliches Potential zur Effizienzsteigerung, insbesondere aufgrund des demografischen Wandels und des Fachkräftemangels. Generative und agentenbasierte KI ermöglichen die Automatisierung komplexer klinischer und administrativer Prozesse, zum Beispiel mithilfe von Ambient Listening, AI-Scribes, Befundung und Spracheingabe, Arztbriefschreibung, Leitlinienunterstützung sowie Kapazitätsmanagement und Kodierung. Um diese Potentiale nachhaltig zu realisieren, sind die konsequente Operationalisierung, die Integration in bestehende Prozesse, die Bewältigung regulatorischer Hürden und die Sicherung ärztlicher Expertise erforderlich. Durch die Übernahme zeitintensiver Routineaufgaben schafft KI kognitiven Freiraum für die Patientenversorgung und komplexe Entscheidungsprozesse und kann einen messbaren Beitrag zur Entlastung von Klinikpersonal und zur Optimierung der Krankenhausabläufe leisten.
Single antigen (SA) tests are indispensable for an accurate HLA antibody identification in sera of transplant patients. Three commercial tests using purified single antigens combined with microbead or microarray technology are currently available. This study aims to determine the prognostic value of these tests prior to kidney transplantation. Forty-nine pretransplant sera with donor-specific antibodies (DSA) from patients who underwent kidney transplantation from a living donor were selected from a previous multicentre study. All sera were tested by a new microspot SA test from BAG and bead array SA assays from Immucor/Werfen (IMM) and One Lambda/ThermoFisher (OLI). AMR-free survival within 6 months (AMR-S) and 10-year death-censored graft survival (10yGS) were compared to DSA-negative patients from the original study and evaluated according to (1) number of SA tests classifying the serum as DSA-positive (DSA+), and (2) number of SA tests detecting at least one identical DSA specificity. In part (1), the 22 patients classified as DSA-positive by all tests had lowest AMR-S and 10yGS. OLI was most sensitive and classified all sera as DSA-positive that were DSA-positive by BAG and/or IMM. However, the 14 patients who were DSA-negative by both BAG and IMM, had similar AMR-S and 10yGS like patients without any DSA. Overall, BAG and IMM had comparable sensitivities. In part (2), at least one identical DSA was detected by all tests in 18 patients, who had worse AMR-S and 10yGS. In 14 patients, the same DSA was detected by IMM and OLI, or by BAG and OLI, respectively. These patients had lower AMR-S, but no significant difference in 10yGS. In 17 sera, DSA were detectable by one or more tests, but no specificity was positive in more than one assay (in all sera DSA were detected by OLI, in one additionally another DSA by IMM and in two another DSA by BAG). AMR-S and 10yGS were similar to DSA-negative patients. Overall, all three SA assays were suitable for the reliable detection of strong DSA. OLI was shown to be the most sensitive assay, but also prone to possible false positive results defined by the lack of an association with impaired outcomes. Future studies are needed to determine how many OLI-only reactions are caused by very weak DSA and how many by reactions with denatured beads. While such reactions were rare for BAG and IMM assays, these tests missed some DSA associated with an increased risk for AMR.
Treatment of colorectal cancer has fundamentally evolved due to molecular characterization and biomarker-driven strategies. To summarize key personalized treatment approaches in colorectal cancer with a focus on clinically relevant molecular subgroups. Molecular biomarkers increasingly guide treatment decisions. Microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H)/deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) tumors show pronounced responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors and represent a distinct therapeutic entity. In the adjuvant setting, recent data identify for the first time a predictive biomarker for a targeted pharmacologic intervention: patients with alterations in the phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K) pathway significantly benefit from adjuvant aspirin therapy, emphasizing the importance of molecular testing even in early-stage disease. In metastatic colorectal cancer, molecular stratification is essential. For BRAF V600E-mutated tumors, the BREAKWATER study demonstrates that targeted therapy in first-line combination with chemotherapy significantly improves response rates and survival. Additional targets such as HER2 and emerging immunologic and cellular therapies continue to expand treatment options. Colorectal cancer treatment is increasingly evolving into a precision oncology approach. Integration of molecular biomarkers enables tailored therapy decisions and opens new options, particularly in adjuvant and metastatic settings. HINTERGRUND: Die Therapie des kolorektalen Karzinoms hat sich durch molekulare Charakterisierung und biomarkerbasierte Strategien grundlegend verändert. ZIEL DER ÜBERSICHT: Darstellung zentraler personalisierter Therapieansätze beim kolorektalen Karzinom mit Fokus auf klinisch relevante molekulare Subgruppen. Molekulare Marker bestimmen zunehmend die Therapieentscheidungen. MSI-H/dMMR-Tumoren (MSI‑H „microsatellite instability-high“; dMMR Mismatch-Reparatur-defizient) zeigen ein ausgeprägtes Ansprechen auf Immuncheckpointinhibitoren und stellen eine eigene therapeutische Entität dar. Im adjuvanten Setting zeigen aktuelle Daten erstmals einen prädiktiven Biomarker für eine gezielte medikamentöse Therapie: Patienten mit Alterationen im Phosphoinositid-3-Kinase(PI3K)-Signalweg profitieren signifikant von einer adjuvanten Therapie mit Acetylsalicylsäure, wodurch die molekulare Testung auch in frühen Stadien an Bedeutung gewinnt. Im metastasierten Stadium ist die molekulare Stratifizierung essenziell. Für BRAF-V600E-mutierte Tumoren etablierte die BREAKWATER-Studie, dass eine zielgerichtete Behandlung bereits in der Erstlinie in Kombination mit Chemotherapie zu deutlich verbesserten Ansprechraten und einem Überlebensvorteil führt. Weitere Zielstrukturen wie der „human epidermal growth factor receptor 2“ (HER2) sowie neue immunonkologische und zelluläre Therapieansätze erweitern kontinuierlich das therapeutische Spektrum. Die Therapie des kolorektalen Karzinoms entwickelt sich zunehmend zu einer präzisionsonkologischen Behandlung. Die Integration molekularer Marker ermöglicht eine differenzierte Therapieplanung und eröffnet neue Optionen, insbesondere in der adjuvanten und metastasierten Situation.
The INFINITY precision oncology registry evaluated biomarker-driven non-standard targeted treatment (NSTT) in a community oncology setting in Germany. We present final results including clinical outcome and patient benefit from NSTTs. INFINITY (NCT04389541) was a multicenter, non-interventional cohort study using routinely collected health data of patients with advanced solid or hematological malignancies, who had no standard therapy options and therefore received biomarker-informed NSTT. Endpoints were overall response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival. The PFS ratio was calculated to quantify the potential benefit from the NSTT (cut-off ratio ≥1.3). From April 2020 to November 2022, 499 eligible patients (median age 62.6 years, 49.9% female) were enrolled. More than 43 different cancers have been included with 93.2% (n = 465) solid tumors, including colorectal (16.0%, n = 80), biliary tract (8.2%, n = 41), and lung cancers (7.0%, n = 35). Patients had received a median of two prior systemic therapy lines before starting NSTT. Immunohistochemistry was the most commonly carried out biomarker testing method (68.3%), followed by next-generation sequencing (49.9%). Key decisive biomarkers were PD-(L)1 expression (30.7%), HER2 aberrations (9.8%), and BRAF mutations (9.0%). ORR was 27.3%, and 31.7% of patients had a PFS ratio ≥1.3. In a tumor-agnostic approach, biomarker-informed NSTT was associated with clinical benefit in 31.7% of the patients, with checkpoint inhibitors being the most common treatment. The INFINITY project demonstrates the feasibility of a large-scale precision oncology project in a community oncology setting and thus supports the implementation of precision oncology into routine clinical practice in Germany.